MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Model Answer

Subject Name: Theory of machines 22438

Subject Code:
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the XXXXX
model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or
bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based
on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Q. Answer Marking

No. N. Scheme

Q1 Attempt any FIVE of the following (5×2) 10

a) Following are the three types of constrained motions:

1) Completely constrained motion-
For example- i) The motion of piston inside the cylinder is limited to a definite direction
02 mark
ii) Motion of a square bar in a square hole. for any
two types
2) Incompletely constrained motion-
For example- i) A circular bar or shaft in a circular hole
ii) Shaft mounted vertically in a foot step bearing with no load at top.
3) Successfully constrained motion-
For example- i) Shaft in a foot-step bearing. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it may
move upwards. ii) In cam and follower arrangement.iii) The motion of an I.C. engine
valve.(These are kept on their seat by a spring) iv) The piston reciprocating inside an
engine cylinder.

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b) i) Rigid link- 02 marks
For example - Connecting rod, crank etc.
ii) Flexible link- For example - Belts, ropes, chains, wires etc.
c) Define- 02 marks
1)Linear Velocity:- It may be defined as ‘’the rate of change of linear displacement with
respect to time’’
Mathematically, linear velocity,
V=ds/dt
2) Angular velocity:- It may be defined as “the rate of change of angular displacement
with respect to time”. It is usually expressed by a Greek letter (omega). Mathematically,
angular velocity,
dθ/ dt
d) Types of followers-
1) According to the surface in contact. –
i)Knife edge follower 02 marks
ii) Roller follower for any
four types
iii)Flat faced or mushroom follower
2)According to the motion of the follower –
i) Reciprocating or translating follower
ii) Oscillating or rotating follower
3) According to the path of motion of the follower –
i)Radial follower
ii)Off-set follower
e) Function of brakes:- 02 marks
i) Brake is used to retard or stop the motion of a machine.
ii) Brakes converts the energy absorbed (K.E. or P.E.) in the form of heat, which is
dissipated to the surrounding.
iii) It acts as a safety device.
f) Following of Two methods of balancing of single rotating masses, 02 marks
i) Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in same plane
ii) Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.

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Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following (3×4) 12 marks

a) Draw a neat sketch of Oldham coupling:- 03 marks

for fig.&
01 marks
label
parts

Fig. Oldham’s coupling

b) Differentiate between flat belt and ‘V’ belt

Comparative point Flat belt V belt

1) Velocity Ratio Velocity ratio is Less It has High V.R. 04 marks

2) Cost It is cheaper It is costly

3) Space Large space required Compact space

required

4) Application Floor mill, Stone crusher, Air-compressor,

Lathe headstock etc. IC-engine, Drilling
machine etc.

c) Construction and working of radial cam 01 marks

In radial cams, the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction for fig.
and 03
perpendicular to the cam axis. The cams as shown in Fig. are all radial cams. Cam rotates marks
about a center and it’s radial distance varies from the center to the outer surface. The explanati
on
‘radial cam’ is a rotating plate or disc with an outer circumference shaped to produce a
(consider
required movement (usually linear) to a ‘follower’ which is held against it.
any one
This provide a rise and fall of the follower during the cam rotation. The fig.)
cam follower may be arranged in a different combinations but the motion of the follower
depends upon the profile of the cam.

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d) Construction and working of Compound Gear Train:

When there are more than one gear on a shaft, as shown in Fig. , it is called a compound
train of gear. In a simple train of gears do not affect the speed ratio of the system. But
these gears
are useful in bridging over the space between the driver and the driven.
Gear trains inside a mechanical watch But whenever the distance between the driver and 02 marks
the driven or follower has to be bridged over by intermediate gears and at the same time a for
great ( or much less ) speed ratio is required, then the advantage of intermediate gears is fig.and 02
intensified by providing compound gears on intermediate shafts. In this case, each marks for
intermediate shaft has two gears rigidly fixed to it so that they may have the same speed. explanati
One of these two gears meshes with the driver and the other with the driven or follower on
attached to the next shaft as shown in Fig.

In a compound train of gears, as shown in Fig., the gear 1 is the driving gear mounted on
shaft A,

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gears 2 and 3 are compound gears which are mounted on shaft B. The gears 4 and 5 are
also
compound gears which are mounted on shaft C and the gear 6 is the driven gear mounted
on shaft D.
Let N1 = Speed of driving gear 1,
T1 = Number of teeth on driving gear 1,
N2 ,N3 ..., N6 = Speed of respective gears in r.p.m., and
T2 ,T3..., T6 = Number of teeth on respective gears.
Since gear 1 is in mesh with gear 2, therefore its speed ratio is

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: (3x4) 12

A Mechanism used to draw elliptical shape:

Links:1. Frame ,2.PB ,3.Slider 1 4.Slider 2

Pairs: 1.Slider 1 & Frame – Sliding

2 marks-
2. Slider 2 & Frame – Sliding
working
3.Slider 1 & link PB – turning

4.Slider 2 & link PB – turning

Construction : This mechanism is an inversion of Double slider crank Chain .It has two
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sliding & two turning pairs. As shown in figure it has rectangular frame with vertical and
horizontal slots. Two sliders are free to slide inside both slots. A link PB connects two
sliders.

