Neural Control and Coordination 3 areas of cerebral cortex

✋ ♥
Central Neural System motor areas,

brain
Functions of organs/ coordinated maintain
Afferent nerve fibres efferent nerve fibres sensory areas
association areas intersensory associations,
organ systems
7
homeostasis. tissues/organs to CNS CNS to tissues/organs.
%communication.
memory

Coordination 1. Neural System central information processing body organ

thalamus
acts as 'command and control system'. M

S
2 or more organs interact/ complement functions somatic neural system impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

2. Human Neural System

7

physical exercises site for processing of vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence,
increased emotions & thoughts.
cerebrum wraps around thalamus,
energy demand
PNS
i 3. Neuron as Structural and
autonomic neural system. 7 CNS to involuntary organs &smooth muscles
oxygen sympathetic neural system and L
respiration rate - parasympathetic neural system. major coordinating centre for sensory & motor signaling.
heart beat voluntary movements,

I
physical exercises stop
blood flow
Visceral nervous system whole complex of nerves + fibres + Functional Unit of Neural System Body balance
functioning of vital involuntary organs
controls
7

ganglia, + plexuses

normal conditions.
activities of nerves,
1
from CNS to viscera
from viscera to CNS
4. Central Neural System e.g., lungs, heart, kidneys, etc.
thermoregulation, S
hypothalamus
lungs, hunger & thirst,
heart
kidney 5. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc circadian (24-hour) rhythms
several endocrine glands activities
hypothalamus centres
#
6. Sensory Reception and Processing human behaviour.

synchronised fashion
neural system + endocrine system = coordinate , integrate all organs activities.
Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System Figure 21.4 Diagram showing sagital section of the human brain
# #
I control body temperature
urge for eating & drinking
neurosecretory cells (hypothalamic hormones)
neuron
Neural System
7 3 major parts
microscopic structure cell body , dendrites, axon

cell body
detect, receive
All animals neurons
S transmit
different stimuli.
cytoplasm + typical cell organelles +
certain granular bodies {Nissl's granules}
V

Neural organisation
dendrites
regulation of sexual behaviour,
expression of emotional reactions
Hydra network of neurons
protected by skull.
(e.g., excitement,pleasure, rage
Short fibres branch + Nissl's granules Inside skull, covered by cranial meninges
and fear),
↓
insects brain +no.of ganglia + neural tissues. v
transmit impulses towards cell body.
outer layer {dura mater }
motivation.

axon
repeatedly & project out of cell body thin middle layer {arachnoid}
vertebrates more developed neural system

Midbrain
inner layer (contact with tissue){pia mater }

cell body to synapse or neuro-muscular junction.

#
located between
divided into 3 major parts
long fibre Figure 21.2 Diagrammatic representation of impulse conduction through an axon (at points A & B) 1. forebrain,
2. midbrain, forebrain
-1 hindbrain
3. hindbrain thalamus/hypothalamus pons

Forebrain
Transmission of Impulses
·

cerebrum,
four round swellings
thalamus , (lobes)
nerve impulse hypothalamus
distal end branched 2 types of axons canal
major part
bulb-like structure one neuron
W
To 7 another neuron
~
synaptic vesicles
By junctions
neurotransmitters synapses
v

{ }

Hindbrain
1

3 types of neurons pons, cerebellum, medulla

Only axon cerebrum fibre tracts

embryonic stage interconnect different
longitudinally deep cleft
Human Neural System
brain regions. -
↓
1 axon & 1 dendrite .

xvery convoluted surface

eye retina 2 types synapses, nerve fibres provide additional space for
hemispheres
2 parts
A
many more neurons.
corpus callosum.
electrical synapses & chemical synapses.
connected
1) central neural system (CNS)
2) peripheral neural system (PNS) cerebral cortex V
connected to spinal cord.
control respiration,
1 axon & 2 or more dendrites cardiovascular reflexes
CNS gastric secretions.

site of information processing, control.

m
right cerebral
brain + spinal cord
Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse left cerebral
hemispheres. hemispheres.
* + ) (

forms connections
SNS covered with myelin sheath,
PNS * ANS selectively permeable
B/w brain & spinal cord.
VNS
specific receptors
All body nerves associated with CNS
Nerve fibres 2 types
(a) afferent fibres prominent folds. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
(b) efferent fibres ↓
↓ stimulus & response forms
reflex arc
without conscious effort or thought
& requires CNS
always faster new potential developed either
concentration gradient.

rare in our system. excitatory or inhibitory peripheral nervous stimulation

sudden withdrawal body part

extremely hot
cold pointed
animal scary or poisonous
 7 visible coloured portion Mechanism of Vision Inner ear

7 transparent crystalline lens

ligaments

pupil diameter action potentials

7 regulated by iris
muscle fibres

3) Retina inner layer

Figure 21.5 to understand the mechanism of a knee jerk 3 layers of neural cells - from inside to outside
/ reflex.
.- 0
ganglion cells,
bipolar cells
Sensory Reception and Processing photoreceptor cells.
sensory organs detect all types environment changes, sound , colors, taste
7 rods & cones. photosensitive compounds (photopigments)
signals to CNS - ~

Sense Organs cones rods. opsin retinal

daylight (photopic) color vision (protein) (aldehyde of vitamin A).
smell by our nose twilight (scotopic) vision

Mechanism of Hearing
taste by tongue #
hear by ear
see objects by eyes purplish-red protein
3 cones types rhodopsin or visual purple,
contain {Vitamin A derivative} sound waves into neural impulses,
photopigments
red, green, blue lights. malleus, incus and
Sound waves received
by external auditory eardrum vibrates stapes amplify the
3 cones stimulated equally, meatus vibrations
white light sensation produced.
vibration reaches
diff colours sensations by
W inner ear through oval
window
various combinations of 3 cones impulses analysed
& its photopigments. impulses analysed &
Retina image recognised sound recognised
Both nose and tongue detect dissolved chemicals. based on earlier memory and
experience. lymphs waves
impulses transmitted by afferent nerve impulses ripple basilar membrane.
fibres via auditory nerves to generated in bend hair cells, pressing them
v
v brain auditory cortex afferent neutrons. against tectorial membrane.
olfactory gustation
(smell) (taste)
Ear
No Photoreceptor cells

-
functionally similar & interrelated.
2 sensory functions
hearing
body balance maintenance .

Anatomically, ear into 3 major sections

pinna
yellowish pigmented spot meatus

central pit Retina thinned-out portion

7only cones densely
/ packed.
greatest visual acuity ear drum
(resolution).
v outside connective tissues covered with skin

$ 0
v
& inside with mucus membrane.

Eye very fine hairs &

wax-secreting glands
pinna
outer ear
collects vibrations in air, produce sound.

meatus leads inwards, extends up to tympanic membrane

orbits 7 sockets 7 Eyes
middle ear
Parts of an eye
~ 3 ossicles (malleus, incus , stapes) chain-like fashion.
W Attach
tympanic membrane oval window of cochlea.
aqueous chamber vitreous chamber
increase efficiency of transmission of sound waves to inner ear.
Adult human eye ball - 3 layers space between cornea & lens space between lens & Retina
1) sclera layer aqueous humor vitreous humor Eustachian tube
external layer dense connective tissue. contains thin watery fluid transparent gel connects middle ear cavity with pharynx
Adult spherical
human structure.
eye ball cornea ( anterior portion )
helps in equalising pressures on either sides of ear drum

2) choroid layer
middle layer many blood vessels, looks bluish colour.
thin posterior 2/3 of eye ball,
thick anterior part [ ciliary body ]