TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter
Title Page No.
No.

I. INTRODUCTION 1-14

II. MARINE POLLUTION – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE 15-65

III. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF MARINE 66-107

POLLUTION

IV MARINE POLLUTION IN NATIONAL SPHERE – 108-163

LEGAL AND JUDICIAL APPROACH

V. MARINE POLLUTION AT KRISHNAPATNAM 164-202

PORT AREA – A CASE STUDY

VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 203-210

BIBLIOGRAPHY 211-214

LIST OF CASES 215-216

ANNEXURE

QUESTIONNAIRE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
I. INTRODUCTION 1-14
1.1 Introduction 1-5
1.2 Significance of the Study 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study 7
1.4 Hypothesis 7-8
1.5 Methodology Formulated 8-9
1.6 Scope of the Study 9
1.7 Review of Literature 10-13
1.8 Plan of Study 13-14
II. MARINE POLLUTION – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE 15-65
2.1 Introduction 15-16
2.2 Evolution of Marine Pollution 16-22
2.3 Reasons for the Growth of Marine Pollution 22
2.3.1 Population Growth 22-25
2.3.2 Coastal Urbanisation 25-29
2.3.3 Industrialisation 29-31
2.4 Causative Factors Sources of Marine Pollution 32-34
2.4.1 Sediments 34-35
2.4.2 Solid Waste 35-36
2.4.3 Domestic Waste 36-37
2.4.4 Industrial Effluents 37-39
2.4.5 Pesticides / Agricultural Wastes 39-44
2.4.6 Sewage 44-45
2.4.7 Plastic 45-49
2.4.8 Oil Pollution 49-52
2.4.9 Marine Debris 52-55
2.5 Effects of Marine Pollution 55-65
2.6 Conclusion 65
Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
III. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF MARINE 66-107
POLLUTION
3.1 Introduction 66-68
3.2 Growth of Marine Pollution-Remedial Measures in 69-71
International perspective
3.3 International Conventions 71-74
3.3.1 International Convention for the Prevention of 75-76
Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL), 1954
3.3.2 Geneva Convention on High Seas, 1958 76-81
3.3.3 International Convention Relating to 81-82
Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
Pollution Casualties (Brussels Convention),
1969
3.3.4 Convention on the Prevention of Marine 82-83
Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter (London Convention), 1972
3.3.5 The International Convention for the 84-86
Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL), 1973
3.3.6 International Convention for the Safety of Life 86-88
at Sea (SOLAS), 1974
3.3.7 Convention for the Prevention of Marine 88
Pollution from Land Based Sources (Paris
Convention), 1974
3.3.8 Convention for the Protection of the 88-89
Mediterranean Sea Against pollution
(Barcelona Convention), 1976
3.3.9 United Nations Convention on the Law of the 90-93
Sea (UNCLOS), 1982
3.3.10 The Convention on the control of 93-95
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention),
1992
3.3.11 Convention for the Prevention of the Marine 95-96
Environment of North- East Atlantic (Ospar
Convention), 1992
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No. No.
3.3.12 International Convention on Oil Pollution 96
Preparedness, Response and Cooperation
(OPRC), 1990
3.3.13 Convention on the Protection of Marine 96-98
Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki
Convention), 1992
3.3.14 International Convention on the Control of 98
Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems of Ships, 2001
3.3.15 International Convention on Civil Liability for 98-99
Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (Bunker Spill
Convention), 2001
3.4 Declarations and Protocols of United Nations 99
3.4.1 Washington Declaration on Protection of 100
Marine Environment from Land Based
Activities, 1995
3.4.2 Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High 100-101
Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by
Substances Other Than Oil, 1973
3.4.3 Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the 101-102
South Pacific Region by Dumping, 1986
3.4.4 Protocol on Preparedness, Response and 103
Cooperation to Pollution incidents by
Hazardous And Noxious Substances
(OPRC-HNs Protocol), 2000
3.5 Role of International Court of Justice 103-107
3.6 Conclusion 107
IV. MARINE POLLUTION IN NATIONAL SPHERE – 108-163
LEGAL AND JUDICIAL APPROACH
4.1 Introduction 108-111
4.2 Constitutional Provisions 111-113
4.2.1 Fundamental Rights Relating to Environmental 113-116
Protection
4.2.2 Directive Principles Relating to Environmental 116-117
Protection
4.2.3 Fundamental Duties Relating to Environmental 117
Protection
Chapter Page
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No. No.
4.3 Legislative Approach 118-119
4.3.1 Water (Prevention and Control) Pollution Act 119-124
1974
4.3.2 The Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986 124-131
4.3.3 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification 131-139
1991
4.3.4 Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991 140-146
4.3.5 Other Legislative Provisions relating to marine 146-149
pollution
4.4 Marine Protection by the Judiciary 149
4.4.1 Supreme Court of India in Protection of 149-155
Environment
4.4.2 Various High Court’s approach in Protection of 155-157
Environment
4.5 Marine Management In India 157-160
4.6 Measures adopted by Indian Government 160-162
4.7 Conclusion 163
V. MARINE POLLUTION AT KRISHNAPATNAM PORT 164-202
AREA –A CASE STUDY
VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 203-210
BIBLIOGRAPHY 211-214
LIST OF CASES 215-216
ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE
 ACRONYMS

