Basis

COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC RIVER MODELING OF PEÑARANDA RIVER FOR
FLOODPLAIN MAPPING TO OPTIMIZE FLOOD MITIGATION CONTROLS IN THE

MUNICIPALITY OF SAN LEONARDO, NUEVA ECIJA
_____________________
A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
Civil Engineering Department
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City
___________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
CE Project 2 (CE 422)
By :
DELA CRUZ, SUZAINE MITCH C.
ASUNCION, WINNIE FRED A.
PASCUAL, LIMUEL G.
May ____, 2024
i
APPROVAL SHEET
The project Study entitled “COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC RIVER MODELING

OF PEÑARANDA RIVER FOR FLOODPLAIN MAPPING TO OPTIMIZE FLOOD
MITIGATION CONTROLS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SAN LEONARDO, NUEVA
ECIJA” of Limuel G. Pascual, Winnie Fred A. Asuncion, and Suzaine Mitch C. Dela Cruz,
involved in partial fulfillment for the subject CE Project 2 (CE 422) has been examined and is
hereby recommended for approval.
ENGR. AMOR JUDITH CABANESAS

Adviser
ENGR. DERICK ALDRIN ESTEBAN
Adviser
Committee
ENGR. ROSELLE GONZALES

Chairman
NAME OF FACULTY NAME OF FACULTY
Member Member
Approved by the Committee on May ___, 2022
Dela Cruz, Suzaine Mitch C.

Asuncion, Winnie Fred A.
Pascual, Limuel G.
_________________________________________________________________
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Project Study
for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
ENGR. NATHANIEL S. OLIVEROS

