Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 479–484

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Optics and Laser Technology

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High-resolution refractometry using phase shifting interferometry based on T

spatial light modulator and vortex probe
⁎
Youngbin Na, Do-Kyeong Ko
Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea

H I GH L IG H T S

• The vortex phase rotates according to the phase shift introduced by a medium.
• The rotation angle of the vortex can quantify the refractive index of liquids.
• ACompared
system based on a spatial light modulator is built to retrieve the vortex phase.
• Extremely small
with a Michelson interferometer, the proposed system is more stable.
• differences in concentration, the order of 0.01%, is distinguished.

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: We present a spatial light modulator (SLM) based phase shifting interferometry (PSI) using an optical vortex for
Interferometry sensing the refractive index (RI) of liquids. The vortex phase rotates according to the phase shift introduced by a
Optical vortex medium, and its rotation angle quantifies the index of refraction of the sample. An interferometer modified with
Spatial light modulator the SLM is designed to obtain reliable results. We experimentally demonstrate the stability of the SLM-based
Refractive index sensing
system by measuring interference and phase fluctuation. Experimental results show that the proposed system
keeps the fluctuation small. The vortex probe PSI combined with the SLM-based interferometer enables not only
detecting extremely small changes in concentration but also precisely measuring the RI with high resolution of
∼10−5 refractive index unit.

1. Introduction such as optical tweezers [10–12], super-resolution microscopy [13–15],

Refractive index (RI) of an optical medium is an important char-
acteristic that describes the interaction of light with the matter.
Moreover, measuring the RI is employed to estimate the concentration
of a liquid mixture. The precise measurement of the concentration is
essential in research fields such as chemical analysis and processing,
and fabrication of nanocomposite thin films. In particular, conducting
thin films have been actively investigated for developing transparent
and efficient solar cells [1,2]. For this reason, a variety of techniques
have been presented to measure the concentration and the RI [3–9].
Although some methods can achieve high-sensitivity and high-resolu-
tion, they require direct contact with a sample, device fabrication
process, complicated and expensive components. To overcome these
limitations, we propose a noninvasive measurement scheme using an
optical vortex as a probing beam.
Optical vortex has been extending its application to various fields
laser processing [16,17], optical communication [18–20], and quantum
optics [21] due to its unique properties of a doughnut-shaped intensity
and orbital angular momentum. Recently, due to the phase structure
proportional to the azimuth angle, optical vortices are used for me-
trology such as profilometry and thin film measurement [22–24]. So-
kolenko et al. [23,24] proposed phase shifting profilometry with a
vortex probing beam. The resolution reached up to 5 nm with a wa-
velength of 632.8 nm by using the vortex probe. Meanwhile, Xu et al.
[25] analyzed optical properties of a metamaterial with subwavelength-
thick nanostructures by measuring the interference pattern between a
vortex beam and a Gaussian beam. Depending on the applied phase
shift by media, the vortex phase rotates from 0 to 2 pi. Therefore, it is
possible to determine the RI of the liquid from the rotation angle of the
reconstructed vortex phase. For this reason, phase shifting inter-
ferometry (PSI) is employed to retrieve the vortex phase and estimate
the RI.

