INTERNET

INTRODUCTION

The internet is a global network of computers. It connects millions of computers,

webpages, websites, and servers. Using the internet we can send emails, photos, videos,
and messages to our loved ones.

Or

In other words, the Internet is a widespread interconnected network of computers and

electronic devices(that support Internet). It creates a communication medium to share and
get information online. If your device is connected to the Internet then only you will be able
to access all the applications, websites, social media apps, and many more services. The
Internet nowadays is considered the fastest medium for sending and receiving
information.

Features of Internet
Major features of the Internet are listed below:

Easy to Use

The software that is used to access the Internet or web browser is designed in such a way that is very
simple and can be easily learned and used. Also, it is easy to develop.

Flexibility

Flexibility in terms of transfer of data. Basically, the internet network carries information in digital form in a
majority of cases instead of voice information in analog form.

Accessibility

Internet service is a worldwide service and access to all. People located in remote or anywhere interior can
also use the Internet. Therefore, information through the internet flows across the networks in a
standardised manner.

Interaction with Media and Flexibility of Communication

Businesses are expanding with the help of the Internet. There is a high degree of interaction with the media
due to internet service. Like, News, magazines, publishing houses, etc. have extended their business with
the help of Internet service. Also, communication is flexible due to internet service. With the help of text
voice, video people can communicate easily.

Low Cost and Security

The maintenance and development costs of Internet service are comparatively low. Also, Internet service
helped the security system both at an individual and national levels. For example CCTV cameras, etc.

Internet Applications
World Wide Web

It is a part of the internet and supports hypertext documents, allowing users to view and navigate various
types of data. A web page is a document that is encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags.
Each web page has an address, URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

Electronic mail (e-mail)

One of the most popular reasons that people use the internet is e-mail. And to create, send, and receive e-
mail messages people need an e-mail programme and an account on an internet mail server with a domain
name.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

It is the internet tool that is used to copy files from one computer to another. Using this, a person can log
into an ETP host Computer over the internet and copy files onto its computer. It is handy for finding and
copying software files, articles, and other types of data.

Telnet

It is a specialised service with which a person can use a computer to access the contents of another
computer, a telnet host. It is largely used by libraries to allow visitors to look up information, find articles,
etc.

Internet Services:
Internet Services is referred as the facility us are availed through internet. There are lots of internet services
in those days which are following.
Online Transaction:
All the financial companies or banks have been online and making online transaction from a far away
branch to its head branch. All the share market companies are trading online.
Searching:
When we need any kind of information we do find it on a certain website or search it through search
engines. We can find software for free through internet.
Ticket Booking:
We can book tickets of airlines, railways, buses, movies and so on. Only we need to pay the amount of that
through a payment gateway.
Online Application:
Now-a-days an application for a post is applied through online mode in every government, private
department and other important service.
E-commerce:
We can buy and sell anything online through internet. There is number of buy and sell web portals and we
can also do advertisement of any brand or advantage through various well-liked advertising websites.
Weather forecasting: Internet is used to broadcast the news and weather report.
E-communication: There is number of facilities to communicate through online. Sending email, chatting,
sending free messages to cell phones, voice on internet protocol and so on.

 Component of Internet:
There are following component of internet.
1. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): URL is the unique address of any website on internet. There are four
parts of URL of any website.
For example
http://www.tripserves.com/hotels/goa.html
a. Protocol: It is used for fetch a website from server to user. In above example http is protocol. The full
form of http is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and https is hyper text transfer protocol secure. These protocol
works on port number 80.
b. Domain/Server: This is the name of website like google.com, facebook.com etc. In above example
www.tripserves.com is domain.
c. Directory Path: This is the name of any folder. We use / for it and it store different types for files. In above
example hotels are the file name.
d. File Name: It is store in directory. It can be html page or jpeg.
2. Client Server: These computers are special type’s computers which provide some serves is called server
like Google.
3. IP (Internet Protocol): IP is that process by which we send data from/to one computer to another
computer in Network. Relative to internet every computer has a unique address those known as IP
Address.
4. World Wide Web (www): This is global system which manages the different website on internet. It is use
for opening website on internet.
5. Hyper Text: It is special types of text by which we take the knowledge about other text. It is used on
different website.
6. Hyperlink: Hyper link is that link by which we can reach other website after clicking the hyper link. By
defaults hyper link has blue colour and underline below the link.
  Types of Internet Connection
There are many connections that can be used for internet access. All the connections have
their own speed range that can be used for different purposes like for home, or for personal
use.
In this article, we will discuss different types of internet connections.

