Hyperbola

Hyperbola

● Standard Hyperbolas and their Equations

● Conjugate Hyperbolas and Rectangular Hyperbola
● Rectangular Hyperbola
● Parametric form of Equation of a Hyperbola
● Focal Chords and Focal Distances
● Position of a Point and a line with respect to a Hyperbola
● Some Important Properties of Hyperbolas
Recall
(1) e > 1 ⇒ Hyperbola
(2) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a hyperbola
if Δ ≠ 0 and h2 − ab > 0.
Standard Hyperbolas and
their Equations
Here we will be studying hyperbolas having horizontal or vertical
axis.
Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin
(1) (2)
Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin
(1) Y

B(0, b)
A(a, 0)
S’(-ae, o) Z’ Z X
O S(ae, 0)

A’(-a, 0) B’(0, -b)

(a) Transverse axis : Along X-axis, and of length 2a.

(b) Conjugate axis : Along Y-axis, and of length 2b.

(c) Foci : S(ae, 0) and S’(−ae, 0)

(d) Directrices : and

(e) Eccentricity :
(f) LR : x = ae and x = − ae and length of LR =
Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin
Y
(2)
S(0, be)

B(0, b)
Z
O X
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)
Z’
B’(0, -b)

S’(0, -be)
(a) Transverse axis : Along Y-axis, and of length 2b.

(b) Conjugate axis : Along X-axis, and of length 2a.

(c) Foci : S(0, be) and S’(0, −be)

(d) Directrices : and

(e) Eccentricity :
(f) LR : y = be and y = −be and
length of LR =
Remark

and are
hyperbolas having centre at (h, k)
 Question!

Q Draw the following hyperbolas and mention their foci,

transverse and conjugate axes, LR, directrices and centre.
(a) 9x2 − y2 = 1 (b) 16x2 − 9y2 = − 144
 Question!

Q Draw the following hyperbolas and mention their foci,

transverse and conjugate axes, LR, directrices and centre.
(a) 9x2 − y2 = 1
Solution :

B(0, 1)

O X

B’(0, -1)
 Question!

Q Draw the following hyperbolas and mention their foci,

transverse and conjugate axes, LR, directrices and centre.
(b) 16x2 − 9y2 = − 144
Solution : Y

S(0, 5)

B(0, 4)

A’(-3, 0) X
O A(3, 0)

B’(0, -4)

S’(0, -5)
Note

In general, for any hyperbola, the following hold true.

(1)

(2)

(3) distance between foci = transverse axis × eccentricity

(4)
 Question!

Q
For the hyperbola , which of the

following remains constant with change in ⍺?

A IIT 2003
Abscissae of vertices

B Abscissae of foci

C Eccentricity

D Directrix
 Question!

Q
For the hyperbola , which of the

following remains constant with change in ⍺?

A IIT 2003
Abscissae of vertices

B Abscissae of foci

C Eccentricity

D Directrix
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the equation of the hyperbola whose foci are (8, 3),
(0, 3) and eccentricity
Solution :
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the equation of the hyperbola, whose centre is (1, 0) ,

one focus is (6, 0) and the length of transverse axis is 6.
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find equation of hyperbola of eccentricity 2 that is confocal

with the ellipse .
Solution :
Y

X
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
 Question!

Q A hyperbola, having a transverse axis of length 2sinθ, is

confocal with the ellipse 3x2 + 4y2 = 12. Then its equation is

A IIT 2007
x2 cosec2 θ - y2 sec2 θ = 1

B x2 sec2 θ - y2 cosec2 θ = 1

C x2 sin2 θ - y2 cos2 θ = 1

D x2 cos2 θ - y2 sin2 θ = 1
 Question!

Q A hyperbola, having a transverse axis of length 2sinθ, is

confocal with the ellipse 3x2 + 4y2 = 12. Then its equation is

A IIT 2007
x2 cosec2 θ - y2 sec2 θ = 1

B x2 sec2 θ - y2 cosec2 θ = 1

C x2 sin2 θ - y2 cos2 θ = 1

D x2 cos2 θ - y2 sin2 θ = 1
Solution :

,
 Question!

Q If the vertices of a hyperbola be at (-2, 0) and (2, 0) and one

of its foci be at (-3, 0), then which one of the following points
does not lie on this hyperbola?

A JEE Main 2019

D
 Question!

Q If the vertices of a hyperbola be at (-2, 0) and (2, 0) and one

of its foci be at (-3, 0), then which one of the following points
does not lie on this hyperbola?

A JEE Main 2019

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose length of the latus

rectum is equal to 8 and the length of its conjugate axis is
equal to half of the distance between its foci, is

A JEE Main 2016

D
 Question!

Q The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose length of the latus

rectum is equal to 8 and the length of its conjugate axis is
equal to half of the distance between its foci, is

A JEE Main 2016

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q A hyperbola passes through the foci of the ellipse

and its transverse and conjugate axes coincide with major and
minor axes of the ellipse, respectively. If the product of their
eccentricities is one, then the equation of the hyperbola is

A JEE Main 2021

D
 Question!

