Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This section of the research paper deals with the study's history, problem
statement, importance, and scope and delimitation.

Background of the Study

Oil is a non-polar chemical substance that is viscous liquid at ambient

temperature and is both hydrophilic and lyophobic. It is a crucial substance that is
used in everyday activities for fueling machineries. It is used by a vehicle to operate
and the machineries that are used for business transportation.

As time passes, changes in crude oil prices are the global phenomena, in
particular, influential in determining the economies that are not financially stable and
are fragile to the influences of external stocks. Price hike is the percent of increase in
the cost of the goods and services. As fuel prices continue spiraling upward, the
added costs are a significant concern for transportation.

For millions of Filipinos, tricycles are not only a mode of transportation but
also a source of income. They have vague access to formal financial services and
rely on a small scale daily income from a community based company to make ends
meet. This had been the primary source of revenue for tricycle drivers and their
families. The tricycle drivers, however are one of the most affected industries in our
country.

Furthermore, since the price of gasoline in the Philippines is rising and we

know that gasoline is mostly utilized as an engine fuel in tricycle driver’s vehicles, it
becomes strenuous for them. A number of individuals in relation to transportation
services have ensued on unemployment due to the dramatic increase of oil prices.
Lamenting that this year has been the hardest for them and for their family. The
increase in oil price is expected to have adverse effects to the daily income of the
drivers.

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 Oil prices are generally thought to increase and reduce economic growth. The
main challenge of today’s transport costs is oil price. Freight movement in most
modes remains largely dependent on expensive and finite fossil fuels, predominantly
diesel fuel.

The foremost single factor affecting the retail price of diesel fuel is the price of
crude oil. Crude oil as an energy source is a vital component that determines the
condition of an economy, its price fluctuation impact on all industrial sectors whether
directly or directly, be it in banking, energy, retailing or transportation industries.

The impact of oil prices on transport sector depends upon three issues, which
are; the relevance of the oil price on the cost of the energy used for each transport
mode, to what extent oil price is transferred to transport fuel prices, and the relative
weight of the energy cost on total operating costs for each mode. Fuel prices are a
cost to transportations industries and a direct cost to consumer.

Since we have established that Oil prices are tied to other commodities in the
market, price hikes also mean a higher cost of living. Aside from paying more for the
same amount of gasoline, prices of food, fares and other daily expenses may also
rise. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the share of oil as a renewable
rent is 0.19% of the gross domestic product (GDP) for the last 20 years. In addition,
oil is also one of the most significant contributors to manufacturing costs.

While we, as consumers, are still not shouldering these costs, producers
cannot cushion them for long. As a result, these will be passed down to the
consumers, increasing the overall prices of goods and services and causing inflation.
In fact, Bloomberg predicts that a ‘10% rise in oil prices could add a 0.4%
percentage points’ to Philippine inflation. To add, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
governor Benjamin Diokno also sees the high oil prices to drive inflation as high as
5.5% to 6%. This is above BSP’s expected rate which is between 2% to 4%. The
transportation sector in Malaysia, like in other nations, is the biggest consumer of
petroleum products, so the shock will have a noticeably much more significant
impact on this sector, according to Solaymani and Kari (2013). High Oil prices will
have an adverse effect on the transportation industry by raising current
transportation costs, changing chained distribution systems and reducing the market-
serving capacity of current logistical systems.

2
 The potential contribution or insights of the research is to the pursuit of
knowledge and discovery, which has always been an intrinsic human characteristic,
but when new knowledge is curated and put in the right hands, it has the power to
bring about high-value change in the society. Most contributions are knowledge-
increasing. They present new findings, expand the research to new areas, make
existing theories and methods more detailed, accurate or appropriate for some
context, efforts to improve the implementation of effective practice and to speed up
improvements in quality and patient safety, that continue to pose challenges for
researchers and policymakers. Organizational research and in particular case
studies of quality improvement offer methods to improve understanding of the role of
organizational and microsystem contexts for improving care and the development of
theories that might guide improvement strategies.

The study of the correlational relationship between the oil price hike to the
daily consumptions of the families of tricycle drivers is beneficial and applicable to
case studies in relation to investigations such as this. Existing evidences conducted
by the researchers in the study may be utilized by academic establishments as an
example, basis and/or a source of a discrete investigatory information of a
correlational research design, to evaluate, analyze and assess probabilities of their
applied study. An educational implication for the school, students and further
researchers of interest.