Dial-Up Connection

A dial-up connection is established between your computer and the ISP server using a modem.
A dial-Up Connection is a cheap and traditional connection that is not preferred these days as
this type of connection is very slow.
To access the internet connection in the dial-up connection we need to dial a phone number
on the computer and that’s why it requires a telephone connection. It requires a modem to set
up a dial-up connection, which works as interference between your computer and the
telephone line. In this connection, we can use either an internet connection or telephone at a
time.

Broadband Connection

Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is faster than traditional dial-up access.
It is provided through either cable or telephone composition. It does not require any telephone
connection that’s why here we can use telephone and internet connection simultaneously. In
this connection, more than one person can access the internet connection simultaneously.
It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports several signals and traffic types. In
this connection, the medium used is coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, radio, or twisted pair
cable.

Broadband Connection

DSL
DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It provides an internet connection through the
telephone line(network). DSL is a form of broadband communication that is always on, there
is no need to dial a phone number to connect. DSL connection uses a router to transport data
and the speed of this connection range between 128k to 8Mbps depending on the service
offered. A DSL connection can translate data at 5 million bytes per second, or 5mbps.
DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same
telephone line due to high-frequency bands for data.

Cable

It is a form of broadband access cable modem that can provide extremely fast access to the
internet. The speed of this connection varies which can be different for uploading data
transmission or downloading.
It uses a cable modem to provide an internet connection and operates over cable TV lines.
The speed of cable connection ranges from 512k to 20Mbps.h
 Cable

Satellite Connection

This type of connection is provided mainly in rural areas where a broadband connection is not
yet offered. It accesses the internet via a satellite that is in Earth’s orbit.
The signal travels from a long distance that is from earth to satellite and back again which
provides a delayed connection. Satellite connection speeds range from 512k to 2.0Mbps.

Satellite Connection
Wireless Connection

As the name suggests wireless connection does not use telephone lines or cables to connect
to the internet. The wireless connection uses a radio frequency band to connect to the
internet. It is also an always-on connection and this connection can be accessed from
anywhere and speed may vary for different locations. It ranges from 5Mbps to 20Mbps.

Wireless Connection

Cellular

Cellular technology provides wireless Internet access through cell phones. Speed may vary
depending on the service provider. The most common are 3G and 4G which means from 3rd
generation and 4th generation respectively. The speed of the 3G cellular network is around
2.0Mbps and the 4G cellular network is around 21Mbps the goal of the 4G network is to
achieve peak mobile speeds of 100Mbps but the current speed of the 4G network is about
21Mbps.
 Cellular

ISDN
ISDN stands for Integrated Service Digital Network and it is a circuit-switched telephone
network system, but it also provides access to packet-switched networks that transmits both
voice and data over a digital line. It provides a packet-switched connection for data in
increments of 64 kilobit/s.
ISDN connection provides better speeds and higher quality than traditional connections. It
provided a maximum of 128kbit/s bandwidth in both upstream and downstream directions.

ISDN

Protocols

Internet Protocols are a set of rules that governs the communication and exchange of data

over the internet. Both the sender and receiver should follow the same protocols in order to

communicate the data.

Types of Internet Protocol

1. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
These are a set of standard rules that allows different types of computers to communicate
with each other. The IP protocol ensures that each computer that is connected to the Internet
is having a specific serial number called the IP address. TCP specifies how data is
exchanged over the internet and how it should be broken into IP packets. It also makes sure
that the packets have information about the source of the message data, the destination of
the message data, the sequence in which the message data should be re-assembled, and
checks if the message has been sent correctly to the specific destination. The TCP is also
known as a connection-oriented protocol.
2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
This protocol is used for transferring files from one system to the other. This works on
a client-server model. When a machine requests for file transfer from another machine, the
FTO sets up a connection between the two and authenticates each other using their ID and
Password. And, the desired file transfer takes place between the machines.
3. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
This protocol is used to transfer hypertexts over the internet and it is defined by the
www(world wide web) for information transfer. This protocol defines how the information
needs to be formatted and transmitted. And, it also defines the various actions the web
browsers should take in response to the calls made to access a particular web page.

