Design of Human Settlements

2.
1 Design of Human Settlements
Module 1
Q.1 Urban design is closely linked with urban planning. Do you agree with the
statement? Discuss (2021)
Urban design is the design and layout of the built environment in cities, towns, and villages,
including the design of buildings, public spaces, transportation systems, and other
infrastructure. It involves creating a sense of place and a cohesive, functional, and
aesthetically pleasing built environment that meets the needs of the people who live, work,
and visit there.
Urban planning, on the other hand, is the process of designing and regulating the use and
development of land in an urban area, with the goal of creating functional, attractive, and
sustainable communities. It involves making decisions about land use, transportation
networks, and infrastructure, as well as shaping the physical form and character of the city
through policies and regulations such as zoning laws and building codes. Urban planning also
involves considering the social, economic, and environmental impacts of development and
working to address issues such as housing affordability, transportation accessibility, and
environmental sustainability.
Yes, I agree that urban design is closely linked with urban planning. Urban design
refers to the design and layout of the built environment in cities, towns, and villages, including
the design of buildings, public spaces, transportation systems, and other infrastructure.
Urban planning, on the other hand, is the process of designing and regulating the use and
development of land in an urban area, with the goal of creating functional, attractive, and
sustainable communities.
Urban design and urban planning are interconnected and interdependent, as the
design of the built environment can have a significant impact on the functioning and livability
of a city. Good urban design can improve the quality of life for residents, while poor urban
design can lead to problems such as traffic congestion, lack of green space, and social and
economic inequality.
For example, in urban planning, decisions are made about land use, transportation
networks, and infrastructure. These decisions can be influenced by urban design
considerations, such as the layout of streets and buildings, the location of public spaces and
amenities, and the accessibility of different parts of the city. At the same time, the design of
the built environment can also be shaped by urban planning policies and regulations, such
as zoning laws and building codes.
In summary, urban design and urban planning are closely linked and work together to
create functional, attractive, and sustainable communities.
l>l< Previous Questions and Answers 1

2.1 Design of Human Settlements
Module 1
Q.2 Describe the relationship of architecture, Urban design and urban planning.
Explain the role that design projects play in planning of an urban area (2022)
Architecture is the design and construction of buildings and other structures. It involves
creating functional, aesthetically pleasing, and technically sound buildings and other
structures that meet the needs of the people who use them. Architects work with a variety of
materials and techniques to create buildings and other structures that are functional, safe, and
aesthetically pleasing.
Urban design is the design and layout of the built environment in cities, towns, and villages,
including the design of buildings, public spaces, transportation systems, and other
infrastructure. Urban design involves creating a cohesive, functional, and aesthetically
pleasing built environment that meets the needs of the people who live, work, and visit there.
Urban designers consider the physical, social, and economic impacts of development and
work to create functional, attractive, and sustainable communities.
Urban planning is the process of designing and regulating the use and development of land
in an urban area, with the goal of creating functional, attractive, and sustainable communities.
Urban planners make decisions about land use, transportation networks, and infrastructure,
as well as shaping the physical form and character of the city through policies and regulations
such as zoning laws and building codes. They also consider the social, economic, and
environmental impacts of development and work to address issues such as housing
affordability, transportation accessibility, and environmental sustainability.
Architecture, urban design, and urban planning are all related fields that deal with the
design and development of the built environment in cities, towns, and villages. However, they
have distinct but interconnected roles and responsibilities.
Architecture is the design and construction of buildings and other structures. Architects
design buildings and other structures to meet specific functional, aesthetic, and technical
requirements. In the context of urban design and urban planning, architecture plays a key
role in shaping the physical form and character of the built environment, including the layout
of streets and buildings, the use of materials and finishes, and the design of public spaces and
amenities.
Urban design is the design and layout of the built environment in cities, towns, and
villages, including the design of buildings, public spaces, transportation systems, and other
infrastructure. Urban designers work to create a cohesive, functional, and aesthetically
pleasing built environment that meets the needs of the people who live, work, and visit there.
They consider the physical, social, and economic impacts of development and work to create
functional, attractive, and sustainable communities.
Urban planning is the process of designing and regulating the use and development of
land in an urban area, with the goal of creating functional, attractive, and sustainable
communities. Urban planners make decisions about land use, transportation networks, and
infrastructure, as well as shaping the physical form and character of the city through policies
and regulations such as zoning laws and building codes. They also consider the social,
economic, and environmental impacts of development and work to address issues such as
housing affordability, transportation accessibility, and environmental sustainability.

Design projects, such as architectural designs and urban design plans, play a crucial
role in the planning of an urban area. These projects help to visualize and communicate the
proposed design of a specific development or area, and can be used to guide decision-
making and inform the development of policies and regulations. Design projects can also be
used to engage the community and gather feedback on proposed development plans.

Module 1
Q.3 Describe the link between urban planning and urban design and also elaborate the
differences in two fields
Urban planning and urban design are closely linked and interdependent fields that deal
with the design and development of the built environment in cities, towns, and villages.
However, they have distinct but interconnected roles and responsibilities.
Urban planning is the process of designing and regulating the use and development of
land in an urban area, with the goal of creating functional, attractive, and sustainable
communities. Urban planners make decisions about land use, transportation networks, and
infrastructure, as well as shaping the physical form and character of the city through policies
and regulations such as zoning laws and building codes. They also consider the social,
economic, and environmental impacts of development and work to address issues such as
housing affordability, transportation accessibility, and environmental sustainability.
Urban design, on the other hand, is the design and layout of the built environment in
cities, towns, and villages, including the design of buildings, public spaces, transportation
systems, and other infrastructure. Urban designers work to create a cohesive, functional, and
aesthetically pleasing built environment that meets the needs of the people who live, work,
and visit there. They consider the physical, social, and economic impacts of development and
work to create functional, attractive, and sustainable communities.
While urban planning focuses on the overall planning and regulation of land use and
development in an urban area, urban design focuses on the design and layout of the built
environment, including the design of buildings, public spaces, and transportation systems.
However, the two fields are closely linked and interdependent, as the design of the built
environment can have a significant impact on the functioning and livability of a city, and urban
planning decisions can be influenced by urban design considerations.
In summary, the main difference between urban planning and urban design is that
urban planning involves the overall planning and regulation of land use and development in
an urban area, while urban design focuses on the design and layout of the built environment,
including the design of buildings, public spaces, and transportation systems. However, both
fields are closely linked and work together to create functional, attractive, and sustainable
communities.

Module 2
Q.1 What are the Factors that influence the patterns and forms for an urban
settlement? How density of development affects the form (2021).
Urban Settlement
An urban settlement is a place where people live, work, and interact in an urban
environment. An urban environment is typically characterized by high population density, a
diverse and complex mix of land uses, and a range of social, economic, and cultural activities.
Urban settlements can vary in size and complexity, from small towns and suburbs to large
cities.
Urban settlements typically have a more complex and varied built environment than
rural settlements, with a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and public buildings and
spaces. They are often organized around a central business district or downtown area, which
is the hub of economic and social activity. Urban settlements also often have a range of
transportation systems, including roads, railways, and public transit, to support the movement
of people and goods within the city.
The patterns and forms of urban settlements are influenced by a range of factors,
including the physical environment, historical and cultural traditions, economic activities,
political structures, and social dynamics of the place. These factors can shape the layout and
form of the city, as well as the types of buildings, spaces, and infrastructure that are present.
Factors that influence the patterns and forms for an urban settlement
1.Physical factors
• These are the natural features of the environment that shape the layout and form of
an urban settlement.
• Physical factors include topography (such as the slope and elevation of the land),
climate (such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns), geology (such
as the type and structure of the soil and rock formations), and natural resources (such
as water, minerals, and timber).
• These factors can influence the layout and form of an urban settlement by
determining where people can build, what types of buildings they can construct, and
how they can access and use natural resources.
2.Historical factors
• The history and cultural traditions of a place can also influence the patterns and forms
of an urban settlement.
• For example, a city with a long history may have a more complex and layered layout,
with buildings and streets reflecting different periods of development.
• Historical factors can also include the political, economic, and social conditions that
have shaped the city over time.
3.Economic factors
• The economic activities and industries of a place can shape the patterns and forms
of an urban settlement.
• For example, a city with a strong port may have a more linear layout, with the port at
one end and the rest of the city spreading out from there.