AIR : All India Reporter

Art. : Article
AOA : Any One Accident
AOY : Any One Year

APPCB : Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board

BHC : Benzene Hexa Chloride
CTSCZ : Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
CFCLR : Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources
CHS : Convention on the High Seas
CRZ : Coastal Regulation Zone

CFCLRHS : Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources

of the High Seas
CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board
CCS : Convention on the Continental Shelf

CO2 : Carbon Dioxide

CS : Continental Shelf
CZMA : Coastal Zone Management Act
CZMPs : Coastal Zone Management Plans
DOD : Department of Ocean Development
DDT : Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane

EEZ : Exclusive Economic Zone

EPA : Environmental Protection Agency
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA : Environment Protection Act
EU : European Union
EFTA : European Free Trade Association

GOVT : Government
HTL : High Tide Line
HC : High Court
IPC : Indian Penal Code
ILC : International Law Commission

IMO : International Maritime Organisation

ICJ : International Court of Justice
IMDG : International Maritime Dangerous Goods
IBC : International Bulk Chemical Code
IAA : Impact Assessment Agency
IGC : International Gas Carrier Code
ICZM : Integrated Coastal Zone Management
ISA : International Seabed Authority
ITLS : International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
LBSMP : Land Based Source of Marine Pollution
LTL : Low Tide Line
MAP : Mediterranean Action Plan

MoEF : Ministry of Environment and Forests

MDRPRA : Marine Debris Research Prevention and Reduction Act
NOAA : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NCEAS : National Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
NCEPC : National Committee on Environmental Planning and
Coordination
NOS-DCP : National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan
NGOs : Non Governmental Organisations
NCZMA : National Coastal Zone Authority
OPS : Ocean Policy Statement

OPRC : International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness,

Response and Cooperation
O&G : Oil and Gas
OPSCSD : Optional Protocol of Signature concerning the Compulsory
Settlement of Disputes

PCBs : Polychlorinated biphenyls

PLIA : Public Liability Insurance Act
PIL : Public Interest Litigation
PoP : Plaster of Paris
RDB : Regional Development Banks
SC : Supreme Court

SCZMA : State Coastal Zone Authorities

TW : Territorial Waters
UCHS : United Centre for Human Settlements
UNGASC : United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council
USAPPS : United States Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships
UNCLoS : United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

UEPPCB : Uttaranchal Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board

USCG : United States Coast Guard
UNEP : United Nation Environment Protection
UN : United Nations
UNFSA : United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
UV : Ultra Violet

UNO : United Nations Organisation

UOI : Union of India
WWDR : World Water Development Report
WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature
WCED : World Commission on Environment and Development
WHO : World Health Organisation

WB : World Bank
WSR : Waste Shipment Regulation