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dkko@gist.ac.kr (D.-K. Ko).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.11.053
Received 11 September 2018; Received in revised form 20 November 2018; Accepted 28 November 2018
0030-3992/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y. Na, D.-K. Ko
PSI is a widely used optical tool for phase reconstruction in various
application fields [26–31]. Although PSI is well known as the re-
presentative technique that is fast and highly precise, it is weak against
external disturbance such as mechanical vibrations due to a system
configuration such as Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometer
[32–34]. These interferometers are composed of two different arms for
a reference and object beam. The disturbances of each path generate
fluctuation that causes low stability. Therefore, it is required to use a
stability-enhanced system for precise PSI. For this reason, we present a
modified interferometer based on a spatial light modulator (SLM) and
experimentally demonstrate its stability.
In this paper, we first experimentally verify the stability of the SLM-
based interferometer. Interference fringe and phase are recorded for a
specific time to demonstrate the stability. Then, the experimental re-
sults are compared with that of the Michelson interferometer. With the
SLM-based interferometer and vortex probe beam, we perform PSI ex-
periment on aqueous salt solutions with extremely small differences in
concentration. Measurement of the RI is carried out with high-resolu-
tion by calculating the rotation angle of the reconstructed vortex phase.
2. Experimental setup and methods
As shown in Fig. 1, the SLM-based interferometer is built to con-
struct a stable system for precise measurements. Light from a He-Ne
laser is separated into two paths by a polarizing beam splitter (PBS).
Transmitted horizontally polarized light becomes an object beam after
passing through a sample. Reflected vertically polarized light acts as a
reference beam. The PBS and mirror are placed close together to
minimize phase fluctuation caused by a non-common path part of two
beams. The parallel-aligned nematic liquid crystal SLM (PLUTO-VIS,
Holoeye) is designed to modulate only a phase of the horizontally po-
larized light. Therefore, the SLM acts as a reflective phase grating and
phase shifting component for the horizontal polarization. On the other
hand, a vertically polarized beam is reflected off without modulation
effect.
As shown in Fig. 2(a), the horizontal and vertical beams are incident
with the angle of θ and converge at one point on the SLM. The object
beam is diffracted (+1st order), with the diffraction angle of θ′. When
an appropriate grating period is selected, the reflected vertical beam
(reference) and the diffracted horizontal beam (object) collinearly
propagate, i.e. θ′ = θ . Fig. 2(b) shows fork holograms corresponding to
each phase step to perform four-step PSI with vortex probe. Beam
alignment, phase shifting, and vortex generation are simultaneously
realized by using the SLM.
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Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 479–484
3. Theory
3.1. Basic principle of PSI
Interference is described by a reference beam and object beam.
Assuming that the laser beam is a collimated plane wave, the electric
fields are given by
Ek (x , y ) = Ak exp[iϕk (x , y )], (k = r , o) (1)
where the subscripts, r and o , in the above equation denote the electric
field, amplitude, and phase of the reference and object beam, respec-
tively. Here, ϕo is phase information we want to obtain. With the Eq.
(1), the interference intensity is written as [35]
I (x , y ) = Ar2 + Ao2 + 2Ar Ao cos[ϕo − ϕr ] ≡ Idc + Iac cos ϕ (x , y ), (2)
where ϕ (x , y ) is the phase difference between the object and reference
beam, ϕ ≡ ϕo − ϕr . If a phase shift is added to the above equation for
PSI, the intensity is modified as
Ii (x , y ) = Idc + Iac cos[ϕ (x , y ) + Δi]. (3)
In the case of the four-step phase shifting, Δi is changed from 0 to
3π /2 in steps of π/2 [36]. From the Eq. (3) with each phase step, the
phase difference becomes
I − I1 ⎤
ϕ (x , y ) = tan−1 ⎡ 3 = ϕo − ϕr .
⎣ ⎥
⎢ I0 − I2 ⎦ (4)
Because two beams are parallel in the SLM-based system, the phase
difference becomes
ϕo − ϕr = (φ + lϕ + kz ) − kz ′ = nkd + lϕ + C , (5)
where φ = nkd is a phase difference introduced by the sample, n is the
RI and d is the path length, k is the wavenumber in the air, lϕ is a vortex
phase carrying a topological charge l , z and z ′ are propagation distance
of each beam. Optical path difference C = kz − kz ′ is the constant at the
CCD plane.
4. Experimental results and discussion
4.1. System stability
An ordinary Michelson interferometer is additionally used to com-
pare the stability of the proposed system. A CCD camera (UI-2220SE)
with 768 × 576 pixels (pixel pitch is 8.6 μm) is used to record the in-
terference pattern with the 8-bit gray level (0–255). Interference fringe
is recorded for 1 min. From the recorded result, we take 400 data at a
specific position (x , y ) with a time interval of 0.1 s. Fig. 3(a) shows the
intensity over time in the Michelson interferometer, and Fig. 3(b) and
(c) show that of the SLM-based interferometer. A change in intensity
signal implies the lateral shift of the interference fringe. The Fig. 3(c)
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a modified inter-
ferometer based on SLM: He-Ne laser of 594 nm
wavelength; ND, neutral density filter; M, mirror;
PBS, polarizing beam splitter cube; HWP, half-
wave plate. Here, a sample is an aqueous salt
solution filled in a cuvette. PBS and mirror are
placed close together on a single mount (black
dotted line). The inset depicts a spiral inter-
ference pattern produced by the collinearly pro-
pagating vortex and Gaussian beam (red dotted
line). (For interpretation of the references to color
in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the
web version of this article.)
Y. Na, D.-K. Ko Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 479–484