This study helps the Dulag tricycle drivers to be aware of this issue for them to
take an action for this matter. This will give insights to the passengers to understand
and consider the difficulties encountered by the tricycle drivers. The public will know
the impact of the oil price hike to the daily consumption of the families of Dulag
tricycle drivers.

The purpose of this research study is to determine the effect of oil price hikes
towards the daily income of Dulag tricycle drivers. Furthermore, the researchers
identify the contributing factors that results on the affection of the daily income of
tricycle drivers residing in Dulag, Leyte.

Statement of the Problem

General Question:

3
What are the effects of the oil price hike to the daily consumption of the families of
Dulag tricycle drivers?

Specific Questions:

1. To what extent does oil price hike affects the daily consumption of Dulag tricycle
drivers in terms of their:

a. Budget for gasoline throughout the working day

b. Family needs

2. Is there a relationship between oil price hike and daily consumption of the families
of Dulag tricycle drivers in terms of:

a. Budget for gasoline throughout the working day

b. Family needs

3. Is there a significant difference between the daily consumption of tricycle drivers

before and after the oil price hike?

Significance of the Study

By conducting the procedures presented by this research, there will be an

expansion on the current understanding on the affection of oil price hiking with
regards to the daily income of transportation oriented services.

Drivers. This study provides a clear presentation on these tricycle drivers and
their experiences, factual and realistic evidences that support the pretention of the
study’s independent and dependent variable, in which case is directly proportional.
Giving them insights on the influence of monetary repercussion on account of
external factors, events and scenarios which can be appropriate and useful for them,
to the society and the entrepreneurship industry.

Oil Companies. This research will benefit a variety of business driven oil
companies and individuals operating through transportation services in deciding
which marketing strategy should they employ and what strategy should they apply.
Long-term price hikes can potentially be the result of this research to review their
current setting and determine contributing factors.

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 Furthermore, a detailed presentation on the investigation of the independent
and dependent variable in this research may serve as a tool for further studies to
innovate the current strategies being affected on the small to large scale conflict with
reference to price hikes.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the tricycle drivers in the Dulag municipality's Andoks
district who are impacted by the oil price increase, in which are the subjects of the
data collection. However, the contingent tricycle drivers in the other areas of Dulag
are not included in the study. Data will be gathered using a survey in which
participants respond to a questionnaire. The survey is conducted individually with
fifty (50) participants. However, a driver of a tricycle who does not have a license or
by no means licensed is categorically excluded.

This study looked into how the increase in oil prices affected the daily
consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle drivers. This research delimits only to
the tricycle drivers in Dulag, Leyte. The goal of this study is to determine how the
increase in oil prices has affected the daily consumption of the families of Dulag
tricycle drivers. The study does not, however, take into account how the increase in
oil prices may have affected Dulag tricycle drivers' behavior. This investigation must
be finished within a month of the first day of operation.

Definition of Terms

In order to provide clarity and to establish view of understanding, the terms

below is operationally defined.

Consumption. The use of income or goods by a household.

Gasoline. A fuel made from crude oil and other petroleum liquids. Gasoline is mainly
used as an engine fuel in vehicles.

Inflation. The gradual loss of purchasing power, reflected in a broad rise in prices for
goods and services.

Price hike. Percent of increase in the cost of goods or services

5
Survey. The process of investigating a procedure or interviewing a chosen sample
of people to learn more about a service, product, or process. Surveys used to gather
data ask a specific set of people about their beliefs, actions, or knowledge.

Tricycle drivers. Typically belong to low income and the micro-small and medium
sized enterprises (MSMEs) sector as self- employed workers. They have a little
access to formal financial services and sustain with small daily earnings from a
community based transportation business.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Globalization according to UKOG (United Kingod Oil and Gas) energy for
Britain, is dependent on oil for the transportation of various products and services,
whether local or international. As a result, an increase in oil prices can have an
impact on each country’s economy and, more importantly, the household income of
middle- and lower-class workers (Kpodar, Djiofack, 2010).

Political instability can also have an impact on the oil price (El-Katiri, Fattouh,
and Mallinson, 2014). It was demonstrated when Russia and Ukraine went to war.
Because of other countries’ sanctions against Russia and suppliers taking advantage
of the situation, the oil that the Philippines was buying from Russia, our main supplier
of oil over the years, increased in price, causing sudden inflation (Pundanera, 2022).
The oil price and sudden inflation have a significant impact on the middle and lower
sectors, particularly transportation workers.

