VARIATION IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION

1.Daily Variation
2.Annual Variation
3.Secular Variation
4.Irregular Variation
VARIATION IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Daily Variation
- Also called diurnal variation, is an
oscillation of the compass needle
through a cycle from its mean position
over a 24-hr period.
- The extreme eastern position in of
the needle usually occurs in the
morning and extreme western position
in the afternoon.
VARIATION IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Annual Variation
- It usually amounts to less than a
minute of arc and thus considered
negligible.
 VARIATION IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Secular Variation
- It is slow and gradual but unexplainable shift
in the position of the earth’s magnetic meridian
over a regular cycle.
- The meridian swings like pendulum for 150
years and gradually comes to stop and swings
back to opposite direction.
- The rate of the change in the declination
varies yearly and irregularly at different
locations and can be a very large amounts.
VARIATION IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Irregular Variation
- It is uncertain in character and cannot
be predicted as to amount or
occurrence.
- At high altitudes; the usually amount
to degree or more
- Irregular Variations are most likely to
occur during magnetic storms and
disturbances associated with sunspots
and when auroral displays occur
ISOGONIC CHART

- A chart or a map which shows lines

connection points where the magnetic
declination of the compass needle is
the same at a given time.
ISOGONI
C CHART
 Uses of
Compass
Determination
of Magnetic
Bearings
LOCAL ATTRACTION
- It is any deviation of the magnetic
needle of a compass from its original
pointing towards the magnetic North.

- In cities with large excavation of iron

core deposits, magnetic compass could
not be reliable
MAGNETIC DIP
It is the characteristic of the
phenomenon of the compass to be
attracted downward from the
horizontal plane due to Earth’s
magnetic line of force.
MAGNETIC DIP
 COMPASS SURVEY
- The method of compass surveying is
one of the most basic and widely
practice of determining the relative
location of points where a high
degree of precision is not required.
TYPE OF MAGNETIC COMPASS
1.Traverse
2.Traversing
3.Traverse Station
4.Traverse Line
1. Traverse – it is a series of line
connecting successive points whole
length and direction have been
determined

2. Traversing – The process of

measuring the length and directions of
the line of a traverse for purpose of
location position of a point
3. Traverse Station – Any temporary of
permanent point of reference over
which the instrument is set up.

4. Traverse Lines – Are lines connecting

traverse stations whose length and
directions are determined
TYPE OF MAGNETIC COMPASS
1. Open Compass Traverse – Series of
line of known length and magnetic
bearing which are continuous and do
not return to starting point

2.Closed Compass Traverse – consists

of series line of known length and
magnetic bearing which form a closed
loop
COMPASS
TRAVERSE
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
NOTE ON ADJUSTING CCT
• Interior Angle must be equal to (n-2)(180)

• There will always be an inconsistencies due

to error in observation or effects of local
attractions; the discrepancy from two
quantities is called “Error of Closure”
NOTE ON ADJUSTING CCT
• If the error in the sum of two angle is too
large, possible error came from the
compass = recheck or repeat.

• If the sum of the computed angle < (n-

2)(180)
- the corrections will be added equally to
each interior angle.
NOTE ON ADJUSTING CCT
• After the corrections were applied, the sum
of the interior angle must be equal to (n-
2)(180)

• After the interior angle have already been

adjusted the forward bearings of each line
in the traverse are also corrected.

• Forward Bearing = Back Bearing

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
LOT 25 BLOCK 4

BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W
ADJUSTMENT OF A CLOSED COMPASS TRAVERS
1. Computing and adjusting the interior
angles
2. Selecting the best line or the line in
the traverse which is unaffected by
local attractions
3. Adjusting the observed bearings of
successive lines
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
1. Computing interior angle BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W

INTERIOR ANGLE OF A

BB EA = N 28* 00’ W
FB AB = S 30*40’ W

INTERIOR ANGLE OF A = 180* + 28* + 30*40’

= 238*40’
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
1. Computing and adjusting the interior
angle
BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
1. Computing and adjusting the interior
angle

BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
2. Adjusting the interior angle

BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W
 BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE AB
BC
CD
46.5
75.15
117.35
S 30*40' W
S 83* 50' E
N 02* 00' W
N 30* 40' E
N 84* 30' W
S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST

3. Solving for the adjusted bearing

EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W

ADJUSTED INT. Angle B = 65*35’

𝜽BA = N 30* 40’ E (best line)
𝜽BC = 180* - (30* 40’+ 65*35’)
= S 83*45’ E
𝜽BC = N 83*45’ W
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
3. Solving for the adjusted bearing

𝜽BC = N 83*45’ W
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
3. Solving for the adjusted bearing
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
2. Solving for the adjusted bearing
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
4. Solution Checking
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
5. Tabulation of adjusted traverse data

BEARINGS
LINE LENGTH FORWARD BACK
AB 46.5 S 30*40' W N 30* 40' E
BC 75.15 S 83* 50' E N 84* 30' W
CD 117.35 N 02* 00' W S 02* 15' E
DE 74.92 S 89* 30' W DUE EAST
EA 60.25 S 28* 50* E N 28* 00' W