Fig. 2. (a) Detailed geometry of the SLM-based interferometer and (b) phase holograms for vortex probe PSI (l = 1). Only the object beam is shifted and diffracted
with the angle of θ′. The inset shows the phase hologram loaded into the SLM for collinear alignment.

shows 300 sequential measurements extracted with a time interval of

1.5 s. The interference fluctuation defined by the standard deviation is
9.646, 3.325, and 4.024, respectively. Each inset shows the interference
fringe and a measured position.
To obtain reliable results, we randomly selected 30 positions and
analyzed interference fluctuations for both systems. Fig. 4 shows a
statistical result. Black and red colors represent the results of the Mi-
chelson interferometer and SLM-based interferometer, respectively. The
mean value of each system is 9.942 and 3.159. As shown in the Fig. 3(b)
and (c), intensity fluctuation of the proposed system is maintained at a
low level during the experiment even though there is a relatively fast
fluctuation. In other words, the proposed system provides more accu-
rate interferograms. The fluctuation of the SLM-based system results
from the imperfect separation of the polarization components.
Next, we experimentally measure vortex phases of the object beam
without a sample. 20 sequential measurements with a time interval of
30 s are carried out to compare phase fluctuation. As we are ultimately
interested in the rotation angle of the vortex to measure the RI, we
should discuss measurement error resulting from the phase fluctuation.
Fig. 5(a) and (b) show the phase values at a randomly selected point in
the phase map. Explicitly separated two paths of the Michelson inter-
ferometer make the spiral pattern swing back and forth like a pen- Fig. 4. Statistical analysis for the Michelson interferometer and SLM-based
dulum, which degrades the precision of experiment. On the other hand, interferometer. The rectangular box represents the region between the first
the SLM-based interferometer keeps the phase fluctuation low. Fig. 5(c) quartile and the third quartile. The line and square inside the box correspond to
shows the statistical result of the phase fluctuation. The mean values of the median value and the mean value, respectively.
both systems are 0.393 and 0.0874, which implies the better stability
and repeatability of the SLM-based system. Generally, there are some phase fluctuations can be canceled out according to the Eqs. (2) and (4).
noises induced by liquid crystal molecules in SLM, which makes the
system unstable. However, the proposed SLM-based system has a geo-
metry where the reference beam and object beam pass through the SLM 4.2. High-resolution refractometry by using vortex probe
together as shown in the Figs. 1 and 2. Due to this geometry, induced
A reconstructed vortex phase and its rotated angle are used to

Fig. 3. Stability tests for (a) the Michelson interferometer and, (b), (c), SLM-based interferometer. Each inset shows the interference fringe and the measured pixel
position.