Dean, College of Engineering
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To our Almighty God, who has played an integral role in conducting this research, the
researchers extend their gratitude for guiding them, providing strength and wisdom, and being a
constant source of inspiration. Through your guidance, they conducted this research with humility,
curiosity, and a reverence for the mysteries of the world. The researchers are grateful for the
blessings you bestowed upon them in this research endeavor.
To the respective research professor, Ma'am Roselle Gonzales, the researchers would like
to express their gratitude for your guidance throughout the course of their study. Your expertise in
the field and your commitment to academic excellence helped them shape their research and
expand their knowledge in the subject matter.
To the esteemed research advisers, Ma’am Amor Judith Cabanesas and Sir Derick Aldrin
Esteban, the researchers humbly thank you for your invaluable guidance, expertise, and
unwavering support that have been instrumental in the successful completion of this research
project. Thank you also for your invaluable feedback, constructive criticism, and insights that have
elevated the quality of this research.
To the faculty, Ma’am Cristy Malasan and Sir Jayvee Dela Cruz, the researchers thank you
for your comments and suggestions to improve this study. Your expertise and insights greatly
influenced refining this study.
To the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA), the researchers would like to express their gratitude and appreciation for your
provision of Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) data. The RIDF data has significantly
contributed to their understanding of rainfall patterns, intensities, and durations. The researchers
acknowledge the tireless efforts of the PAGASA team and their commitment to providing
accessible information.
To the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the researchers would also
like to express their gratitude for their significant contribution to this research project about flood
mitigation. A key component of this project's effective planning and execution has been the data
iii
they supplied. It is very admirable how dedicated they are to serving the public and ensuring the
community's safety and well-being.
To the Barangay Officials, the researchers want to express their sincere gratitude to the
Barangay officials for their committed support and allowing the researcher to conduct their survey
in their respective Barangay. Their support has been crucial to this project's successful completion.
The researchers are grateful to them for their efforts in creating a supportive environment for this
research project.
To the residents of respective Barangays, the researchers sincerely thank the people who
live in the community where this research on flood mitigation is being done. Your understanding
and collaboration have been crucial to our research's development. The researcher’s
comprehension of the local conditions and difficulties has been significantly enhanced by your
openness to share your experiences and insights. Your assistance has not only made this research
easier, but it has also highlighted how crucial community involvement is when it comes to solving
environmental problems. The researchers are grateful for your kind welcome into your community
and your priceless contribution.
To the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), we thank
you for initiating the development of HEC-RAS and providing a robust platform for hydraulic
modeling and analysis. Your commitment to creating an advanced and versatile hydraulic
modeling software has enabled us to conduct this study.
To our parents, we thank you for your unwavering support and encouragement throughout
our research journey. Your unconditional love, sacrifices, and belief in our abilities have been our
guiding light in this journey. We are forever grateful for your immeasurable support, whether
financial, emotional, or moral; it has made it possible for us to achieve our research goals.
The Researchers
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DEDICATION
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to the residents of the Municipality of San
Leonardo. These individuals have been persistently battling the challenges caused by the recurring
flooding due to the overflowing of the Peñaranda River.
The purpose of this study is not just to propose a solution, but also to acknowledge the
strength and perseverance of these citizens who have adapted to these difficult circumstances. It is
their courage and determination that inspire the pursuit of this research.
This work is evidence to their life, a commitment to improving their living conditions, and
a step towards a safer and more secure environment for them. It is hoped that the findings of this
study will contribute to mitigating the flood risks in San Leonardo and provide a foundation for
future initiatives aimed at enhancing the community's resilience to such natural disasters.
This study stands as a symbol of dedication to the welfare and well-being of the citizens of
San Leonardo. It is with sincere hope and determination that this research can make a meaningful
difference in their ongoing battle against the forces of nature.
v
ABSTRACT
The overflowing of the Peñaranda River had raised the safety concern of the people living
in the low-lying areas of the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija. Hence, this study is
conducted in the form of interview with questionnaire at the residents of San Leonardo, and the
simulation in computer hydraulic river model using the Hydrologic Engineering Center River’s
Analysis System (HEC-RAS). Here, we found out that the community of Mallorca, San Bartolome,
Mambangnan, and Nieves are not affected by the overflowing of river. However, Purok 1, Purok
5, Purok 7A and Purok 7B in Barangay Castellano are all inundated by the river during the typhoon
season. Furthermore, the cause of the overflowing of the Peñaranda River is the runoff water from
the mountainous region of General Tinio, and the increase of flood depth due to construction of
flood mitigation structure along the Gapan City. Hence, a six km length of Levee is proposed
starting from Barangay Castellano to some part of Barangay Nieves. This flood mitigation
structure has a height of 9.64 meters from the Natural Grade Line. The slope is developed at 1.5
Horizontal to 1 Vertical (1.5H:1V) that can reduce the flood risk in the Municipality of San
Leonardo. Steel sheet piles must be in accordance to American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) M 202 specifications. An SKSP-II steel sheet pile is
employed in this design where a piled foundation is necessary to sustain a dike or where
construction speed is crucial, SKSP type-II sheet piling is the most economical option.
Keywords: Flood Hazard Map, Flood Mitigation, Levee, Peñaranda River, San Leonardo
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page .......................................................................................................................... i
Approval Sheet.................................................................................................................. ii
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... iii
Dedication ........................................................................................................................ v
Abstract ........................................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING ................................................... 3
Introduction and Review of Related Literature and Studies ................................. 3
Conceptual Frameworks ...................................................................................... 9
Statement of the Problem/ Objective of the Study.............................................. 11
Significance of the Study .................................................................................... 12
Scope and Limitation of the Study...................................................................... 13
Definition of Terms ............................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER II – METHODS AND PROCEDURE ......................................................... 16
Research Design ................................................................................................. 16
Locale of the Study ............................................................................................ 17
Research Instrument ........................................................................................... 20
vii
Data Gathering ................................................................................................... 21
Data Analysis and Technique ............................................................................ 26
CHAPTER III – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA ........................................................................ 32
CHAPTER IV – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................... 63
Summary ............................................................................................................ 63
Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 66
Recommendation ............................................................................................... 67
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 68
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ 76
CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................................. 128
viii
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City
2nd Semester A.Y. 2023-2024 Note :