Q A hyperbola passes through the foci of the ellipse

and its transverse and conjugate axes coincide with major and
minor axes of the ellipse, respectively. If the product of their
eccentricities is one, then the equation of the hyperbola is

A JEE Main 2021

D
Solution :
Conjugate Hyperbolas and
Rectangular Hyperbola
Conjugate Hyperbolas
Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse and conjugate axes of one, are
the conjugate and transverse axes of the other, respectively, are called
conjugate hyperbolas.

Eg. and are conjugate hyperbolas.

Result

(1) If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate hyperbolas,

then .

(2) Foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola from a square.

(1) If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate hyperbolas, then

Proof
(1) If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate hyperbolas, then

Proof
(2) Foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola from a square.
Proof
(2) Foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola from a square.
Proof B (0, be2)

C (−ae1, 0) A (ae1, 0)

D (0, −be2)

We can observe that the diagonals AC and BD, of quadrilateral ABCD are
perpendicular bisectors of each other. So, ABCD is a rhombus.
 Question!

Q The eccentricity of the conjugate hyperbola of x2 - 3y2 = 1 is

A 2

C 4

D
 Question!

Q The eccentricity of the conjugate hyperbola of x2 - 3y2 = 1 is

A 2

C 4

D
Solution :
Rectangular Hyperbola
If a = b, that is lengths of transverse and conjugate axes are equal, then
the hyperbola is called rectangular or equilateral.

Eg. The hyperbola x2 − y2 = a2 is a rectangular hyperbola.

Remark

(1) Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is always .

(2) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a rectangular
hyperbola if Δ ≠ 0 and a + b = 0.
Note
xy = c2 is one of the most commonly used rectangular hyperbolas.

It’s parametric form is very important and length of it

transverse axis is 2 c
 Question!

Q Eccentricity of xy = 4 is______.

A 1.5

B 2

D
 Question!

Q Eccentricity of xy = 4 is______.

A 1.5

B 2

D
Solution :

Eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is always .

 Question!

Q The length of the transverse axis of the rectangular

hyperbola xy = 18 is

A 6

B 12

C 18

D 9
 Question!

Q The length of the transverse axis of the rectangular

hyperbola xy = 18 is

A 6

B 12

C 18

D 9
Solution :
 Parametric form of
Equation of a Hyperbola
The parametric form of is x = a secθ, y = b tanθ

Here θ is a parameter and is called the eccentric angle.

Lets see in the figure, which angle θ represents.
Y
(acosθ, asinθ) P(θ)

θ
(−a, 0) O X

(a, 0)
x2 + y2 = a2 Auxiliary Circle
Focal Chords and Focal
Distances
Focal Chords

Condition for a chord to be a focal chord is

(a) for S(ae, 0), the condition is

(b) for S’(−ae, 0), the condition is

Note
The corresponding values for ellipse were negatives of these values
Focal Distances Y

M P(x1, y1)

o X
S’ S
Focal Distances Y

M P(x1, y1)

o X
S’ S
Observation

For every point P on a hyperbola, magnitude of the difference

of focal distances, that is |PS’ - PS| = 2a
Hyperbola is also defined as :
Locus of a point which moves such that difference of its
distances from two fixed points is constant.
The fixed points are its foci and magnitude of constant
difference is the length of its transverse axis.
 Question!

Q Show that locus of centre of a circle which touches two

given circles externally is a hyperbola.
Solution :
Let the two given circles have
centres A and B and radii r1 and r2
respectively.
Let the variable circle which A
r1 r2 B
touches the two circles externally
r r
have centre P(h, k) and radius r.
P(h, k)
We can observe that
|PA - PB| = |r + r1 − r − r2| = |r1 − r2|,
which is a constant.
Thus, the locus of P is a hyperbola.
Position of a Point and a line
with respect to a Hyperbola
Position of a Point with respect to a Hyperbola
Result
(1) S1 > 0 ⇒ point lies inside hyperbola
(2) S1 = 0 ⇒ point lies on hyperbola
(3) S1 < 0 ⇒ point lies outside hyperbola

Remark
From an external point, two tangents can be drawn.
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 JEE 2023
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Position of a Point with respect to a Hyperbola
Result
(1) S1 > 0 ⇒ point lies inside hyperbola
(2) S1 = 0 ⇒ point lies on hyperbola
(3) S1 < 0 ⇒ point lies outside hyperbola

Remark
From an external point, two tangents can be drawn.
Proof
Let (x1, y1) be a point outside the hyperbola

Y
(x1, y1)

(x1, y2)

o X
Various Equations of Tangents of a Hyperbola
Various Equations of Tangents of a Hyperbola

As we have done earlier, here also we have three standard equations.