• Economic factors can also include the availability of jobs, the level of development,
and the type and scale of businesses operating in the city.
4.Political factors
• The political structures and governance of a place can also influence the patterns
and forms of an urban settlement.
• For example, a city with a centralized government may have a more orderly and
planned layout, while a city with a decentralized government may have a more
organic and spontaneous layout.
• Political factors can also include the laws, policies, and regulations that govern land
use and development in the city.
Social factors
• The demographics and social dynamics of a place can also influence the patterns
and forms of an urban settlement.
• For example, a city with a diverse population may have a more varied and vibrant
layout, while a city with a more homogenous population may have a more uniform
layout.
• Social factors can also include the values, customs, and social norms of the people
living in the city, as well as the level of social cohesion and community engagement.
Density of development affects the urban form
The density of development in an urban area refers to the number of people or
structures per unit of land area. Higher density development typically involves a greater
concentration of buildings, people, and activities within a given area, while lower density
development involves a more dispersed or spread-out layout.
There are several ways in which density can affect the urban form:
Land use mix
• Higher density development tends to have a more diverse mix of land uses, with a
range of residential, commercial, and public buildings and spaces located in close
proximity to each other. This can create a more vibrant and dynamic urban
environment, with a range of activities and amenities available within walking
distance.
Building form
• Higher density development often involves taller and more compact building
forms, such as high-rise apartments, townhouses, and mixed-use buildings. This can
result in a more vertical and densely-packed urban fabric, with a higher ratio of
buildings to open space.
Transportation
• Higher density development can support a range of transportation options,
including walking, biking, and public transit, as there are more destinations within
a shorter distance. This can reduce the reliance on personal vehicles and lead to a
more sustainable and efficient transportation system.

Infrastructure
• Higher density development can also place a greater demand on infrastructure,

such as utilities, public services, and public spaces. This can require more careful
planning and investment in infrastructure to support the needs of a larger
population.
Overall, the density of development in an urban area can significantly influence the form,
character, and livability of the city.

Module 2
Q.2 Write short notes on Determinants of urban form (2022)
The urban patterns and forms are determined by various aspects such as social, physical and
economical each one affecting others and others affecting each one.
• Social – cultural, historical, family value, communal, age groups
• Physical – climate, topography, Drainage natural areas, water bodies
• Economical – income level, affordability, proximity to work centers
Social
Traditionally the city is clusters of neighborhoods of related people, similar of origin,
caste, religion, class, culture, kinship and ethnic origin with distinct boundaries separating
one neighborhood from another. This outcome of the clustering is mainly due to the social
aspect.
Climate
Various climatic conditions affect the urban form. Historical experience led us to four
distinct types of overall urban forms that can be suitable for different climates. Compact form,
dispersed form, clustered form and combined form.
• Hot-humid – Dispersed form with open ends to support ventilation.
• Cold-humid – Mixture of open (to suit summer conditioning and controlled enclosure form)
• Hot-dry – compact form
• Cold dry – compact and combined forms and cluttered forms
• Seashore strips – in humid region, moderately dispersed form especially near stormy
seashore.
• Dry region – compact form and protective toward the inland and open towards the seaside
• Mountain slopes – semi compact forms, mixture of compact and clustered.
Drainage, Natural areas, Water bodies
In the areas of very close proximity of waterbody, the urban form has been noticed linear
along the line of network such as Mumbai island.
Topography
The path of network normally follows the contours, natural features for the economical point
of view or to reduce the cuts and fills. Many times the route is along the ridge or valley.
Affordability
Due to the improved means of travel, by car or by rail, there is continuous growth along these
corridors of communication network. Historically developed cities of star- shaped form are
typical of these. The growth is evolved for the longer period.
Economical
Most of the preplanned cities built in the shorter span of time based on rectilinear pattern with
variations are the examples of this category. Earlier examples are Greek cities, Jaipur,
Chandigarh and most of the American cities. Cities of one million population and over,
become uneconomical, need to be planned to disperse the population together with industrial

activities, in the form of number of satellite towns or cities around the main city. The growth
of numerous small towns around Delhi, is an example of this form.
Land use, network and density
Land use, density and network are interrelated to each other and together they affect the
urban pattern and form at different hierarchies.
Low density:
Areas of low land use: Normally suburban development or the development on
the fringe of urban area is associated with low density due to the nature of development
of low rise, larger dwelling units. The people have to rely on their private transport,
due to the poor public transport facilities. This area does not need traffic segregation
for dispersed pattern of development Maximum degree of privacy, peace, tranquility
- areas of low FSI - areas of low land value, areas of dispersion of network of
communication.
Medium Density:
Areas of medium land use: Intermediate areas of towns, associated with medium
density. due to the mixture of development of low rise and high rise. This area is viable
for the public transport, apart from the local private transport. Due to the nature of
traffic, some degree of horizontal segregation of traffic is possible due to the traffic
intensity. The area has to rely on public transport for journey to work - areas developed
away from communication nodes - areas of medium FSI - areas of medium land value.
High Density:
Areas very close to the town centres, associated with high density -outcome of
high rise or dense development of low rise. There is optimum land use areas associated
with smaller dwelling units -such area has to rely on public transport for journey to
work areas close to transportation nodes, railway stations, bus stations, areas near work
places - need to provide maximum amenity space - areas of high FSI - areas of prime
land value-areas of concentration of network

Module 2
Q.3 Write Short Notes on Urban morphology (2022)
Urban Morphology:
Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and their formation and
transformation i.e., physical form and structure of urban areas.
Simply state, Urban Morphology is the physical plan map of a city with identification of various
land use.
➢ It looks at the arrangement and design of the built environment, including the shape,
size, and functions of buildings, streets, and public spaces.
➢ It also considers the social and cultural factors that influence the development of urban
areas.
➢ Urban morphologists use a variety of techniques, including mapping and spatial
analysis, to study and understand the complex patterns and processes of urbanization.
Driving forces
• Needs
• Demands
• Expectation
Functions of settlement
Formation of Form of settlements Transformation of

settlemetns • The shape and settlements
Resources for structure • Rapid urbanization
housing and fuel mode of existance • Population growth
natural resources • Design of settlement • Non organised settlements
such as fresh water • Basic nature • Private organised
supply reliable food • Shaping of settlemtn settlemetns
sources suitable land ordering ( hierarcy ) • Staic urban settlements
for agricultural trade • Arrangement • Dynamic urban settlements
areas transport • The conception – • Universal city
corridors abstract idea/mental
symbol.
Urban Morphology

Urban morphology is not and end state by itself rather
• It has forces against which it acts.

• It’s a regulator of function and this the morphology orientation has a set aim to achieve.
• It is one of the important variables as a determinant of urban pattern, urban form and
urban space components.
• While the urban form and structure consisted of various compositions of physical and
spatial elements, Urban morphology inquiries these forms and relation between causes
and effects of the social forces with in.
• Expects to explore the differentiation of urban morphological approaches in different
urban areas.
• It tries to understand the physical or built fabric of urban form, and the people and
process shaping it.
• To help predict urban changes i.e. small scale variations and peculiarities in the urban
fabric
Example - New infrastructure
Some of the landmarked attempts in this direction were the analyses of urban morphology
done by Burgess, Hoyt, Harris, and Ullman.
• The models provided by Burgess, Hoyt, Harris, and Ullman, today are part of the
philosophy of urban geography and one needs to discuss them in order to
understand the basic foundations of this field.
• The morphological pattern of a city has been discussed by three theoretical
explanations. These are
1. The Concentric Zone Model
2. The Sector Model and
3. The Multiple Nuclei Model

Module 2
Q.4 With the help of a case example, explain how political, economic, religious,
cultural and environmental factors shaped the structure and form of historical cities in
India. (2017)
Urban form
The studying about human settlements, the process of their formation and transformation in
order to know the spatial structure, nature or character of an area, city, town or village by
investigating the patterns of its component parts and the process of its development.
Determinants of urban form
Natural Manmade
• Topography • Political
• Climate • Religion
• Water resource • Social
• Construction Material • Economic
• Trade and Commerce
Physical Control Factors Functional Frame
Natural • Linkages
• Topography • Channels
• Climate • Size of space
• Geological Factors • Quality of space functions
Manmade • Type of development
• Service distribution Networks Cultural Factors
• Transportation systems • Common values
• Housing • Religious/Cultural connotation
• Government Policies • Economic factors
• Economic linkages such as
Social Milieu trading centers, infrastructure
• Level of social interaction Political affluence
• Institutions • Degree of dominance
• Groups • Command between People/area
• Social amenities and services • Regionalism
• Population
Natural Determinants and their impacts

1.Topography
• Morris discusses topography is terrain on which settlement becomes established like
hilltop or prairie grassland. This can depict the direction of growth either on sea side
like Mumbai or river bank like Banaras or Varanasi on the banks of River Ganga. Even
Ramachandran states that topography is important as Nasik is on bank of River
Godavari. There are certain cities developing on the ridge top or valleys like
Shillongor Shimla on the valley (Morris1994, Ramchandran,1989).
2.Climate
• Climate is another factor described by Morris determining the type of housing like in
case of Ur in Mesopotamian civilization where the concept of courtyard houses existed.
The shelter is a fundamental need taking different forms depending on local climatic
conditions. Morris has given example of traditional houses constructed on several
storeys are provided screened bay windows opening to public streets (Morris, 1994).
• One example in the Indian context is the case of walled city of Amritsar where balconies
open in narrow windy lanes. Similar is the case of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan where
windows or jharokhas (balconies) are provided to tap winds from the narrow streets.
3.Available Construction Material