CE 422 CE Project 2
SUBMISSION NO. 3
Revision No. ____
Project Draft Manuscript

TITLE
WORK
Group Name
BSCE 4A
Year and Section
Engr. Roselle C. Gonzales

Subject Instructor
Date Submitted: April 19, 2024
1
COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC RIVER MODELING OF PEÑARANDA RIVER
FOR FLOODPLAIN MAPPING TO OPTIMIZE FLOOD MITIGATION CONTROLS
IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SAN LEONARDO, NUEVA ECIJA
_____________________
A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
Civil Engineering Department
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City
___________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
CE Project 2
By:
DELA CRUZ, SUZAINE MITCH C.
ASUNCION, WINNIE FRED A.
PASCUAL, LIMUEL G.
2
CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Setting
Introduction
One of the most destructive natural disasters that impacts many communities globally is
flooding (Glago, 2021). It causes major financial losses, harm to infrastructure, and fatalities
(Svetlana et al., 2015). For this reason, precise flood risk assessment and the creation of a useful
floodplain map are essential for disaster relief and urban planning. Therefore, an engineering
analysis and design must be carried out in order to create a solution for the current issue in order
to prevent and mitigate flooding.
This is the situation in the municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija, where the Peñaranda
River overflows and affects the locals. This phenomenon is known as a river or fluvial flood, and
it happens when the water level in a lake, stream, or river rises and overflows into the surrounding
area. In addition, the accumulation of rainwater in the river and the movement of water from other
locations cause the water level to rise quickly, posing a risk to the people who live in the low-lying
areas. These factors also contribute to river flooding.
On the other hand, a flood hazard map shows us how likely it is that the area will be at risk.
The flood hazard map for the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija's 25-year annual
exceedance probability is displayed in Figure 1.01. The LiDAR Portal for Archiving and
Distribution (LiPAD) website, which offers datasets like Digital Terrain Models (DTMs),
Orthophotos, Flood Hazard Maps, and Resource Maps, is where this flood hazard map was
captured. Furthermore, the date of publication of the displayed flood hazard map is June 10, 2017.
3
Photo from LiPAD
Figure 1.01. Flood Hazard Map in San Leonardo
Additionally, to show the intensity of the flood hazard in that covered area, the flood hazard
map employs color coding. In this instance, orange denotes a medium flood hazard (51 to 150 cm),
red denotes a high hazard (greater than 150 cm), and yellow represents a low hazard (10 to 50 cm).
Furthermore, red warnings are typically located near the Peñaranda River, indicating that residents
here will probably experience river flooding during typhoon season.
4
Hence, the flood hazard map proves the importance of identifying the existing risks of river
flooding in San Leonardo. For instance, Sir Eric Paringit (2016) stated that the maps will benefit
private individuals who would want to know if their properties and structures are in a flood-prone
area and how high the flood will rise in different scenarios.
Consequently, the flood hazard map also shows to the different government units and
agencies in zoning and planning for the need of improvement on flood risk management and
disaster preparedness. An example of this improvement is the flood mitigation, also known as the
flood control, this method is used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters.
There are two types of flood mitigation: Structural Mitigation and Non-Structural Mitigation.
Wherein, Structural flood mitigation is the reduction of the effects of a flood with the use of
physical structures like reservoirs, levees, dredging and diversions. On the other hand, Non-
structural flood mitigation includes land-use planning, advanced warning systems, and flood
insurance. (Wikipedia, Flood Control, 2024)
In this case, in the year of 2022 the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
have constructed a flood control infrastructure along the Peñaranda River in the towns of General