Transportation sectors are always the ones most affected when oil prices rise,
according to Saeed Solaymani and Fatimah Kare’s (2013) study, because they
consume the most petroleum products. Furthermore, petroleum products are one of
the most basic requirements of a developing country, which also applies to the
Philippines, which is known to be a developing country.

In just a short period of time, oil changed the world, as C.J. Campbell
discovered in 2002. In addition to being the most effective source of energy for
machines and vehicles, oil is also the most affordable. People and governments in
many oil-rich nations started to rely on oil production for their economy because it
could bring in substantial sums of money that they could utilize for modernization.
One of the key reasons why trade and the transportation sector integrated so much

7
more easily was the oil. Additionally, it aids industrialization in increasing the number
of wage earners, consumers and tax payers, all of which are beneficial to the
economy. The oil that enabled us to advance into a modern society after enduring
World Wars 1 and 2 is in short, supply in the 21 st century, which increases oil prices
compared to previous decades.

There are a variety of factors that can influence the price of oil. According to
Kimberly Amadeo (2022), the three variables that influence the price of oil are
current supply, future supply, and demand. The price of oil may change if there is a
large supply on hand but little demand. The amount of oil a country has in reserve
will determine future supply, and reserves can help control a country’s rising oil
prices.

In the article, Kimberly Amadeo (2022) added that political unrest and natural
calamities are partly to blame for the rise in oil costs. The pandemic (COVID-19) was
a calamity that many oil-producing nations weren’t prepared for, and oil consumption
dropped as a result. However, early in 2022, the invasion of Ukrain by Russia
caused the price of oil to soar. When the US decided not to buy oil from from Russia,
the price continued to rise up to $ 100 per barrel and even reached $ 130 per barrel.
Russia is the largest oil exporter in the world, and as a result of the sanctions that
other nations applied, the price of oil globally was impacted.

Inflation rises in parallel with the rise in oil prices. It was established by
Michael La Blanc and Menzie D. Chinn (2004), who examined the IMF report from
three nations- the US, Japan and the Euro Area in December 2000. According to the
analysis, the CPI inflation would rise by 0.8% in the US, 0.3 in Japan, and 0.7% in
the Eurozone if the price of a barrel of oil rose by 16%. Because oil is utilized in the
manufacture and transportation of a wide variety of goods and services, consumers
will thus see an increase in the prices of the goods and services they use if the price
of crude oil rises.

Researchers Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Ling Jiao, Qiao-Mei Liang, Ying Fan, and
Jian-Ling Jiao examined how the price of crude oil affected the Chinese economy in
2007. They learned that foreign crude oil is expensive and that the transportation
industry will be most negatively impacted by a 100% increase in crude oil prices.

8
 (2010) Kangni Kpodar and Calvin Djofack investigate how rising oil process
affect Mali household’s income. While higher kerosene and gasoline prices
disproportionally harm the poorest households, higher diesel prices disproportionally
affect wealthier households. Due to the rise in the cost of gasoline, diesel and
kerosene, each household daily income has been reduced. The suffering of the poor
household is greater, which also raises the poverty rate.

This “review of literature” largely focuses on how everyone is impacted by the

increase in oil price prices, particularly
1. Increased the transportation sector. Additionally, it
fuel expenses
analyzes how increasing2.oil Fare adjustments
prices lead to global poverty. We also wish to discuss
3. Reduced demands
the significance of oil for modernization
4. Competition and economic expansion.

Conceptual Framework
Daily Consumption of
Oil Price Hike the Families Dulag of

Tricycle Drivers

IV DV
Number of
passengers daily

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the Independent and Dependent Variables of

the Study

The study’s independent and dependent variables are displayed in this

conceptual framework. The daily consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle drivers

9
is expected to be significantly impacted by the oil price as it continues to rise. The
diagram also includes a moderating variable that may have an impact on how the
independent and dependent variables relate to one another. The number of
passengers a day is also reported to have an impact on the Dulag tricycle driver’s
income and consumption.

The proposed conceptual framework for this study draws on existing theories
on consumer behavior and decision-making, income and consumption, and the
impact of external factors on households. Specifically, the framework incorporates
the following concepts:

Income and Consumption: This refers to the relationship between income and
household consumption behavior. The theory suggests that when income increases,
consumption also increases, and vice versa.

Consumer Behavior: This refers to the decision-making process that

consumers go through when making purchases. It includes factors such as price,
quality, availability, and preferences.

External Factors: This refers to factors outside the household that may affect
consumption behavior. In this study, the external factor is the oil price hike.

