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KIRCHHOFF
KIRCHHOFF
As we have already seen, circuits with sinusoidal excitation can be solved using
complex impedances for the elements and complex peak or complex rms values
for the currents and voltages. Using the complex values version of Kirchhoff’s
laws, nodal and mesh analysis techniques can be employed to solve AC circuits
in a manner similar to DC circuits. In this chapter we will show this through
examples of Kirchhoff’s laws.
Example 1
Altogether we have 10 unknown voltages and currents, namely: i, iC1, iR, iL, iC2,
vC1, vR, vL, vC2 and vIS. (If we use complex peak or rms values for the voltages and
currents, we have altogether 20 real equations!)
The equations:
M2 - VRM + VLM = 0
M3 - VLM + VC2M = 0
M4 - VC2M + VIsM = 0
IC1M = j*w*C1*VC1M
IC2M = j*w*C2*VC2M
Solving the system of equations you can find the unknown current:
Vs=Vc1+Vr {M1}
Vr=VL {M2}
Vr=Vc2 {M3}
Vc2=Vis {M4}
Ivs=Ir+IL+Ic2-Is {N1}
{Ohm's rules}
Ic1=j*om*C1*Vc1
Vr=R*Ir
VL=j*om*L*IL
Ic2=j*om*C2*Vc2
Ivs=Ic1
end;
Ivs=[3.1531E-1+1.7812E0*j]
abs(Ivs)=[1.8089]
fiIvs:=180*arc(Ivs)/pi
fiIvs=[79.9613]
Numerically:
The simplified circuit using the impedance:
VS = VC1 +VZ
VZ = Z · I Z
I = j w C1· VC1
There are four unknowns– I; IZ; VC1; VZ – and we have four equations, so a
solution is possible.
Numerically
Z=[2.1046E0-2.4685E0*j]
sys I
I=j*om*C1*(Vs-Z*(I+Is))
end;
I=[3.1531E-1+1.7812E0*j]
abs(I)=[1.8089]
180*arc(I)/pi=[79.9613]
You can check Kirchhoff’s current rule using phasor diagrams. The picture below
was developed by checking the node equation in iZ = i + iG1 form. The first
diagram shows the phasors added by parallelogram rule, the second one
illustrates the triangular rule of the phasor addition.
Now let’s demonstrate KVR using TINA’s phasor diagram feature. Since the
source voltage is negative in the equation, we connected the voltmeter
“backwards.” The phasor diagram illustrates the original form of the Kirchhoff’s
voltage rule.
The first phasor diagram uses the parallelogram rule, while the second uses the
triangular rule.
To illustrate KVR in the form VC1 + VZ – VS = 0, we again connected the voltmeter
to the voltage source backwards. You can see that the phasor triangle is closed.
Note that TINA lets you use either sine or cosine function as a base function.
Depending on the function chosen, the complex amplitudes seen in phasor
diagrams may differ by 90º. You can set the base function under ‘View’ ‘Options’
‘Base function for AC’. In our examples we always used cosine function as a
base.
Example 2
VR2M = R2*IR2M
IC1m = j*w*C1*VC1M
IC2m = j*w*C2*VC2M
VLM = j*w*L*ILM
Don’t forget that any complex equation might lead to two real equations, so
Kirchhoff’s method requires many calculations. It’s much simpler to solve for the
time functions of the voltages and currents using a system of differential
equations (not discussed here). First we show the results calculated by TINA’s
Interpreter:
ivs=ir1+ic2 {1}
ir1=iL+ic1 {2}
ic2+iL+ic1+Is=ir2 {3}
Vs=vc2+vr2 {4}
Vs=vr1+vr2+vc1 {5}
vc1=vL {6}
vr2=vis {7}
vr1=ir1*R1 {8}
vr2=ir2*R2 {9}
ic1=j*om*C1*vc1 {10}
ic2=j*om*C2*vc2 {11}
vL=j*om*L*iL {12}
end;
abs(vr1)=[970.1563m]
abs(vr2)=[10.8726]
abs(ic1)=[245.6503u]
abs(ic2)=[3.0503m]
abs(vc1)=[39.0965m]
abs(vc2)=[970.9437m]
abs(iL)=[3.1112u]
abs(vL)=[39.0965m]
abs(ivs)=[3.0697m]
180+radtodeg(arc(ivs))=[58.2734]
abs(vis)=[10.8726]
radtodeg(arc(vis))=[-2.3393]
radtodeg(arc(vr1))=[155.1092]
radtodeg(arc(vr2))=[-2.3393]
radtodeg(arc(ic1))=[155.1092]
radtodeg(arc(ic2))=[-117.1985]
radtodeg(arc(vc2))=[152.8015]
radtodeg(arc(vc1))=[65.1092]
radtodeg(arc(iL))=[-24.8908]
radtodeg(arc(vL))=[65.1092]
Now try to simplify the equations by hand using substitution. First substitute eq.9.
into eq 5.
VS = VC2 + R2 IR2 a.)
Express VC1
c.)
Express VC2 from eq.4. and eq.5. and substitute eq.8., eq.11. and VC1:
d.)
Substitute eq.2., 10., 11. and d.) into eq.3. and express IR2
e.)
Now substitute d.) and e.) into eq.4 and express IR1
Numerically:
According to TINA’s results.