Tinio, the construction of this infrastructure reduces the threat of flooding in low-lying areas,
prevent low yield crops due to soil erosion, and ensure the safety of residents from the effect of
flooding.
Furthermore, the DPWH Nueva Ecija 2nd District have been making a continuous effort of
constructing flood control structures along the Peñaranda River. And as of September, 2023, they
have commissioned a feasibility study for the proposed Gapan City to Cabanatuan City bypass
road via these road dikes along the Peñaranda River. This involves connecting the flood control
5
structures in barangays San Vicente, San Lorenzo, and Pambuan to Daang Maharlika, providing
access to the Gapan-Fort Magsaysay Road. Hence, this flood control structure will not only
provide a sense of security during the typhoon season; but will also improve the economic
transportation of Gapan City, San Isidro and Cabiao. (PIAIII, 2023)
However, in the study conducted on the impact of flood control in Bangladesh, it shows
that there is a positive and negative impact on the construction of this flood control structures.
According to Ansari (2018), the positive impact includes the protection of the low lying Tangail
Sadar Upazila from flood disaster. In comparison, to the community living outside the
embankment who have no flood protection, the people in this area will usually migrate to the flood
protection embankment area to take shelter which is also seven kilometers from there.
Another impact is the increase of frequency of rice cultivation and thus an enhanced
amount of production in the area. Furthermore, the rice cultivation has been intensified up to two
times in a year. In comparison to the rice fields on the outside of the embankment were inundated,
which damaged the crops.
Nevertheless, flood water carries nutrients with it thus the fields outside the embankment
have better crop production in compared to the fields inside. Because the agricultural land outside
the embankment is regularly flooded, then the flood water comes with soil nutrients that increases
the fertility of the crop lands.
Moreover, in the study of Ansary (2018), the farmers inside the embankment have
conflicting situation regarding the opening and closing of the sluice gates during the monsoon
season. Basically, the group of farmers keep on pushing the water management committee to keep
6
on opening the gate so that the water level will increase. However, there are farmers who have
started planting early and those who have already cultivated their land. In result, their fields are
flooded by the outside water and suffer from crop damage. Thus, due to the low water level, and
the inconsistency and management of opening of the sluice gates, a conflicting situation rise
between the farmers and the water management committee.
In this situation, the existing flood mitigation structures may have a positive or negative
impact in the inside and outside of the flood mitigation structures. However, the need to assess the
risk due to the uneven distribution of water flowing from the Peñaranda River may cause an impact
to the neighboring community, specifically, to the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija.
Hence, this study creates a computational hydraulic river model to create a floodplain map
and assess the risk of the river flooding in the areas near the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva
Ecija. Then, the computational hydraulic river modeling is used to simulate the flood mitigation
structure proposed.
In addition to that, the computational hydraulic river modeling has emerged as a powerful
tool for evaluating flood behavior, predicting inundation extents, and mapping flood-prone areas
(Sidek et al, 2021). This modeling approach combines the principles of hydraulics, hydrology, and
geomorphology with advanced computational algorithms to simulate the complex interaction
between river flow and floodplain.
An example of this computational hydraulic river modeling tool, is the software called as
Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). This software allows the user
to perform one-dimensional steady flow, one and two-dimensional unsteady flow calculations,
7