481
Y. Na, D.-K. Ko
Fig. 5. Stability test using the phase fluctuation of (a) the Michelson interferometer and (b) SLM-based interferometer, and (c) statistical analysis from randomly
chosen 30 positions. The insets show the captured spiral interferogram and reconstructed vortex phase. The white arrow indicates the direction of motion caused by
environmental disturbance such as vibrations.
Fig. 6. Spiral interference patterns from the six aqueous salt solutions with
different concentration: (a) 10.03%, (b) 10.04%, (c) 10.07%, (d) 10.10%, (e)
10.15% and (f) 10.25%.
determine the relative phase shift introduced by each concentration.
We prepared six aqueous salt solutions as test samples with different
concentration (%, w/w), 10.03, 10.04, 10.07, 10.10, 10.15, and 10.25,
respectively. The probing beam passes through the solution filled in a
cuvette (CV10Q700FS, Thorlabs) with a path length of 2 mm. Fig. 6
shows captured interferograms for each concentration. As the con-
centration increases, the spiral interference pattern rotates counter-
clockwise.
The vortex phases are obtained by the four-step PSI, and the relative
phase shift can be calculated by the following relation of the radius and
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Optics and Laser Technology 112 (2019) 479–484
azimuth angle [25,37]:
θ = ar 2 + b0 , (6)
where a represents the rate at which the angle changes as its radius
increases. b0 is the phase constant corresponding to the starting angle of
the vortex. We apply this method to extracted minimum points of each
reconstructed phase. Fitting result of the sample with 10.15% con-
centration is shown in Fig. 7(a) as an example. Fig. 7(b) shows the
values of b0 versus concentration, and the slope determines the rate of
change, db0 / dC . A linear relation between n and C , dn/ dC , is estimated
by the following equation:
2π
Δnkd = Δn d = Δb0 [rad],
λ (7)
where n is the RI of the sample and d is the path length in the medium.
Thus, the relation dn/ dC is given by
dn λ db0 −1
= [% ].
dC 2πd dC (8)
From the result of db0 / dC and the Eq. (8), the calculated value of
dn/ dC for aqueous salt solutions at room temperature is 1.66 × 10−3 . As
well known, the Fig. 7(b) shows the linear relationship between the RI
and concentration. In our experiment, the concentration was changed
with the interval of 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.1%. The difference of
0.03% corresponds to the RI of ∼5.26 × 10−5 refractive index unit
(RIU), which implies the possibility of high-resolution refractometry
that can overcome the limit of resolution. The use of a short wavelength
and long path length can further improve the resolution of the RI as
shown in the Eq. (7), Δn = λ Δb0 /2πd . From the Eq. (7), the phase
Y. Na, D.-K. Ko
Fig. 7. (a) Fitting result of the extracted minimum points for the concentration of 10.15% and (b) extracted phase constant for six samples with different con-
centration. The inset of (a) shows the reconstructed phase of the probing beam.
fluctuation of 0.0874 measured in the stability test (Section 4.1) gives
uncertainty (detection limit) of ∼4.13 × 10−6 RIU, which demon-
strates that the vortex probe refractometry is a precise technique. When
comparing the results with recent techniques using surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) [6,8,38–40], the resolution of the vortex refractometry
is as high as that of the SPR sensors, from ∼10−5 to ∼10−6. While
these methods require a precisely designed and fabricated device such
as a plasmonic waveguide, the proposed scheme is possible to achieve
the similar resolution with commercial devices. In addition, if a faster
technique and nearly common-path geometry are realized, it can not
only measure the change of the RI in real time but also achieve the
resolution of ∼10−6 by lowering detection limit. Moreover, the SLM
can be tuned for application to other wavelengths within its operating
bandwidth without a change in the system configuration.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated an
optical tool for sensing the index of refraction of the medium. By
combining the optical vortex and the SLM-based interferometer, we
realized a simple and highly sensitive measurement technique which
consists of only commercial devices. Interference and phase fluctuation
of the proposed interferometer was compared with the result of the
Michelson interferometer to verify whether the proposed system is re-
liable. In the case of the SLM-based system, it maintained interference
and phase fluctuation at a low level. Based on this stable system, we
carried out vortex probe PSI on six aqueous solutions with different salt
concentration. The extremely small differences in concentration, the
order of 0.01%, were experimentally distinguished. We achieved the
resolution of ∼10−5 RIU with the detection limit of ∼4.13 × 10−6
RIU. The resolution limit can be improved further by using a short
wavelength and long path length. In addition to the concentration of
the sample, this technique can be used as a sensitive optical sensor to
detect the temperature and pressure that cause a change in the RI.
Considering the tunability of the SLM, we think that the proposed
technique will become a useful platform for optical characterization.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation
of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean Government (Grant Nos.
NRF-2015M2A2A4A03044653, NRF-2015R1A5A1009962, and NRF-
2016K1A3A1A61005950).
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