Advantages of the Internet

 Online Banking and Transaction: The Internet allows us to transfer money online through the
net banking system. Money can be credited or debited from one account to the other.
 Education, Online Jobs, Freelancing: Through the Internet, we are able to get more jobs via
online platforms like Linkedin and to reach more job providers. Freelancing on the other
hand has helped the youth to earn a side income and the best part is all this can be done
via the INTERNET.
 Entertainment: There are numerous options for entertainment online we can listen to music,
play games can watch movies, and web series, and listen to podcasts, youtube itself is a
hub of knowledge as well as entertainment.
 New Job Roles: The Internet has given us access to social media, and digital products so
we are having numerous new job opportunities like digital marketing and social media
marketing online businesses are earning huge amounts of money just because the
Internet is the medium to help us to do so.
 Best Communication Medium: The communication barrier has been removed from the
Internet. You can send messages via email, Whatsapp, and Facebook. Voice chatting and
video conferencing are also available to help you to do important meetings online.
 Comfort to humans: Without putting any physical effort you can do so many things like
shopping online it can be anything from stationeries to clothes, books to personal items,
etc. You can books train and plane tickets online.
 GPS Tracking and google maps: Yet another advantage of the internet is that you are able to
find any road in any direction, and areas with less traffic with the help of GPS on your
mobile.

Disadvantages of the Internet

 Time Wastage: Wasting too much time on the internet surfing social media apps and doing
nothing decreases your productivity rather than wasting time on scrolling social media
apps one should utilize that time in doing something skillful and even more productive.
 Bad Impacts on Health : Spending too much time on the internet causes bad impacts on your
health physical body needs some outdoor games exercise and many more things.
Looking at the screen for a longer duration causes serious impacts on the eyes.
 Cyber Crimes: Cyberbullying, spam, viruses, hacking, and stealing data are some of the
crimes which are on the verge these days. Your system which contains all the confidential
data can be easily hacked by cybercriminals.
 Effects on Children: Small children are heavily addicted to the Internet watching movies, and
games all the time is not good for their overall personality as well as social development.
 Bullying and Spreading Negativity: The Internet has given a free tool in the form of social
media apps to all those people who always try to spread negativity with very revolting and
shameful messages and try to bully each other which is wrong.

 What is a domain name?

A domain name is the unique name and address that each website has. For example, if
you wanted to visit GoDaddy’s website, you need to type the domain name
“godaddy.com” in the browser.

 What are the parts of a domain name?

 A domain name is comprised of two principal parts: the second-level domain (SLD)
and the top-level domain (TLD).

 What is a URL?
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a string of characters in a web browser that
identifies each item that exists on the internet, so that the server can display a specific
resource to an end user.

 What is Extranet?

An extranet is an organization’s private network and its available only for selected users. It’s a
way to connect to third parties like vendors, customers, and partners in a secure and controlled
way. The users typically have a login mechanism such as username and password to access
the network. Extranet in simple terms provides a secure network for an organization to share
information with relevant people outside the organization. It is part of an organization’s intranet
divided via a firewall.
Examples:
1. An e-commerce site exchanges information with its retailers, a supplier’s through an
extranet network.
2. Multinational organizations handle their project information, clients and communicate with
another organization over an extranet network.
3. University provides an e-learning platform for their students over the extranet network.
Advantages

 Extranet is formed as a Virtual private network (VPN) as it assures a protected

Security:
and secure communication across the network. The information shared between the
organizations could be highly confidential and an extra level of security makes sure that
none of it is lost or accessed by anyone else other than the parties involved.
 Data: Sometimes there could be a large amount of data to be transferred between
organizations. An extranet allows a large amount of data transfer across the network in a
secure fashion.
 Network Sharing: One or multiple organizations could connect via the extranet. For example,
three organizations collaboratively working on the same project could make use of an
extranet or an e-commerce site sharing its network with various small businesses.
 Communication: It is a medium for internal and external members to connect or
organizations to connect to third parties. Instead of allowing third parties in the company’s
intranet network and giving access to the internal resources, the extranet provides a lot
more flexibility and security for everyone to communicate.
Disadvantage

 Complex Security: Extranet needs an additional firewall if hosted on its own server which
expands workload and complex security mechanism.
 Hosting: Hosting could be an issue as it requires a high bandwidth internet connection. A
High bandwidth internet connection may not be possible for everyone, which would lead
to inefficiency in work.
 Expensive: It is costly compared to intranet due to the extra layer of security and hosting
charges.
 limited: It can only be accessed through the internet. So, the work would came to halt or
slow down if the internet goes down.

 Ethernet
Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology and is defined under IEEE standards 802.3.
The reason behind its wide usability is that Ethernet is easy to understand, implement, and
maintain, and allows low-cost network implementation. Also, Ethernet offers flexibility in terms
of the topologies that are allowed. Ethernet generally uses a bus topology.