• Morris states that locally available construction material either burnt brick or clay is
used. Timber or stone may also be used.
• The example of use of local materials include, marble in Mecca or masonry stone work,
timber (Ibid).
• Local materials e.g. the Mesopotamian mud brick was used in Mesopotamia
civilization. Stone was used in Makah and use of marble can be seen in Greek
civilization.
• Masonry stone work was used in European cathedrals which determined the
availability of local construction material.
4.Water Resources availability
• Availability of Water Resources near the settlements is evident. For example all the
ancient civilizations grew on the banks of rivers. The examples are Egyptian civilization
on the banks of the Nile River, Mesopotamian civilization on the banks of the Tigris and
Euphrates, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa on the banks of the Indus and Ravi and in case
of China, on Huwang Ho River.
• Availability of water in static form like ponds and wells is another important factor and
dynamic nature of water like rivers in case of all ancient civilizations mentioned above
has helped in developing the settlement and is responsible for their growth.
Man-made Determinants
Political Power
• Political power was important as city acted as a military base and later ballot box power
base was concentrated here. Cities are embodied by the citadels, castles and palaces of
past ruling elites. Cities arise due to political means which were employed to convey food
surpluses into authoritarian hands (Gallion, 1998,Morris, 1994, Lynch,1984).
Characteristics of medieval cities were:
a. Wall – the purpose of wall was protection against enemies or attacks. It also acted as
a point of toll collection from the gate (Kostof). The gates of the wall acted as entry and
exit points. The gates were closed during night for security reasons (Ramachandran).
Spiro Kostof states that defensive walls acted as an urban edge entailing a brief history
of military.
b. Street pattern – Medieval cities had zigzag street pattern to confuse the enemies or
invaders. The streets were narrow and congested. The major roads were wide in
order to allow processions and were also regarded as commercial arteries (Kiyo
Lizuka). There were roads radiating from the Church plaza and market square to the
gates with secondary or lateral roadway (Gallion, 1998).
c. Market Place – Specialized markets with special bazaars and trades. Kiyo Lizuka states
that city population settled by ethnic affiliations which formed districts or wards
knowns as mahallas and katras. These units were homogenous and carried out cultural
as well as socioeconomic activities.
d. Cathedral – Church dominated the city. It showed and displayed the wealth of the
Church and the power it held. The Church was an institution in which all people could
participate giving inspiration and adding a measure of beauty to existence of people.
Churches established hospitals where the sick received care.
e. Charter – For citizens made by king to abide by the ruler. Those who did not follow
the charter were denied water.
f. Fortress – For the king or ruler where they resided. In all Mughal capitals and cities
forts for the ruler were made and huge amount of money was spent on it in order to
showcase wealth.
Social Power
• Kevin Lynch in his book Good city form states that kings or rulers, traders, artisans class
arise as a result of political power. There was social segregation on the basis of caste.
• Lynch argues that relative equality of village was controlled to a stratified society one
which shifts its principal social relations from kin to class. Social pyramid ran up from slave
and peasants through overseers and militia to state officials and priests and ownership of
land to them. Border wars between city and states led to permanent war leaders,
specialized armies and continuous hostility (Lynch,1984).

Economy
• Economy was primarily based on farming and trading. When there was abundant food
supply and agricultural surplus, new class of economic structure evolved during the
medieval times. It was the merchant class with various craft guilds, weavers, leather
workers and carpenters. As a result of this trade evolved. Trade was at different locations.
There were different locational determinants stated by Morris which are as follows:
A) Land route crossings where trade could take place,
B) Intersection of land and water routes,
C) At entrances to mountain passes.
Trade
• Economic Power resulting into trade between various civilizations. Trade links were there
through land and sea for exchange of goods and spices. City became a market place
where space was required for conducting sale of goods. As per Morris, in Islamic city main
purpose of market square was to provide for temporary stalls of traveling salesman and
merchants. Products being made or finished by individual craftsmen employing few
assistants (Morris, 1994).
• Kevin Lynch states that cities became warehouses and break points in trade or as fortified
centers of war or as administrative centers for managing complex and centralized public
works like irrigation system. Organized trade between Syria and Indus valley existed
(Lynch).
Religion
• City became a devotional centre, and was expressed through large buildings, In addition
there were Cathedrals, Churches, Temples and Shrines for devotional ceremonies and the
Church was the largest landowner.
All the above factors have played an important role in determining the shape or urban
form of a settlement. As Morris said the various time periods helped making the urban form
with the support of various natural and manmade factors. The Linear urban form was the result
of sea and river. In flat terrain, grid iron form was the resultant urban form. In water resources
the shape of the town was depicted by the bank of river, although Mohenjo-Daro Harappa are
considered to have grid iron form.
• Climate also governed the urban form as in compact city form or organic form
• in the case of hot dry and humid climate.
• Political power was the surge between oppression and justice and acquired both
organic and grid iron form during different time periods.
• The social class segregation gave a grid iron form to the urban form.

• The economic factor with farming and specialized markets and trade gave the
organic form while religion was another dominant factor where the social control
was important and resultant urban form was both organic and grid iron.
One example of how political, economic, religious, cultural, and environmental factors have
shaped the structure and form of a historical city in India is the city of Varanasi, also known as
Banaras or Kashi. Located in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi is one of the oldest
continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a rich history and cultural heritage.
i) Political factors:
• Varanasi has been an important political and cultural center for much of its
history, and has been ruled by various empires and dynasties over the
centuries. The city was a center of power and influence for the Maurya
Empire in the 3rd century BCE, and later became an important center of
Buddhist learning and culture. The city was also an important center of power
for the Mughal Empire, and many of its landmarks, such as the Ganges
Riverfront, were built during this period.
ii) Economic factors:

• Varanasi has a long history of economic activity, with a diverse range of
industries and trades. The city is known for its handloom silk and cotton
textiles, which have been produced and exported for centuries. The city is
also a major center of trade and commerce, with a busy port and a network
of roads and waterways connecting it to other parts of the country.
iii) Religious factors

• Varanasi is a major center of Hinduism, and is one of the seven holiest cities
in Hinduism. The city is home to many temples and other religious sites, and
is a major center of pilgrimage for Hindus from all over the world. The city is
also an important center of Jainism and Buddhism, and has a long history of
religious diversity

Module 2
Q.5 What do you understand by the image of the city based on Kevin Lynch? Describe
the edges and landmarks in a town (2021)
Q.5 Briefly describe the five elements as proposed by Kevin Lynch in his book “Image
of the city” with the help of an urban space or city of your choice (2017)
Q.5 Describe the image-ability of a city you are familiar with giving examples with
specific focus on nodes and edges. (2022)
Imageability of City or Image of the City
Lynch argues that for any given city, a corresponding set of mental images (a mental map is
a person's point-of-view perception of their area of interaction) exist in the minds of the
people who experience that city.
he stated that there is a public image of any given city that is composed by overlapping many
individual images and also each individual image is unique.
In lynch’s view, image can be explained as “a picture, especially in the mind” a sentimental
combination between objective city image and subjective human thoughts
The productions of environment image are influenced by a two-way process between the
observer and the observed.
The observer, with great adaptability and in the light of his own purposes selects.
Lynch's conclusion was that people formed mental maps of their surroundings consisting of
five basic elements. the contents of the city images into five types of elements which are
PATHS, EDGES, DISTRICTS, NODES AND LANDMARKS.
PATHS
Paths are the channels which the observer moves. They can be streets, walkways, transit
lines, canals and railroads. Other than the definition of paths, he introduced some different
features of the paths such as;
• Particular paths may become important features in a number of ways such as
customary travel.
• Concentration of special use or activity along a street may give it prominence for the
observers.
• Specific spatial qualities were able to strengthen the image of particular paths.
• Special facade characteristics are important for path identity.
• Proximity to special of the city could also endow a path with increased importance.
• Paths with clear and well-known origins and destinations had stronger identities.
EDGES
Edges are the boundaries between two phases.
These are linear elements that form boundaries between areas or linear breaks in
continuity. they can be either Real or perceived. For instance, shores, railroad cuts, edges of
development and walls.
There are different types of edges such as;
• Fragmentary Edges: In the abstract continuous but only visualized edges in discrete
points.
• Overhead Edges: Elevated railways of Jersey City and Boston.
• Visible Edge: Lake Michigan in Chicago.
`
DISTRICTS
Districts are large city areas which observer can mentally go INSIDE OF.
• The physical characteristics that determine districts are; texture, space, form, detail,
symbol, building type, use, activity, inhabitants, degree of maintenance, topography.
• Districts have different kinds of boundaries such as hard, definite and precise.
• Edges may augment the tendency of districts to fragment the city in a disorganizing
way.
• Some districts are single, standing along their zone and others are connected to each
other.
• Medium to large areas that are two-dimensional
• An individual enters into and out of these areas
• Have common identifying characteristics
• Districts may have clear edges, or soft uncertain once gradually fading away into
surrounding areas.
NODES
Nodes are the strategic foci into which the observer can enter either junctions of paths or
concentrations of some characteristic.
The strategic junction nodes can be the subway stations, strung along their invisible path
systems and major railroad stations.
Also, the nodes can be introverted or extroverted.
The example was an Italian node which is the Piazza San Marco.
It was highly differentiated, rich, and intricate; sharply contrast to the general character of the
city.
LANDMARKS
Landmarks are the point references which are external to the observer and simple physical
elements vary in scale.