The proposed conceptual framework suggests that the oil price hike will have
a significant impact on the consumption behavior of households in Dulag, Leyte.
Specifically, it is hypothesized that the oil price hike will lead to a decrease in
household consumption, especially for low-income households such as those of
tricycle drivers.

Overall, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on the impact of
external factors on household consumption behavior and to provide insights that can
inform policy decisions related to mitigating the negative effects of oil price hikes on
vulnerable households.

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

The increase in oil prices has no direct effect on the daily consumption of the
families of Dulag tricycle drivers.

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 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The researchers used a Correlational research design in which they

determine if the variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or
decreases. Establishing and investigating relationships between two variables (or
more) without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them, predicting the
attitude of the association. This study aims to identify the relationship of the oil price
hike to the daily income of tricycle drivers of Dulag.

Research Sampling

The research used is simple random sampling in which the researcher

randomly selects a subset of participants from a population, in this case, tricycle
drivers of Dulag. Each individual sample of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of this
random subject. Ensures that results obtained from the sample should approximate
what would have been obtained if the entire population had been measured.

In this research we have gathered data through simple random sampling in

which researcher choose to make generalizations about population. A major
disadvantage is sampling from a large population, which is costly and time-
consuming. Instead, one can go for other sample methods in data that are highly
credible.

Research Instrument

This study used a survey questionnaire with simple random sampling as an

instrument for gathering the data. A questionnaire is a list of written questions to get
a specific information on a particular topic. The survey is conducted to test the
relationship between the oil price hike and Dulag tricycle drivers. The questionnaire

11
is divided into three sections (A, B and C). Section A consists of questions related to
the personal information of the respondents in Dulag. Section B consists of three
questions that obtain information about how the oil price hike affects the Dulag
tricycle drivers: strongly agree (1), agree (2), disagree (3), and strongly disagree (4).
Section C consists of four questions that will bring out the relationship between the
oil price hike and the income of Dulag tricycle drivers.

A questionnaire is far more practical and affordable, although it does have

some disadvantages. It is impossible to tell whether the respondent is answering the
questionnaire honestly or whether they comprehend the questions. It would also fail
to capture the respondent’s emotions and feelings. Which is why the researchers
guide and assist the respondents by their vernacular, which can be useful in
analyzing the data gathered.

Data Gathering and Procedure

The researchers prepared the consent letter to the respective authority before
conducting the study. For the quantitative data collection, the researchers have
created questionnaires and gathered the data through a survey. The survey was
conducted face-to-face, and the survey was facilitated and assisted by the
researchers and assisted by their research adviser.

The researcher will set requirements to determine if the participants are

eligible. If the tricycle drivers have three to five years of experience, he will have
considered a participant. He has the right to disagree nor the right to not write his
name. Most importantly, all his written data will be confidential and used only for this
study’s data collection.

Data Analysis

The researchers analyzed the data using statistical tool; mean. This study
used mean and percentage as statistical tool to determine the effects of Oil price
hike to the daily consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle drivers in terms of the
budget for gasoline throughout the working day and the family needs and also to
analyzed the gathered data to determine if there is a relationship between Oil price
hike and the daily consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle drivers.

12
 To test the hypothesis, the researchers conduct a statistical computation to
determine the mean and percentage. The results could help us understand the effect
of oil price hike to the daily consumption of the families of tricycle drivers in Dulag,
Leyte. The increase in the price of oil has an effect on the daily income of Dulag
tricycle drivers, as proven and confirmed by the data collected using a questionnaire.

Table 1. Research Questions and Data Treatment

Research Questions Data Treatment

1. To what extent does Oil price hike

affects the daily income of Dulag tricycle
drivers in terms of their:
Mean
a. Budget for gasoline throughout the
working day.

b. Family needs

2. Is there a relationship between oil

price hike and daily consumption of the
Percentage
families of Dulag tricycle drivers?

a. Budget for gasoline throughout the

working day

b. Family needs

3. Is there a significant difference

between the daily consumption of tricycle
Percentage
drivers before and after the oil price
hike?

Table 1. Shows the research questions and the data treatment. For the first
question, the researchers used mean for the data treatment to get the effects of Oil

13
price hike in terms of budget for gasoline and Family needs. In the second question,
the researchers used percentage to determine if there is a relationship between oil
price hike and daily consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle drivers in terms of
budget for gasoline and family needs. And in the third question, the researchers also
used percentage to find out if there is a significant difference between the daily
consumption of tricycle drivers before and after the oil price hike.