sediment transport/mobile bed computations, and water temperature/water quality modeling.
(HEC-RAS, n.d.)
Furthermore, a hydrodynamic river model was created in a study conducted by Jahandideh-
Tehrani, et al. (2020), and validated for a tidal river in South East Queensland, Australia, that is
prone to flooding. For the purpose of urban planning and decision-making, the model was used to
forecast water levels at ungauged places of the river under various floods and climate change
scenarios. Hence, flood modeling is important in flood control because of its ability to accurately
anticipate and successfully mitigate the effects of flood (Zhang, Zhang, Singh, & Shi, 2018).
Thus, this case study focuses on applying computational hydraulic river modeling for
floodplain mapping to optimize a flood mitigation control in the Peñaranda River; and aims to
provide insights into the flood behavior of the river, identify areas at high risk of flooding, and
support decision-making for flood risk mitigation and management.
Moreover, a comprehensive dataset including accurate topographic information, river
channel characteristics, land use patterns, and historical flood data is collected to achieve these
objectives (Archaya et al, 2021). This dataset is the basis for developing a two-dimensional
numerical model simulating river flow and flood dynamics (Patel et al, 2018).
Furthermore, the computational hydraulic river modeling approach utilizes advanced
algorithms, such as the finite element method or the finite volume method, to solve the governing
equations of fluid flow and simulate the flood propagation process. Plus, the model incorporates
boundary conditions, including river discharge rates and rainfall inputs, to accurately represent
real-world conditions(Jahanbani, Vahidnia, Aghamohammadi, & Azizi, 2024).
8
On the other hand, the simulation results provide valuable information about the temporal
and spatial variations of flood extents, water depths, and flow velocities within the Peñaranda
River. By analyzing these results, areas at high risk of flooding can be identified, and floodplain
maps can be generated to depict the extent of potential inundation.
Hence, this case study demonstrates the effectiveness and importance of computational
hydraulic river modeling for floodplain mapping and flood mitigation control. The insights gained
from this study can aid in developing proactive measures to mitigate flood risks, enhance
emergency preparedness, and promote the resilience of communities in flood-prone areas.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework, as shown in Figure 1.2, provides a structured approach to
computer hydraulic river modeling of Peñaranda River for floodplain mapping. It guides the entire
process, starting from data collection to the development of flood mitigation strategies, aiming to
optimize flood mitigation controls in the municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecja.
In Figure 1.02, there are five steps involved to recommend a flood mitigation structure in
the municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija. First, the secondary data needed in this study are
the elevation data, historical data, meteorological data, land cover and type of soil around the
Peñaranda River. In this process there are secondary data that are available in the internet; these
are the elevation data, which is taken in the site of Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar
(PALSAR); and the Land Cover, which is taken in the site of Geoportal Philippines. Furthermore,
the Meteorological Data is requested in PAGASA Data Information Center. And lastly, the
historical data is done through the form of survey questionnaire and site inspection. Next, is the
involvement of the process of Hydraulic River Modeling, wherein the researchers initialized a
9
computational-based hydraulic river using HEC-RAS. Afterwards, is the development of
floodplain map using the hydraulic river model, and identify the areas which are prone to flooding.
Thereafter, is the optimization of flood mitigation controls, which includes the analyzation of
floodplain maps, and assessment of flood mitigation controls.
Data Gathering Optimization Of Flood Mitigation Controls
1. Elevation Data Analyze the floodplain maps andidentify