(a) Slope form is

(b) Tangent at a point on hyperbola is given by T = 0

(c) Parametric form is

These are tangents for .

For , just express it as

Hence, tangent of slope m is given by

 Question!

Q Find the equations of tangents to the curve 9x2 - 16y2 = 144,

which is perpendicular to the straight line 3x + 4y + 10 = 0.
Solution :
 Question!

Q If the line touches the hyperbola x2 - 2y2 = 4,

then the point of contact is_____.

A IIT 2004

D
 Question!

Q If the line touches the hyperbola x2 - 2y2 = 4,

then the point of contact is_____.

A IIT 2004

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q A tangent drawn to the hyperbola

form a triangle of area
3a2 sq.units with the coordinate axes. The eccentricity of the
conjugate hyperbola of is

D
 Question!

Q A tangent drawn to the hyperbola

form a triangle of area
3a2 sq.units with the coordinate axes. The eccentricity of the
conjugate hyperbola of is

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the equations of the common tangents to the curves

Solution :
Solution :
 Multiple choice question Question!

Q If 2x - y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the hyperbola

then which of the following cannot be sides of a right angled
triangle?

A JEE Adv 2017

2a, 4, 1

B a, 4, 1

C a, 4, 2

D 2a, 8, 1
 Multiple choice question Question!

Q If 2x - y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the hyperbola

then which of the following cannot be sides of a right angled
triangle?

A JEE Adv 2017

2a, 4, 1

B a, 4, 1

C a, 4, 2

D 2a, 8, 1
Solution :
Remark

Equation of director circle of is x2 + y2 = a2 − b2

Proof
Remark

Equation of director circle of is x2 + y2 = a2 − b2

Proof
Let P(h, k) be the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents
Equation of tangent is given by
P(h, k) lies on the tangent, so (k − mh)2 = a2m2 − b2, that is
(h2 − a2)m2 − 2hkm + k2 + b2 = 0

As m1m2 = − 1 , so the locus is x2 + y2 = a2 − b2

Equations of Normals of a Hyperbola

(a) Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on is

(b) Equation of normal at P(θ) on is

Equations of Normals of a Hyperbola

(a) Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on is

(b) Equation of normal at P(θ) on is

Slope form of Normal

Slope of normal at point (x1, y1) is

Hence, equation of normal is

 Question!

Q Find the equation of the normal to the curve

Solution :
 Question!

Q If a hyperbola passes through the point P(10, 16) and it has

vertices at (±6, 0), then the equation of the normal to it at P is

A JEE Main 2020

x + 2y = 42

B 2x + 5y = 100

C x + 3y = 58

D 3x + 4y = 94
 Question!

Q If a hyperbola passes through the point P(10, 16) and it has

vertices at (±6, 0), then the equation of the normal to it at P is

A JEE Main 2020

x + 2y = 42

B 2x + 5y = 100

C x + 3y = 58

D 3x + 4y = 94
Solution :
 Question!

Q Let P(6, 3) be a point on the hyperbola If the

normal at the point P intersects the x-axis at (9, 0), then
eccentricity of the hyperbola is

A IIT - JEE - 2011

D
 Question!

Q Let P(6, 3) be a point on the hyperbola If the

normal at the point P intersects the x-axis at (9, 0), then
eccentricity of the hyperbola is

A IIT - JEE - 2011

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q The tangent at a point P on the hyperbola

passes through the point (0, -b) and the normal at P passes
through the point then eccentricity of the
hyperbola is

A 2

C 3

D
 Question!

Q The tangent at a point P on the hyperbola

passes through the point (0, -b) and the normal at P passes
through the point then eccentricity of the
hyperbola is

A 2

C 3

D
Solution :
 Question!

Q If lx + my = 1 is normal to , then ____.

A a2 - b2

B a2 + b2

C (a2 + b2)2

D (a2 - b2)2
 Question!

Q If lx + my = 1 is normal to , then ____.

A a2 - b2

B a2 + b2

B
C (a2 + b2)2

D (a2 - b2)2
Solution :
 Question!

Q Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the

centre on any normal to .
Solution :

Y
A(h, k)

P
X
O
Solution :
Remark
Equation and examples of chords (CoC and chord with given
midpoint) are exactly similar to that of circle and parabola, so will
skip it here.
 Some important
Properties of Hyperbolas
(1) For , product of perpendiculars on any tangent is b2.
(2) If an incoming light ray passing through one focus S strikes side of
hyperbola, then it will get reflected towards other focus.

S’ S
(3) Locus of feet of perpendiculars from focus of standard hyperbola
to any tangent is auxiliary circle.
(4) Position of tangent between point of contact and directrix subtends
right angle at corresponding focus.
(5) Intercept of any tangent between point of tangency and point of
intersection with directrix subtends a right angle at the
corresponding focus.
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TEACHER TEACHER
 JEE 2023
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