Key Features of Ethernet

1. Speed: Ethernet is capable of transmitting data at high speeds, with current Ethernet
standards supporting speeds of up to 100 Gbps.
2. Flexibility: Ethernet is a flexible technology that can be used with a wide range of devices
and operating systems. It can also be easily scaled to accommodate a growing number of
users and devices.
3. Reliability: Ethernet is a reliable technology that uses error-correction techniques to ensure
that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently.
4. Cost-effectiveness: Ethernet is a cost-effective technology that is widely available and easy to
implement. It is also relatively low-maintenance, requiring minimal ongoing support.
5. Interoperability: Ethernet is an interoperable technology that allows devices from different
manufacturers to communicate with each other seamlessly.
6. Security: Ethernet includes built-in security features, including encryption and
authentication, to protect data from unauthorized access.
7. Manageability: Ethernet networks are easily managed, with various tools available to help
network administrators monitor and control network traffic.
8. Compatibility: Ethernet is compatible with a wide range of other networking technologies,
making it easy to integrate with other systems and devices.
9. Availability: Ethernet is a widely available technology that can be used in almost any setting,
from homes and small offices to large data centers and enterprise-level networks.
10. Simplicity: Ethernet is a simple technology that is easy to understand and use. It does not
require specialized knowledge or expertise to set up and configure, making it accessible
to a wide range of users.
11. Standardization: Ethernet is a standardized technology, which means that all Ethernet
devices and systems are designed to work together seamlessly. This makes it easier for
network administrators to manage and troubleshoot Ethernet networks.
12. Scalability: Ethernet is highly scalable, which means it can easily accommodate the addition
of new devices, users, and applications without sacrificing performance or reliability.
13. Broad compatibility: Ethernet is compatible with a wide range of protocols and technologies,
including TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and others. This makes it a versatile technology that can
be used in a variety of settings and applications.
14. Ease of integration: Ethernet can be easily integrated with other networking technologies,
such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, to create a seamless and integrated network environment.
15. Ease of troubleshooting: Ethernet networks are easy to troubleshoot and diagnose, thanks to
a range of built-in diagnostic and monitoring tools. This makes it easier for network
administrators to identify and resolve issues quickly and efficiently.
16. Support for multimedia: Ethernet supports multimedia applications, such as video and audio
streaming, making it ideal for use in settings where multimedia content is a key part of the
user experience.Ethernet is a reliable, cost-effective, and widely used LAN
technology that offers high-speed connectivity and easy manageability for local networks.
Advantages of Ethernet
Speed: When compared to a wireless connection, Ethernet provides significantly more speed.
Because Ethernet is a one-to-one connection, this is the case. As a result, speeds of up to 10
Gigabits per second (Gbps) or even 100 Gigabits per second (Gbps) are possible.
Efficiency: An Ethernet cable, such as Cat6, consumes less electricity, even less than a wifi
connection. As a result, these ethernet cables are thought to be the most energy-efficient.
Good data transfer quality: Because it is resistant to noise, the information transferred is of high
quality.
Baud rate = 2* Bit rate
Ethernet LANs consist of network nodes and interconnecting media, or links.
The network nodes can be of two types:
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): Media, Generally, DTEs are the end devices that convert the
user information into signals or reconvert the received signals. DTE devices are: personal
computers, workstations, file servers or print servers also referred to as end stations. These
devices are either the source or the destination of data frames. The data terminal equipment
may be a single piece of equipment or multiple pieces of equipment that are interconnected
and perform all the required functions to allow the user to communicate. A user can interact
with DTE or DTE may be a user.
Data Communication Equipment (DCE):- DCEs are the intermediate network devices that receive
and forward frames across the network. They may be either standalone devices such as
repeaters, network switches, or routers, or maybe communications interface units such as
interface cards and modems. The DCE performs functions such as signal conversion, coding,
and maybe a part of the DTE or intermediate equipment.

Disadvantages of Ethernet
Distance limitations: Ethernet has distance limitations, with the maximum cable length for a
standard Ethernet network being 100 meters. This means that it may not be suitable for larger
networks that require longer distances.
Bandwidth sharing: Ethernet networks share bandwidth among all connected devices, which
can result in reduced network speeds as the number of devices increases.
Security vulnerabilities: Although Ethernet includes built-in security features, it is still vulnerable
to security breaches, including unauthorized access and data interception.
Complexity: Ethernet networks can be complex to set up and maintain, requiring specialized
knowledge and expertise.
Compatibility issues: While Ethernet is generally interoperable with other networking
technologies, compatibility issues can arise when integrating with older or legacy systems.
Cable installation: Ethernet networks require the installation of physical cables, which can be
time-consuming and expensive to install.
Physical limitations: Ethernet networks require physical connections between devices, which
can limit mobility and flexibility in network design.