• Figure background contrast relationship is the principal factor.
• Subjects may single out landmarks for their cleanliness in a dirt city or newness in an
old city.
• Location at a junction involving path decisions strengthens a landmark.
• An example of a distant landmark is the Duomo of Florence because it is visible from
near and far, by day or night, it is dominant by size and contour and lastly it is relating
to city’s tradition. Spatial prominence can establish landmarks in two ways;
• Making element visible from many locations.
• Setting up local contrast with nearby elements.
ELEMENT INTERRELATIONS
None of these elements are isolated from each other in the real case. Districts are structured
with nodes, defined by edges, penetrated by paths and sprinkled with landmarks. These
elements are the raw material of the environmental image at the city scale. The must be
patterned together to provide satisfying form. Such pairs may reinforce, resonate or
enhance others power; or they may conflict and destroy themselves.

Module 2
Q.6 What is the impact of modern technology on provision of various socio-economic
infrastructures? Give examples. (2021)
Modern technology has had a significant impact on the provision of various socio-economic
infrastructures, including transportation, communication, energy, and water systems.
Some examples of how modern technology has impacted the provision of these
infrastructures include:
Transportation:
• Modern technology has led to the development of new modes of transportation,

such as electric and autonomous vehicles, as well as improvements in traditional
modes, such as faster and more efficient trains and planes.
• This has made transportation more convenient, efficient, and accessible for many
people.
• Vertical transport by high speed elevators in high density areas of multi-storey
buildings, either of residence or commercial buildings, becomes public transport
facility and allows large buildings to function.
• Vertical transport by escalators - In large buildings, especially of limited storeys,
such as commercial buildings, transport buildings (underground railway station),
public transport for the masses by the use of number of escalators, facilitate the
vertical movements over short distances.
• Moving platforms Horizontal movements - for mass public transport between fairly
close transport modes has been feasible for directional traffic due to the use of
moving platforms.
• Moving ramps - At the transport nodes, to negotiate between change of levels as a
means of transport facility, the use of moving ramps for directional traffic has
become practical, especially to facilitate the access for all including physically
disabled and elderly people.
Communication:
• Modern technology has revolutionized communication through the development of the
internet and wireless technologies, which have enabled people to connect and
communicate in real-time from anywhere in the world.
• This has had a profound impact on the way people work, learn, and socialize, and has
made it easier for people to access information and resources.
• For example, online social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter have
changed the way people interact and share information, and video conferencing tools
like Zoom have made it possible for people to collaborate and work together remotely.
Development in the computer technology - has made possible:
Use of SOHO (small office home office) in urban area by which the need of travel to
work has been eliminated. This will certainly reduce the journey to work by public and
private transport.
Design of intelligent cities
• The development of intelligent buildings, as well as tele-medicine, tele-shopping, tele-
commerce, tele-education etc., will not only reduce the physical movement of people

but very soon will lead to design of intelligent cities, where all city services,
communication, environment etc. would be controlled by which the standard of living
and also efficient functioning of the cities will be increased.
Global village
• The extensive use of 1 computer technology in networking has reduced the notion of
distance to an extent such that even though, physically there are separate boundaries
between the nations in the world, these boundaries are diminishing and ultimately the
world is heading towards the global village.
Energy
• Modern technology has also had a significant impact on the way energy is
produced, distributed, and used.
• For example, the development of renewable energy technologies, such as solar
panels and wind turbines, has made it possible to generate clean and sustainable
energy at a lower cost.
• Smart grid technologies, which use sensors and other technologies to monitor and
optimize the flow of electricity, have also helped to improve the efficiency and
reliability of energy systems.
Water
• Modern technology has also improved the way water is treated, distributed, and
managed.
• For example, the use of sensors, smart meters, and other technologies has made it
possible to better monitor and optimize the use of water resources, reducing waste
and improving efficiency.
• Desalination technologies, which use reverse osmosis to purify seawater, have also
made it possible to increase the availability of fresh water in areas where it is
scarce.
Overall, modern technology has had a major impact on the provision of various socio-
economic infrastructures, helping to improve the quality of life and well-being of people
around the world.

Module 2
Q.7 How Technology is impacting the built environment? Explain with appropriate
examples (2022)
Technology is having a significant impact on the built environment in many ways, including
Design and construction
• Modern technology is changing the way buildings and other structures are
designed and constructed.
• For example, the use of 3D modeling and visualization software has made it
easier to create and review designs, and the use of prefabricated and modular
building components has made it possible to construct buildings faster and more
efficiently.
Energy efficiency
• Modern technology is also being used to improve the energy efficiency of
buildings and other structures.
• For example, smart thermostats and other energy management systems can help
to optimize the use of heating and cooling systems, and the use of renewable
energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbines, can help to reduce
the reliance on fossil fuels.
Connectivity
• Technology is also changing the way buildings and other structures are
connected to each other and to the outside world.
• For example, the use of internet of things (IoT) sensors and other technologies
has made it possible to monitor and control the operation of buildings in real-
time, and the use of smart city technologies has made it possible to create more
connected and efficient urban environments.
Accessibility
• Modern technology is also being used to improve accessibility in the built
environment.
• For example, the use of assistive technologies, such as voice-activated controls
and augmented reality, has made it easier for people with disabilities to access
and use buildings and other structures.
Construction techniques:
• The development in construction technique in mass production of buildings has

helped to extensive production of industrialized buildings, which help to
achieve higher densities.
Bridges and Tunnels
• Due to the recent development in the construction technology in bridges and

tunneling, it has helped to encourage the development of the backward region,
• For example, Bridge over sea - the west island freeway between Haji Ali and
Bandra in Mumbai will help to divert through traffic which ultimately will reduce
the congestion and hence help save energy and time for the commuters.

Construction of skyscrapers
• Increased use of steel frame construction has made possible for construction of
skyscrapers in downtown areas of great American cities to house office functions
as well as car parking.
Air-conditioning technology
• The development in air-conditioning has made possible the creation of man-
made climate within the enclosed areas of building forms for comfortable
working conditions regardless of the climatic conditions in the areas.
Atriums
• These are essentially the indoor urban spaces climatically controlled, designed
within group of building forms together with the necessary street furniture etc.,
accommodating various activities for public realm.
Overall, technology is having a significant impact on the built environment, helping to create
more efficient, connected, and accessible spaces for people to live, work, and play.

Module 2
Q.8 What do you understand by urban renewal and redevelopment? Explain the role of
urban design in this context (2021)
Q.8 Write short notes on redevelopment of core area (2022)
Urban renewal
Urban renewal is a term used to describe a process of revitalizing and renovating urban areas
that have become rundown or obsolete. It often involves the construction of new buildings
and infrastructure, the renovation of existing structures, the development of public spaces
and amenities, and the implementation of new zoning and land use policies.
Urban renewal can be undertaken by local governments, private developers, or a
combination of both. It is typically focused on specific areas within a city or community that
need revitalization, and is often driven by the desire to improve the physical appearance of
the area, enhance its economic viability, and make it more livable and sustainable.
Urban renewal projects can bring many benefits to a community, such as increased
property values, job creation, and an improved quality of life for residents. However, they
can also have negative impacts, such as the displacement of existing residents and
businesses, and the potential for increased gentrification and inequality. It is important for the
planning and implementation of urban renewal projects to consider and address these
potential impacts in order to ensure that the benefits are shared by all members of the
community.
Redevelopment of a core area

Redevelopment of a core area refers to the process of revitalizing and renovating a specific
area within a city or community that has become rundown or obsolete. This can involve a
range of activities, including the construction of new buildings and infrastructure, the
renovation of existing structures, the development of public spaces and amenities, and the
implementation of new zoning and land use policies.
The goal of redevelopment is often to rejuvenate the area and make it more attractive
and functional for residents, businesses, and visitors. This can involve improving the physical
appearance of the area, enhancing its economic viability, and making it more livable and
sustainable.
Redevelopment projects can be undertaken by local governments, private developers,
or a combination of both. They often require significant investment and planning, and may
involve the acquisition and demolition of existing properties, as well as the relocation of
current residents and businesses.
Redevelopment can bring many benefits to a community, including increased property
values, job creation, and an improved quality of life for residents. However, it can also have
negative impacts, such as the displacement of existing residents and businesses, and the
potential for increased gentrification and inequality. It is important for the planning and
implementation of redevelopment projects to consider and address these potential impacts
in order to ensure that the benefits are shared by all members of the community.

