aggre

gates
miscellaneous
uses
As a basic raw material , aggregates can
be put to many uses.
 36% - Manufacture Concrete
10% - Cement
25% - Road Accounts
20% - Construction Uses and Fills
3% - Railway Blast
4% - Mortar
1% - Glass
1% - Agriculture
riprap
uses stones of various
sizes to protect
natural man-made
earthwork.
 Rip rap, also known as rock armor or shot rock,
consists of large, durable stones or concrete blocks
placed along shorelines, riverbanks, and slopes to
mitigate the effects of erosion.

These rocks are typically sourced from

quarries and are carefully selected
based on their size, weight, and
stability.

The primary purpose of rip rap is to

dissipate the energy of waves, currents,
and flowing water, thereby reducing
erosion and protecting the land behind
it.
riprap riprap ripra

riprap riprap ripra

gabions
A gabion is a basketlike
container for stones that is
made of heavy steel mesh,
forming the shape of a
block with level top and
bottom and four vertical
sides.
When the bank is too steep or the current is too
violent for riprap, gabions may be used to hold
stones in place.

Gabions are set in place and filled with

the stones the size of the fist or larger to
act as riprap or to form a retaining wall
to hold back an earth bank.

The stone-filled gabions are permeable

so that the soil water flows through
readily without building up pressure
behind a gabion wall.
gabions gabions ga

gabions gabions ga
aggregate
and
strength
 (c) Particle J pushes down
and out on K and M like a
wedge. Particle K transmits
part of the force to L with
horizontal and vertical
components.

(b) Aggregate in a container.

(a) Aggregate piled to
A compressive force on
transmit a compressive
particle J is transmitted by
force. This is not a
shear through the shaded
practical arrangement.
particles
 factors
increasing the
shearing
strength of an
aggregate
A well-graded aggregate is stronger than
one not well graded.
The larger the maximum size of aggregate
is, the greater its strength.
Rough particle surfaces increase strength
because of greater friction between them.
 (b) Well-graded aggregate:
1. Friction at many points of
contact
2. Excellent interlocking
3. Very few voids

(a) Uniform size aggregate: (c) Mixture of course and fine

1. Friction at few points of aggregate:
contract 1. Friction of many points of
2. Poor interlocking contact
3. High percenteage of 2. Good interlocking
voids 3. Few voids
4. Economical preparation
compaction
compaction is the densification of a
material resulting in an increase in
weight per unit volume.
COMPACTION AND
AGGREGATES

compaction generally increases the

strength of aggregates, reduces
settlement, and improves bearing
capacity.
pavement
base
it consists of several layers or courses
which reduce the pressure of
concentrated wheel loads so that the
underlying soil or foundation is not
overloaded.
 ASPHALT
PAVEMENT
 PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
RURAL ROAD
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@EVERYONE!