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Research Question 1. To what extent does oil price hike affects the daily
consumption of Dulag tricycle drivers in terms of their:

a. Budget for gasoline throughout the working day

b. Family needs

Table 1. The effect of Oil Price Hike to the daily consumption of Dulag Tricycle
drivers in terms of their budget for gasoline throughout the working day.

Likert-Scale Frequency Mean

Strongly Agree 0 0

Agree 36 0.72

Disagree 13 0.26

Strongly Disagree 1 0.02

The table above shows that out of fifty respondents, only thirty-six
respondents that has the mean of 0.72 agreed that their daily consumption is
sufficient to their budget for gasoline throughout the working day, and one
respondents out of fifty respondents that has the mean of 0.02 disagreed.

Table 2. The effect of Oil Price Hike to the daily consumption of Dulag Tricycle
drivers in terms of family needs.

Likert-Scale Frequency Mean

14
 Strongly Agree 4 0.08

Agree 15 0.3

Disagree 29 0.58

Strongly Disagree 2 0.04

The table above shows that out of fifty respondents, only twenty-nine
respondents that has the mean of 0.58 disagreed that their daily consumption is
sufficient to their family needs, and two respondents out of fifty respondents that has
the mean of 0.04 strongly disagreed.

Research Question 2. Is there a relationship between oil price hike and daily
consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle drivers in terms of:

a. Budget for gasoline throughout the working day

b. Family needs

Daily Consumption of Dulag Tricycle Drivers Before Oil Price

Hike
70%

60%

50%
Percentage

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
100-300 PHP 300-500 PHP 500 PHP Above

Daily Consumption

Budget for gasoline throughout the working day Family Needs

Figure 1. Shows the percentage of the daily consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle
drivers before the oil price hike.

The figure above shows that among fifty respondents, sixty-four percent has a
budget for gasoline throughout the working day of one hundred pesos to three

15
hundred pesos, and only eight percent has a budget of one hundred pesos to five
hundred pesos and above. The figure above also shows that among fifty
respondents, fifty percent has a three hundred pesos to five hundred pesos’ budget
for his family needs, and only fourteen percent has a budget of one hundred pesos
to three hundred pesos.

Daily Consumption of Dulag Tricycle Drivers After Oil Price

Hike
70%
60%
50%
Percentage

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
100-300 PHP 300-500 PHP 500 PHP Above
Daily Consumption

Budget for gasoline throughout the working day Family Needs

Figure 2. Shows the percentage of the daily consumption of the families of Dulag tricycle
drivers after the oil price hike.

The figure above shows that among fifty respondents, sixty percent has a
budget for gasoline throughout the working day of three hundred pesos to five
hundred pesos, and only twelve percent has a budget of one hundred pesos to three
hundred pesos. The figure above also shows that among fifty respondents, fifty-two
percent has a one hundred pesos to three hundred pesos’ budget for his family
needs, and only eighteen percent has a budget of five hundred pesos and above.

Research Question 3. Is there a significant difference between the daily

consumption of tricycle drivers before and after the oil price hike?

16
 Daily Consumption

After Oil Price Hike

Daily Consumption

Before Oil Price Hike

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Percentage

Daily Consumption
Figure 2. Shows the percentage of the daily consumption of Dulag tricycle drivers
before and after the oil price hike.

The figure above shows that among fifty respondents, ninety-six percent of
the respondents said that their daily consumption is higher after the oil price hike
while four percent of the respondents said that their daily consumption is higher
before the oil price hike.

17
 Chapter V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Oil price hike can be influential in determining the effects on daily

consumption performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether oil
price hike affected the daily consumption of Dulag Tricycle Drivers. Our findings from
the data we gathered shows that unexpected oil price increase has affected on
household consumption and daily income. The fact that oil price increase
significantly affects the Daily budget for gasoline throughout the working day, family
needs and daily income. The results is clearly shown that there is an effect on the oil
price hike to the daily consumption of the tricycle drivers in Dulag, Leyte.

Recommendation

Fuel Subsidy

The government should consider implementing targeted price subsidies or fuel

vouchers for tricycle drivers to reduce the impact on their daily consumption.
Additionally, supporting the tricycle transportation sector through incentives for fuel-
efficient vehicles or alternative energy sources can be beneficial. Financial
assistance programs, including tailored microfinance initiatives and financial literacy
programs, can help tricycle drivers manage their expenses and improve financial
resilience. Encouraging the formation of cooperatives and resource sharing

18
initiatives within the community can provide collective support and assistance during
periods of economic difficulty.

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