Design criteria for renewal
Land use pattern
i. Expansion or contraction or reshaping particular areas of use in order to make
changing demands.
ii. Plan preferably to encourage mixed land- uses and perhaps on roof tops and desks for
car parking or recreation with access and other purposes related to the building.
iii. Planning of activities, complimentary to each other.
iv. Relocate/discontinue the activities which are harmful/injurious in the town centre such
as old industries etc.
v. Conservation: areas and buildings of architectural, historic character must be
preserved, improved and enhanced. The new buildings should be related to the
existing character of the buildings preserved, in terms of scale, height, massing, etc.
vi. Building densities in general, over the town center as a whole, the building densities
(FSI) to be fixed to achieve the desirable height and massing of the buildings. The
density for any particular use or part of the center needs to be fixed at a level which
will encourage redevelopment where required but will yet allow scope for building
design in scale with surroundings.
vii. The survey of existing floor space density and recent trends in the major town center
uses will give some indication of the densities that may be expected. This, related to
the estimated changes in floor space required in the future and to the amount of land
likely to be available, will suggest the average densities to achieve the aims.
viii. Traffic systems: The several aspects of the traffic systems should be considered
individually and then in relation to one another in a systematic way based on the
following:
• Safe pedestrian movement in the town Centre:
i. Note where pedestrians enter and traverse the central area, where they
congregate, where their movement is hindered by narrow foot ways and
traffic hazards.
ii. Decide which streets and areas should primarily or wholly be devoted to
pedestrians.
iii. Plan a safe pedestrian system, into and within the town centre.
• Access to buildings: for visitors or goods and staff.
i. Note which buildings depend on street frontage access, those where
alternative access exists, and those where alternative access is required.
ii. Note the availability of individual car parking and loading space.
iii. Plan alternative means of access and loading to achieve safe pedestrian
movement.
• Circulation of traffic with business in the town Centre:
i. Note streets in which parking, loading and vehicular access to buildings
should be prevented to allow free passage of vehicles.
ii. Plan alternative means of access and loading and
iii. Alternative circulation for buses where needed.
iv. Location of public car parks in relation to the principal uses generating
traffic, spacing at walking distance(300 m) from these.

Plan a system of parking areas for new arrangement for the present and future
increases due to changes in building density and use.
• Road links into the town Centre for vehicles needing to enter it.
• Ensure that they are adequate for the purpose and are designed to
discourage use by other cross town and through traffic.
• Provide adequate routes for passenger buses and convenient access to
car parks.
Design criteria for redevelopment
i. Correct assessment of areas for the scope, demand for the various building uses
such as shopping, offices, entertainment facilities, hotels, etc.
ii. All new buildings to be related to the town's character of precincts and buildings
preserved, in terms of size, mass, height, scale and grain.
iii. Buildings of similar character / use to be grouped in precincts.
iv. A continuous link to be established with regional shopping.
v. Shopping to be of variety of size and scale. in the form of market, department
stores, arcades, plazas, precincts etc.)
vi. Similarly, the size and the scale of commercial buildings to cater for the different
requirements from small office units to large premises.
vii. The other facilities to cater for the needs of different strata of society.
viii. Mixed use approach to be followed i.e. shopping with offices, shopping with
residences, etc.
ix. It is essentially to be planned on the basis of segregation of pedestrian and
vehicular movements, either horizontal or vertical or combined.
x. The spaces formed by the buildings to be related to the buildings as well as the
activities.
xi. Protection in case of extreme weather conditions is essential for activities.
xii. Clear demarcation of the spaces - public, semi-public, private is necessary in
the design approach.
xiii. Use of perceptual elements such as monuments, gates, vistas are necessary for
the identity of the places.
xiv. Street scape including street furniture’s. variety of paving’s, change of levels,
correct lighting at night etc. to be well designed from the point of view of
appearance, views, vandalism, etc.
xv. Barrier free spaces i.e. access to all including the physically disabled people to
be provided.
Urban design plays a critical role in the context of urban renewal and development, as it
involves the planning and shaping of the physical layout and features of a city or community.
Urban design encompasses a range of disciplines, including architecture, landscape
architecture, engineering, and planning, and is concerned with the design of buildings,
streets, public spaces, and other physical elements that make up an urban environment.
In the context of urban renewal and development, urban design is responsible for
developing plans and designs that address the specific needs and challenges of the area,
and that enhance its livability, sustainability, and economic viability.
Some of the key elements of urban design that are typically considered in this context
include:
Building design and layout
• The design and layout of buildings can have a significant impact on the
appearance and functionality of an area. Urban design in the context of urban
renewal and development may involve the development of plans for new
buildings or the renovation of existing ones in order to improve their
appearance and functionality.
Public spaces and amenities
• Urban design also plays a role in the development of public spaces and
amenities, such as parks, squares, and other open areas. These spaces can
provide important social and recreational opportunities for residents and can
contribute to the overall livability of an area.
Transportation and circulation
• Urban design also involves the planning and design of transportation systems
and the circulation of traffic within an urban area. This can include the design of
streets, intersections, and other infrastructure that supports the movement of
people and goods.
Land use and zoning
• Urban design also involves the planning and regulation of land use and zoning
within an urban area. This can include the development of policies and
guidelines that dictate how land can be used and developed, and that ensure
that the needs of different stakeholders are balanced and met.
Overall, the role of urban design in the context of urban renewal and development is
to create a cohesive and functional urban environment that meets the needs of the
community and promotes the well-being of its residents.

Module 2
Q.9 Using the master plan of any city of your choice, explain how the development
controls and regulations have resulted in a particular urban form (2017)
The Hyderabad Development Plan is a comprehensive planning document that guides
the development of the city of Hyderabad, the capital of the state of Telangana in India. The
plan includes a range of development controls and regulations that have helped to shape the
urban form of the city.
One of the key development controls in the Hyderabad Development Plan is land use
planning, which divides the city into different land use zones, including residential,
commercial, industrial, and recreational areas. This has resulted in a well-organized and
balanced urban form, with a mix of different land uses and a range of housing types. For
example, the city has a mix of high-density residential areas, commercial centers, and
industrial zones, as well as a network of parks and open spaces.
The Hyderabad Development Plan also includes a comprehensive transportation plan
that guides the development of the city's transportation infrastructure, including roads,
railways, and public transit systems. This has resulted in a highly efficient and well-connected
urban form, with a range of transportation options available to residents. For example, the
city has a network of roads and highways that connect it to other parts of the region, as well
as a metro rail system and a network of bus routes.
In addition to land use and transportation planning, the Hyderabad Development Plan
also includes guidelines for the development of public spaces, such as parks, plazas, and
other open areas. This has resulted in a city with a network of public spaces that are accessible
and well-maintained, and that provide a range of recreational and leisure opportunities for
residents.
Some of the key development controls and regulations in the Hyderabad Development Plan
that have resulted in a particular urban form include:
Land use planning
• The Hyderabad Development Plan divides the city into different land use zones,
including residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational areas. This has
resulted in a well-organized and balanced urban form, with a mix of different
land uses and a range of housing types.
Transportation planning
• The Hyderabad Development Plan also includes a comprehensive
transportation plan that guides the development of the city's transportation
infrastructure, including roads, railways, and public transit systems. This has
resulted in a highly efficient and well-connected urban form, with a range of
transportation options available to residents.
Public space planning
• The Hyderabad Development Plan also includes guidelines for the development
of public spaces, including parks, plazas, and other open areas. This has resulted
in a city with a network of public spaces that are accessible and well-maintained.

Building design
• The Hyderabad Development Plan also includes guidelines for building design,
including standards for building height, density, and other factors. This has
resulted in a city with a skyline that is visually appealing and functional, with a
range of different building types and styles.
Overall, the development controls and regulations in the Hyderabad Development Plan have
helped to shape the urban form of the city and have contributed to its livability and
sustainability.