Working: When one of the slider is given reciprocating motion it is transmitted to another
slider through the link PB . It is observed that while the two sliders slide into respective slots
the pt.'P' traces the path of an ellipse. The major axis and minor axis of the ellipse can be
changed by changing the point which traces the path of an ellipse.

2 marks
–sketch

3 B Difference between machine and structure:

01 mark
BASIS OF each
MACHINE STRUCTURE
COMPARISON point.

The members of a structure

Relative Parts of a machine moves
do not move relative to one
motion relative to one another.
another.

The machine transforms the In a structure, no energy is

Transmission
available energy into some transformed into useful
of energy
useful work. work.

Degree of Degree of freedom is one or Degree of freedom is zero or

freedom more than one negative

Drilling machine, Lathe

Building, bridge, trusses,
application machine, slotting machine
machine frames etc.
and screw jack.

3 C
Sensitiveness -As a governor is used to limit the change of speed of the engine between minimum
to full-load conditions, the sensitiveness of a governor is also defined as the ratio of the difference 02
between the maximum and the minimum speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.

Sensitiveness = Range of speed / Mean speed

= N2 - N1 / N

= 2 ( N2 - N1 ) / N1 + N2

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Where,

N = Mean speed
N1 = Minimum speed corresponding to full load condition
N2 = Maximum speed corresponding to no-load condition

02
Hunting of governor :

A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above
and below the mean speed. This is caused by a too sensitive governor which changes the
fuel supply by a large amount when a small change in the speed of rotation takes

3 D
Self Locking brake

Rn x X = PL + μaRn

Rn = Normal reaction, P = Applied force, L = lever length 02

X = Distance of block from hinge, μ= coefficient of friction, a = distance of drum from

hinge

In the above equation when frictional force adds to the breaking torque. In other words,
the frictional torque and braking torque are in the same direction its a self locking brake.

Example- The locking mechanism, through suitable use of indexing via Geneva mechanisms, allows
multiple brakes to be engaged and/or disengaged from a single point of adjustment

Self energizing brake

In the above equation when X < μa, P becomes negative 02

Hence, P is not required for braking and brake gets applied on its own. It is called as self
energizing brake.

Example-Shoe design should allow very liberal limits and tolerance in wheel, axle and
drum assemblies
3 E

Simple Harmonic Motion:

2 Marks-
The displacement diagram is drawn as follows for SHM of follower : Stepwise
1. Draw a semi-circle on the follower stroke as diameter. ,
2. Divide the semi-circle into any number of even equal parts (say eight).
3. Divide the angular displacements of the cam during out stroke and return stroke into
the
same number of equal parts.
4. The displacement diagram is obtained by projecting the points as shown in Figure

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2 marks
for figure

Attempt any TWO of the following:(2X6) 12

4

A Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism:

This mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines, slotting machines and in rotary
internal combustion engines. In this mechanism, the link AC (i.e. link 3) forming the 02
turning pair is fixed, as shown in fig. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod of a marks-
reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank CB revolves with uniform angular speed expalain
about the fixed centre C. A sliding block attached to the crank pin at B slides along the
ation.
slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to oscillate about the pivoted point A. A short link PR
transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates along
the line of stroke R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC
produced.

02 marks
–diagram

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02

4 B

03

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First of all, draw the space diagram to some suitable scale, as shown in Fig. Now the
velocity diagram, as shown in Fig. is drawn as discussed below :

1. Since the link AD is fixed, therefore points a and d are taken as one point in the
velocity diagram. Draw vector ab perpendicular to B A, to some suitable scale, to
represent the velocity of B with respect to A or simply velocity of B (i.e. vBA or vB ) 03
such that

2. vector ab = vBA = vB =12.568X 0.08= 1.005 m/s 2 .

3. Now from point b, draw vector bc perpendicular to CB to represent the velocity of C

with respect to B (i.e. vCB) and from point d, draw vector dc perpendicular to CD to
represent the velocity of C with respect to D or simply velocity of C (i.e. vCD or vC ).
The vectors bc and dc intersect at c.