Module 2
Q.10 How will you locate the social infrastructure in a neighborhood? Explain the
same giving example for a sector of 30,000 populations (2022)
Social infrastructure refers to the facilities and services that support the social, cultural, and
recreational needs of a community. These facilities and services are essential to the well-
being and quality of life of residents, and can include things like schools, healthcare
facilities, libraries, community centers, and parks.
In a neighborhood, social infrastructure can play a critical role in supporting the
needs and interests of residents, and can help to create a sense of community and social
cohesion. It can also provide opportunities for residents to connect with one another and to
participate in a range of activities and programs that promote health, learning, and
socialization.
There are several factors to consider when locating social infrastructure in a neighborhood.
Some of the key factors to consider include:
Proximity to residents
• It is important to locate social infrastructure facilities in close proximity to the
residents who will use them, so that they are easily accessible and convenient
to reach.
Land availability
• The availability of land in the neighborhood is also an important factor to

consider when locating social infrastructure facilities. It is important to have
sufficient space for the facility, as well as any related amenities such as parking
or open space.
Transportation
• The availability of transportation options in the neighborhood is also an
important factor to consider when locating social infrastructure facilities. It is
important to ensure that the facility is easily accessible by public
transportation, as well as by car or other modes of transportation.
Community needs
• It is also important to consider the specific needs and preferences of the

community when locating social infrastructure facilities. For example, a
community with a high number of families with young children may benefit
from the presence of a community center or a library, while a community with a
large senior population may benefit from the presence of a senior center or a
healthcare facility.
To illustrate, if we were planning to locate social infrastructure facilities in a neighborhood
with a population of 30,000, we might consider the following options:
Community center
• A community center could be located in a central location in the neighborhood,
within easy walking distance of a majority of residents. The center could offer a
range of amenities and services, such as a gym, a pool, a playground, and
meeting rooms.
Library
• A library could be located in a central location in the neighborhood, within
easy walking distance of a majority of residents. The library could offer a range
of services, such as books, magazines, computers, and educational programs.
Healthcare facility
• A healthcare facility, such as a clinic or a hospital

Module 3
Q.1 What are the various parameters that need to be considered in deciding about the
location of a new town? Discuss (2021) (2022)
Deciding the location of a new town refers to the process of identifying and selecting
a site for the development of a new settlement or community. This process involves
considering a range of factors such as access to transportation, proximity to resources and
amenities, environmental impact, population and demographics, economic factors,
government regulations, and public input. The ultimate goal is to choose a location that will
support the needs and goals of the new town and its residents. The process of deciding the
location of a new town can be complex and may involve input from various stakeholders
such as government agencies, community organizations, and private developers.
There are many factors that should be considered when deciding on the location of a new
town. Some of these include:
• Accessibility: The town should be easily accessible by road, rail, or air, so that
people can easily travel to and from the town.
• Natural resources: The town should be located in an area with a sufficient supply of
natural resources, such as water, fertile soil, and timber, to support the needs of the
population.
• Climate: The town should be located in an area with a climate that is suitable for the
intended use of the town, such as agriculture, industry, or tourism.
• Topography: The topography of the area will affect the layout and infrastructure of
the new town, as well as its potential for natural disasters such as flooding or
earthquakes.
• Proximity to markets: The town should be located near markets where goods and
services produced in the town can be sold.
• Proximity to sources of labour: The town should be located near a sufficient supply
of labour to support the needs of businesses and industries in the town.
• Infrastructure: The town should have adequate infrastructure, such as roads, utilities,
and communication systems, to support the needs of the population and businesses.
• Land availability: There should be enough land available to accommodate the
planned development of the town.
• Environmental impact: The location of the town should minimize any negative
environmental impact, such as pollution or deforestation.
• Political and economic stability: The town should be located in an area with a stable
political and economic environment to support the long-term growth and
development of the town.
• Access to transportation: The town should be located in an area with good access
to transportation, such as major roads and highways, airports, and public
transportation.
• Proximity to resources and amenities: The town should be located near sources
of water, electricity, and other resources, as well as amenities such as schools,
hospitals, and shopping Centers.
• Environmental impact: The town should be located in an area that minimizes
environmental impact and is not prone to natural disasters such as floods or
earthquakes.

• Population and demographics: The town should be located in an area with a
suitable population size and demographics for the type of town being
developed.
• Economic factors: The town should be located in an area with a strong economy
and job opportunities for residents.
• Government regulations: The town should comply with all relevant government
regulations and zoning laws.
• Public input: It is important to consider the opinions and concerns of the local
community when deciding on the location of a new town.

Module 3
Q.2 What kind of plug in projects of urban design do you envisage in a city that you are
familiar with? Mention about its locations. (2021)
Urban design projects are interventions or changes made to the built environment of a
city in order to improve its function, aesthetics, and liveability. Some potential urban design
projects that could be implemented in a city include:
• Public parks and green spaces: These can provide places for recreation and
relaxation, as well as helping to improve air quality and mitigate the urban heat island
effect.
• Bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure: This can include bike lanes, pedestrian-only
streets or paths, and other infrastructure that encourages walking and biking as forms
of transportation.
• Public transit improvements: This can include new or expanded bus or rail lines, as
well as improvements to existing infrastructure such as bus shelters or train stations.
• Affordable housing: Developing new or renovated housing units that are affordable
for low-income or moderate-income households can help to address the shortage of
affordable housing in many cities.
• Revitalization of underutilized areas: This can include the redevelopment of
abandoned or underutilized industrial sites, as well as the revitalization of historic or
cultural areas.
• It's important to note that these are just a few examples, and the specific types of urban
design projects that are appropriate for a given city will depend on the unique needs
and characteristics of that city.

Module 3
Q.3 Describe the relevance of smart city projects to the urban design of city. Explain
with examples(2022)
S mart city projects are initiatives that aim to use technology and data to improve the
quality of life and efficiency of urban areas. These projects often involve the integration of
sensors, data analytics, and other digital technologies into the infrastructure and systems of a
city in order to monitor and optimize various aspects of urban life. Some common examples
of smart city projects include:
• Transportation: Smart city projects can involve the use of sensors and data analytics
to optimize traffic flow and improve public transportation. For example, a city might
use sensors to collect data on traffic patterns and then use that data to optimize the
timing of traffic signals or to redirect buses to more efficient routes.
• Energy management: Smart city projects can also involve the use of sensors and
data analytics to optimize the use of energy in a city. For example, a city might use
sensors to monitor the energy usage of buildings and then use that data to optimize
the use of heating and cooling systems or to identify opportunities for energy
conservation.
• Public safety: Smart city projects can also involve the use of sensors and data
analytics to improve public safety. For example, a city might use sensors to monitor
crime rates and then use that data to identify areas where additional police patrols
are needed or to identify trends in criminal activity.
• Environmental monitoring: Smart city projects can also involve the use of sensors
and data analytics to monitor the environment in a city. For example, a city might
use sensors to monitor air quality or to track the movement of wildlife in urban
areas.
Overall, smart city projects can have a significant impact on the urban design of a city.
By using technology and data to optimize various aspects of urban life, these projects can help
to create more efficient and liveable cities.
Smart city projects are designed to make cities more efficient, sustainable, and liveable
through the use of technology and data-driven decision making. These projects often involve
the integration of various technologies, such as sensors, data analytics, and intelligent
transportation systems, to improve city services and amenities, such as energy management,
public safety, transportation, and waste management.
For example, a smart city project might involve installing sensors to monitor traffic
patterns and optimize traffic flow, or using data analytics to identify patterns in energy usage
and implement energy-saving strategies. Smart city projects can also include the use of
renewable energy sources and the development of green spaces to promote sustainability
and improve the quality of life for city residents.
In terms of urban design, smart city projects can have a significant impact on the way that
cities are planned and developed. By gathering data and using technology to improve city
services and amenities, smart city projects can help to create more liveable and efficient
urban environments. For example, the use of intelligent transportation systems can help to
reduce congestion and improve mobility, while the implementation of sustainable energy
sources can help to reduce the carbon footprint of cities.

Overall, the goal of smart city projects is to create more liveable, efficient, and
sustainable urban environments through the use of technology and data-driven decision
making. By improving city services and amenities, these projects can help to create more
liveable and attractive cities for residents and visitors alike.
Smart city projects aim to use technology and data to improve the quality of life,
efficiency, and sustainability of a city. These projects often involve the implementation of
sensors, networks, and other digital infrastructure to collect and analyze data about the city,
which can be used to inform decision-making and drive urban planning and design.
For example, a smart city project might involve the installation of sensors that monitor
traffic flow, air quality, and energy use in a city. This data can be used to optimize the design
of transportation networks, reduce pollution, and increase energy efficiency.
Another example of a smart city project is the use of information and communication
technologies (ICT) to improve the delivery of public services, such as transportation,
healthcare, and education. For example, a city might use ICT to create an integrated public
transport system that allows citizens to plan and pay for their journeys using a single platform,
or to provide access to remote healthcare services through telemedicine.
Overall, smart city projects can help cities become more liveable, efficient, and
sustainable by using technology and data to inform and improve urban design and planning.

Module 3
Q.4. Briefly discuss type of urban design projects by using a case example to elaborate
on any one type of project. (2017)
There are many different types of urban design projects, and they can range in scope
and complexity. Some common types of urban design projects include:
• Land use planning: This involves the development of strategies and policies to guide the
growth and development of a city or region. This can include zoning regulations, land
use designations, and transportation plans.
• Public space design: This type of project focuses on the design of public spaces within a
city, such as parks, squares, and plazas. The goal is to create attractive, functional, and
safe spaces for people to gather and interact.
• Streetscape design: This type of project involves the design and improvement of streets
and roadways, including the design of sidewalks, bike lanes, crosswalks, and other
elements. The goal is to create a safe and efficient transportation network while also
enhancing the visual appeal of the streetscape.
• Neighbourhood planning: This type of project involves the development of strategies
and plans to guide the growth and development of a specific neighbourhood or
community within a city. This can include the design of new housing developments,
commercial centres, and public spaces.
As an example of an urban design project, consider the design of a new park in an
urban neighbourhood. The project might involve land use planning to determine the best
location for the park, public space design to create a functional and attractive park layout,
streetscape design to ensure the park is accessible and safe for pedestrians and cyclists, and
neighbourhood planning to ensure the park fits in with the surrounding community. The
project might also involve consultation with local residents and stakeholders to gather input
and ensure the park meets the needs and preferences of the community.
There are various types of urban design projects, including streetscapes, public
spaces, waterfront development, greenways, and mixed-use development.
One type of urban design project is streetscapes, which involve the design and
improvement of streets and the public spaces surrounding them. This can include adding
landscaping, bike lanes, pedestrian crossings, and other amenities to make streets more
attractive and functional for all users. A case example of a streetscape project is the redesign
of a main street in a downtown area to make it more pedestrian-friendlier. This might involve
adding trees and benches, widening sidewalks, and installing bike racks to encourage
alternative modes of transportation.
Another type of urban design project is public spaces, which are areas within a city or
community that are open and accessible to everyone. These can include parks, plazas, and
squares, and may be designed for a variety of uses, such as recreation, events, or simply as a
place for people to gather and socialize. An example of a public space project is the
development of a new park in an underserved neighbourhood. This might involve designing
and building playgrounds, walking paths, and other amenities to create a welcoming and safe
space for the community.
Overall, urban design projects aim to create functional, attractive, and livable
environments in cities and communities, and can involve a wide range of design approaches
and techniques.

Module 3
Q.5. With the help of an area-based scheme of smart city project of any city in India,
bring out various dimensions of urban planning, urban design and urban conservation
proposals (2017)
The smart city project in India aims to transform urban areas into more liveable,
sustainable, and efficient communities through the use of information and communication
technologies (ICT). This includes a focus on several dimensions of urban planning, urban
design, and urban conservation.
• Urban Planning: The smart city project includes the development of comprehensive and
integrated plans for land use, transportation, and infrastructure that consider the needs
of all stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and the environment.
• Urban Design: The project also involves the redesign and redevelopment of public
spaces, including streets, parks, and plazas, to make them more accessible, functional,
and attractive. This may include the incorporation of green spaces, pedestrian-friendly
streets, and public art.
• Urban Conservation: The smart city project also includes efforts to preserve and restore
historic buildings, sites, and neighbourhoods, as well as to promote energy efficiency
and environmental sustainability. This may involve the use of renewable energy sources,
the implementation of green building practices, and the creation of green spaces and
corridors.
Overall, the smart city project seeks to improve the quality of life for residents and
create more livable and sustainable urban environments through a holistic approach that
integrates various dimensions of urban planning, design, and conservation.

Module 3
Q.6. Elaborate the significance of urban design projects in town planning with the help
of selected examples (2017)
Urban design projects are an important aspect of town planning as they help to shape
the physical form and character of a city or town. Through urban design, planners and
designers can create spaces that are functional, attractive, and accessible, while also
considering the needs of the community and the environment.
Here are a few examples of the significance of urban design projects in town planning:
• Enhancing livability: Urban design projects can improve the quality of life for residents
by creating safe, attractive, and functional spaces for people to live, work, and play. For
example, a well-designed park can provide a space for recreation and relaxation, while
also serving as a hub for community gatherings and events.
• Promoting sustainability: Urban design projects can help to create more sustainable cities
and towns by reducing the environmental impacts of development and promoting the use
of alternative modes of transportation. For example, a pedestrian-friendly streetscape can
encourage people to walk or bike instead of drive, which can reduce air pollution and
congestion.
• Boosting economic development: Urban design projects can play a role in promoting
economic development by attracting businesses, tourists, and new residents to an area.
For example, a revitalized downtown area can help to attract new businesses and visitors,
while also improving the overall aesthetic of the community.
• Enhancing public health: Urban design projects can contribute to the overall health and
well-being of a community by creating spaces that encourage physical activity and social
interaction. For example, a network of bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly streets can
encourage people to be more active, while public squares and parks can provide spaces
for socializing and relaxation.
Overall, urban design projects are an important aspect of town planning as they help
to create functional, attractive, and sustainable spaces that enhance the liveability and
economic development of a community.

Module 4
Q.1 Write short notes on Sector Planning (2021)
Sector planning in urban design is a process of identifying the goals and objectives
for a particular area within a city or town, and developing strategies to achieve those goals
through the design and development of the built environment.
In urban design, sector planning may involve analyzing the strengths and weaknesses
of a particular area, such as its demographics, economic indicators, and existing physical
infrastructure. It may also involve consulting with stakeholders, such as community
members, businesses, and government agencies, to ensure that the needs and interests of
all parties are considered.
Some key considerations in sector planning in urban design include:
• Identifying the goals and objectives for the sector: This may involve defining the
long-term vision for the sector and outlining specific targets that need to be achieved
to get there.
• Developing strategies: Once goals and objectives have been identified, planners
must identify the steps needed to achieve them. This may involve creating new
policies, investing in infrastructure, or providing support to businesses within the
sector.
• Designing the built environment: Urban design involves creating physical spaces that
meet the needs of the community, including streets, buildings, parks, and other
public spaces.
• Engaging stakeholders: It is important to involve community members, businesses,
and other stakeholders in the planning process to ensure that their needs and
interests are considered.
Part 1 - Creation of Long-Term Master Plan (LTMP):
Creation of a Long-Term Master Plan (LTMP) for an entire planning area. The LTMP is
approved by the Local jurisdiction and adopted as an amendment to the Comprehensive
Plan. The LTMP identifies four main land use categories:
• Conservation,
• Employment oriented Mixed Use,
• Agriculture,
• Rural.
Part 2 - adoption of Detailed Specific Area Plans (DSAP):
DSAPS contain more detailed analysis and specific information regarding what is proposed
for a specific area.
Overall, sector planning in urban design is a crucial tool for shaping the development of
specific areas within a city or town, and for ensuring that they contribute to the overall
growth and vitality of the community.

Module 4
Q.2 Write short notes on Creative in City Planning (2021).
Creative city planning is an approach to urban design and development that emphasizes
innovation, creativity, and cultural vibrancy. It involves developing strategies to support and
nurture creative industries, such as art, music, film, and design, as well as to create a vibrant
and livable environment for residents and visitors.
The creative city is an urban planning paradigm describing a city that “fosters and thrives on
creativity.” A place where everyone can have abundant opportunities to live, work, and
create.
Some key components of creative city planning include:

• Supporting creative industries: This may involve providing funding and resources to
support the growth and development of creative businesses and organizations.
• Promoting cultural vibrancy: Creative city planning may involve developing strategies
to support cultural events, festivals, and other activities that contribute to the cultural
life of a city.
• Enhancing the built environment: Creative city planning may involve designing and
developing public spaces that support creativity and innovation, such as artist studios,
galleries, and performance venues.
• Engaging stakeholders: It is important to involve community members, businesses,
and other stakeholders in the planning process to ensure that their needs and interests
are considered.
• Creativeness refers to the “creative class” including the employed in cultural/creative
industries, talented people, highly educated, able to create the most innovative jobs.
• Innovation is measured by “input” indicators like those used in R&D, investment,
employment and “output” indicators, expressed in the number of patents at the
national level, revealing an economic activity based on science, and other scientific
indicators.
• Urbanity/urbanity level refers to the capacity to provide services in a locality, i.e.,
number of companies for a certain sector the operation location inside the locality, etc.
• Intellectual development refers to human capital and the scientific knowledge level,
the abilities of the active workers and their productivity, the cultural horizon and
education as a life-long process.
• Connectivity to the global network implies “high quality decisions planned on long
term, modern management and motivation methods”.
Overall, creative city planning is an approach that seeks to nurture and support the
creative economy and cultural vibrancy of a city or town, and to create a livable and vibrant
environment for residents and visitors.