4. By measurement, we find that vCD = vC = vector dc = 0.6 m/s

5. We know that CD = 180 mm = 0.18 m

6. ∴ Angular velocity of link CD, VCD /CD =0.6/ 0.18

7. ω CD = 3.33 rad/s (clockwise about D)

space diagram 1 mark, Velocity diagram -3 marks, Angular velocity- 2 marks

4 C

Cam Profile:

03

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03

Attempt any TWO of the following:

5 12

A Phenomena of

(1) Slip :- Power or motion is transmitted by belts and pulley assuming a firm frictional grip
between the belts and the pulley on shafts. But sometimes, the frictional grip becomes
insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the driver pulley without carrying Explanati
on of slip
the belt with it.
2 marks
This may also cause some forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley
with it. This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed as a percentage.

Slip is also defined as relative motion between belt and pulley surface because of
insufficient frictional grip .
 This reduces velocity ratio and Slip usually expressed as a percentage. Definitio
n 1 mark
S1 % = Slip between the driver and the belt, and
S2 % = Slip between the belt and the follower
S = (S1 + S2) total % slip

(ii) Creep:- The portion of the belt leaving the driven and entering the driver is known as tight side
and portion of belt leaving the driver and entering the driven is known as slack side.
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During rotation there is an expansion of belt on tight side and contraction of belt on the
slack side.
Due to this uneven expansion and contraction of the belt over the pulleys, there will be a
relative movement of the belt over the pulleys; this phenomenon is known as creep in belts.

 The total effect of creep is to reduce slightly the speed of the driven pulley or Explanati
follower. on of
 Considering creep, the velocity ratio is given by creep 2
marks

σ1 - Stress on tight side on the belt and

σ2 - Stress on slack side on the belt
Definitio
E - Young’s modulus for the material of the belt.
n 1 mark
5 B Crank radius; r =120mm ; Length of connecting rod; L = 600mm ; Rotational speed =500
rpm; Angular speed ω = 2N = 2π500/60= 52.34rad/sec; Crank Angle = θ = 500
60
Scale for configuration diagram 1 cm = 30 mm
Draw configuration diagram and klien’s construction as given below

1 Mark
+

Construc
tion
4 Marks
Velocity of Piston/ Slider
= ωob x OM X Scale = 52.34 x 3.5 x 30 mm/sec = 5495 mm/sec = 5.495 m/sec +
Answer 1
Acceleration of Piston/ Slider mark
= NO x (ωob)2xscale = 2.4 x (52.35)2x 30 = 197242 mm/sec2 = 197.242 m/sec2 each

5 C
Porter governor
Porter governor is a type of simple governor which is an updated from watt governor,
Porter Governor is a type of governor contains two equally weighted balls connected to the 03 marks
arm. This ball contains some specified weight and this is a simple construction and easy in for figure
maintenance. Porter governor is used to decreasing the fluctuations developed in the
engine and supply the required quantity of fuel to the engine according to the load applied
to it. Supply of fuel depends on the displacement of the sleeve from its bottom point and
this sleeve lifted with the help of balls rotation, when the balls rotate with high speed the
01 mark
sleeve lifted to the maximum point and the supply of fuel is maximum to the engine.
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for label

+ 02
marks
for
working

Attempt any TWO of the following (2X6) 12

6
Classification of gears
A
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.

a) Parallel shafts

Gear Application 03 marks

for
1.Spur Gear For low speed ; gear box I gear, lathe machine
classifica
2.Helical Gear For High speed ; gear box II, III, IV gear, machine tools tion
etc
+ 03
3.Rack and Pinion Converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion, marks
Drilling Machine, Measuring Instruments., Car for
Steering., Weighing Scales, Gates, Actuators. applicati
b) Intersecting shafts ons.

Bevel Gear (Suitable

Food canning equipment · Food packaging Applicati
Straight bevel equipment ons)

Spiral bevel
Differential gear box gears, Machine tools
c) Non-intersecting and Non-parallel

worm and worm gears material handling and transportation machinery,

machine tools, automobiles etc

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6 b 03 marks
for figure

+01 mark
for label

+ 02
marks
for
A cone clutch serves the same purpose as a disk or plate clutch. However, instead of mating
working
two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque from the
engine to wheels by friction. When the driver presses the clutch pedal, the male cone slides
against the spring force, and the clutch is disengaged. When the driver removes the
pressure on the clutch pedal, the friction surfaces of the male cone are in direct contact
with the female cone due to the force of the spring.

6 c 04 marks
for
figures

+
(1) Mean Effective pressure:- The mean effective pressure can be regarded as 01 mark
an average pressure in the cylinder for a complete engine cycle.
each for
(2) Fluctuation of energy:- The variations of energy above and below the mean definitio
resisting torque line are called fluctuation of energy. n

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