Module 4
Q.3 Write short notes on Future Urban design (2021).
Future urban design is an approach to planning and designing cities that considers
the potential challenges and opportunities that cities may face in the future. It involves
developing strategies to address issues such as population growth, climate change,
technological change, and social and economic inequality.
Some key components of future urban design include:
• Sustainability: Future urban design often focuses on developing strategies to make
cities more sustainable, such as through the use of renewable energy, efficient
transportation systems, and green infrastructure.
• Resilience: Future urban design may involve developing strategies to make cities
more resilient to natural disasters, technological failures, and other disruptions.
• Inclusivity: Future urban design may involve developing strategies to ensure that
cities are livable and accessible for all residents, regardless of income level, race, or
other factors.
• Innovation: Future urban design may involve developing strategies to support the
growth and development of new technologies and industries, and to create a vibrant
and dynamic environment for residents and visitors.
The following are 12 suggestions:
1. Green planning of public spaces: Cities are being planned and designed for people,
with „green‟ streets, new corridors and public spaces as centres of social life.
2. Smart health communities: Cities develop health care ecosystems that are focused not
only on diagnosing and treating sickness, but also on supporting wellbeing through
early intervention and prevention, while leveraging digital technologies.
3. 15-minute city: Cities are being designed in a way that amenities and most services are
within a 15-minute walking or cycling distance, creating a new neighborhood
approach.
4. Mobility: intelligent, sustainable and as-a-service: Cities work towards offering digital,
clean, intelligent, autonomous and intermodal mobility, with more walking and cycling
spaces, where transport is commonly provided as a service.
5. Inclusive services and planning: Cities evolve to have inclusive services and
approaches, fighting inequalities by providing access to housing and infrastructure,
equal rights and participation, as well as jobs and opportunities.
6. Digital innovation ecosystem: Cities attract talent, enable creativity and encourage
disruptive thinking, developing themselves through an innovation model approach
and a combination of physical and digital elements.
7. Circular economy and producing locally: Cities adopt circular models based on a
healthy circulation of resources, and on principles of sharing, reusing and restoration,
with an emphasis on limiting municipal waste volumes and on producing locally – for
instance, by urban farming.
8. Smart and sustainable buildings and infrastructure: Cities aim to have regenerated
buildings; they leverage data to optimise energy consumption and the use and
management of resources in buildings and utilities: waste, water and energy.
9. Mass participation: Cities evolve to be human-centred and designed by and for their
citizens, promoting mass participation by the ecosystem in a collaborative process and
following open government policies.

10. City operations through AI: Cities adopt automated processes and operations and are
following data-driven planning approaches.
11. Cybersecurity and privacy awareness: Cities strive to promote awareness of the
importance of data privacy and preparedness for the impact of cyber attacks since data
will be an important city commodity.
12. Surveillance and predictive policing through AI: Cities are leveraging artificial
intelligence (AI) to ensure safety and security for their citizens while safeguarding the
privacy and fundamental human rights.
Overall, future urban design is an approach that seeks to create cities that are sustainable,
resilient, inclusive, and innovative, and that are well-equipped to address the challenges and
opportunities of the future.

Module 4
Q.4 How will you incorporate the policies related to urban design in the plan
document? Explain.
To incorporate policies related to urban design in a plan document, you would need to follow
these steps:
1. Identify the relevant policies: This involves researching and identifying the policies
that relate to urban design, such as zoning regulations, building codes, and design
guidelines.
2. Review and analyse the policies: Once you have identified the relevant policies, you
should review and analyse them to understand their scope and requirements. This may
involve consulting with experts or stakeholders to get a better understanding of the
policies.
3. Integrate the policies into the plan document: Once you have reviewed and analyzed
the policies, you can begin integrating them into the plan document. This may involve
summarizing the key provisions of the policies, explaining how they will be
implemented, and outlining any necessary modifications or exceptions.
4. Consider the impact of the policies on the community: As you incorporate the policies
into the plan document, it is important to consider their impact on the community. This
may involve analyzing the potential costs and benefits of the policies, and engaging
with stakeholders to get their input.
5. Review and revise the plan document as needed: After integrating the policies into the
plan document, you should review and revise the document as needed to ensure that
it is accurate and effective. This may involve seeking feedback from experts or
stakeholders, and making any necessary adjustments.
• The world's urban population has increased drastically during the last century. At the
turn of the 20th century, approximately 10% of people lived in cities.
• By 1950, the world's urban population had grown to 29%.
• Today, more than half of the world's population resides in cities.
• By 2050, it is expected that at least two-thirds of the world's population, or nearly 7 of
10 people, will live in cities.
• The largest share of this tremendous urban growth will occur in low-income and
middle-income countries (LMICs), in cities already carrying a disproportionate share
of the global disease burden.
• This accelerating pace of urbanization has exposed the fragile ecological future of our
cities.
• Cities are engines of innovation and economic growth, but many fails to make progress
on economic, environmental, societal, and health targets. Urban policies actively
shape how people live and move around in cities.
• Policies determine the form and function of our neighbourhoods and thus the
exposures and lifestyles of urban dwellers.
• Current planning policies exacerbate urban inequities, creating cities that are spatially
fragmented, socially divisive, and detrimental to health.
• Traffic exposure, noise and air pollution, social isolation, low physical activity, and
sedentary behaviours are fuelling global epidemics of injuries and chronic diseases.
• City planning is known to influence physical activity and other health determinants.
Overall, incorporating policies related to urban design into a plan document requires careful
research, analysis, and engagement with stakeholders to ensure that the policies are effective
and responsive to the needs of the community.

Module 4
Q.4 What are the emerging design issues of Indian cities? Discuss any two.
Urban Design is a system of shaping the physical aspects of planning infrastructure and
dealing with issues which go beyond architecture. It is an integrated ecosystem involving
stakeholders, policymakers, governance, ecosystem, urban designers, and architects.
Urban Design issues in India cities:
Urbanization in India is continuously reviving itself leading to large number of
people migrating to cities and towns in the hope of better future. 1/4th of urban housing
in India accounts for slums. More than half population in Mumbai, stays in slums around the
economic centers of the city. A developing country with large number of populations like
India face some critical urban design issues.
Some of them are mentioned below:
• Rigid master plans and conditional zoning regulations.
• Urban density limiting building regulations.
• Lack of policy, planning and regulations escalate the number of slums.
• Scarcity of revenue generation by urban entities for renewal of infrastructure.
• Improper system of water supply and wastewater management.
Rigid master plans and conditional zoning regulations.
• A city’s plan, statutorily termed as Development Plan (DP) and popularly known as
a „Master Plan‟, is a strategic document that the city prepares every 20 years.
• It sets out the spatial framework of the city for the delivery of sustainable
development and enhanced quality of life for its citizens.
• This is done through the articulation of a composite economic, environmental, and
social framework for the subsequent two decades.
• Many aspects of city planning need attention and review and some highly significant
ones need mention.
• The first of these is the provision of the Twelfth Schedule of the Indian Constitution,
exhorting states to allow city plans to be crafted by urban local bodies (ULBs).
• A further problem plaguing urban planning is the long process prescribed by state
planning statutes.
• It is possible to create a plan much more quickly if statutory processes are reduced
and a tighter time frame is prescribed.
• Among the most important planning deficits is that the issue of equity has been
largely ignored in city plans.
• The planning challenges associated with cities including their growth and decline,
their role in climate change, and the expansion of the informal sector have been
well summarized by Ban Ki-moon, former UN Secretary General.
• In his foreword to the Global Report on Human Settlements 2009 he stated that
“evidence from around the world suggests that contemporary urban planning has
largely failed to address these challenges”
Scarcity of revenue generation by urban entities for renewal of infrastructure.
• According to the NITI Aayog, India requires 40-trillion investment until 2030 to
overhaul its infrastructure whereas the revenue of all the municipal corporations

put together is not more than 1.2 trillion approximately one percent of the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• Substantially underfunded mandates include crumbling municipal corporations,
which lie at the core of this urban transformation challenge.
• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has floated several schemes
for urban transformation such as the Smart Cities Mission, Swachh Bharat
Mission, HRIDAY for heritage cities, Housing for all and AMRUT from 2014.
• However, these schemes provide external sources of funding and do not address
the important issue of revenue enhancement of municipal corporations, which
form the backbone of these cities.
• While they end up tackling some aspects of urban rejuvenation, none of these
schemes address the root of the problem by solving issues of municipal funding.
• Today, the municipal revenues of cities in India account for 0.75 percent of the
country’s GDP, against cities of BRICS countries such as Brazil-8% and South
Africa-6.9 %.

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1 Design of Human Settlements

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• Higher density development can also place a greater demand on infrastructure,

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Formation of Form of settlements Transformation of

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• It has forces against which it acts.

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Natural Determinants and their impacts

3.Available Construction Material

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ii) Economic factors:

iii) Religious factors

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• Modern technology has led to the development of new modes of transportation,

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Redevelopment of a core area

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Public spaces and amenities

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• The availability of land in the neighborhood is also an important factor to

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• A healthcare facility, such as a clinic or a hospital

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Some key components of creative city planning include:

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