2. Historical Flood Data high-risk areas and potential critical points
3. Meteorological Data that require immediate flood mitigation
4. Land Cover measures.
Evaluate different flood mitigation

controls.
Hydraulic River Modeling
Initialization of Computational-Based
Hydraulic River Model Using HEC-RAS
Recommendations
Design the placement of flood mitigation

controls based on the results of the hydraulic
Floodplain Mapping river model and floodplain maps.
Develop an Updated Floodplain Map

Using the Hydraulic River Model
Design the proposed flood mitigation control.
Figure 1.02. Conceptual Framework
Finally, is the designing process of the placement of flood mitigation controls based on the
results of the hydraulic river model and floodplain maps. This process involves the
recommendations for implementing and improving flood mitigation controls in San Leonardo for
their safety due to the occurrence of river flooding.
Statement of the Problem/ Objective of the Study
This study aims to develop a computational hydraulic river model for the Peñaranda River
in the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija to effectively propose a flood mitigation in the
areas affected by the river flooding. Since, flooding is a significant natural hazard that can cause
10
extensive damage to infrastructure, property, and human lives. Therefore, it is essential to have a
comprehensive flood risk assessments to mitigate the potential impacts of flooding and propose a
solution towards it.
Peñaranda River is chosen as the case study due to its vulnerability to flooding and the
need for reliable floodplain mapping. The objective is to utilize computational hydraulic modeling
techniques to simulate the behavior of the river during flood events and predict the extent and
depth of flooding in the surrounding areas to mitigate the structures needed to reduce the risk of
flooding in San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija. Hence, this study answers the following questions,
according to the objective of this study:
1. What are the existing risks of river flooding in the proximity of the Peñaranda River in San
Leonardo?
2. How does the flood due to the excess water in the Peñaranda River behave in San
Leonardo?
3. Which of the area in San Leonardo are highly affected by the river flooding of Peñaranda
River?
4. What are the effects of the existing flood mitigation controls in the Municipality of San
Leonardo?
5. Which flood mitigation control can effectively reduce the risk of the overflowing
Peñaranda River in San Leonardo?
Significance of the Study
The significance of the study on computational hydraulic river modeling for flood
mitigation proposal in San Leonardo, using the case study of Peñaranda River, can be highlighted
in several aspects:
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1. Disaster Management and Protection. Flooding is a significant natural disaster that causes
extensive damage to lives, infrastructure, and the environment. By accurately assessing
flood risks, the study can assist in formulating effective disaster management and
protection strategies.
2. Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development. Flood risk assessment is crucial in urban
planning and infrastructure development. It helps identify areas prone to flooding, ensure
appropriate setbacks from rivers, design flood mitigation structures, and select suitable
locations for critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and evacuation centers.
3. Emergency Response Planning. Accurate flood risk assessment is essential for emergency
response planning. The study can help emergency management agencies and first
responders develop efficient strategies to mitigate the impacts of flooding.
4. Community of San Leonardo. The people in low-lying areas of San Leonardo will have a
sense of security due to the flood mitigation control that will lessen the risk of flooding in
their area, which destroys their property and disrupt their lifestyle.
5. Crops Production. Farms that are alongside the Peñaranda River are frequently inundated
by overflowing farmer, thus destroying crops. Therefore, the proposal of flood mitigation
control will lessen the damage in crops and will increase the crop production.
Scope Limitations and Delimitations
The scope of this work is conducted in the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
along the Peñaranda River at the year of 2024. In this study, the researchers surveyed the existing
risks of river flooding along the Peñaranda River, and how it may affect the Municipality of San
Leonardo, Nueva Ecija.
12
In this case, the possible risks of river flooding in neighboring areas of San Leonardo is
excluded in the simulation of Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-
RAS). Hence, the focus of the recommendation of possible flood mitigation structures are focused
in the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija;
Furthermore, the assessment of the flood depth in this study are based on the simulation
of the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). In this case, the
researchers’ designs the possible flood mitigation controls to lessen the risk of river flooding of
the Peñaranda River.
However, in the data gathering process on the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
Astronomical Services and Administration (PAGASA), there was an insufficient hydrometry data.
In addition to that, conducting a manual measurement of hydrometry data in the Peñaranda River
is inappropriate due to the current weather condition. Since, there will not be any water level to
measure during the dry season.
Therefore, further studies are required to be conducted in relation of this study.
Definition Of Terms
Annual Exceedance Probability. The probability that a given total accumulated rainfall
over a given duration will be exceeded.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A digital representation of the earth's surface that
represents the river channel's elevation and the surrounding floodplain.
Flood Control. The flood control is a method used to reduce or prevent the detrimental
effects of flood waters.
13
Floodplain Mapping. The generation of maps that depict the extent and depth of
floodwaters for different return periods using the calibrated hydraulic model. These maps provide
valuable information for flood risk assessment and land-use planning.
Flood Risk Assessment. The evaluation of the potential impact of flooding on various
elements at risk, such as infrastructure, settlements, and agricultural land. It involves analyzing the
floodplain mapping results to identify high-risk areas and inform the development of flood
mitigation strategies and emergency response plans.
Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). A software
developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center is used for river hydraulic modeling, floodplain
mapping, and flood risk assessment. It enables the simulation of flow depth, velocity, flood hazard
maps, and other related parameters.
Hydraulic River Modeling. The development of a hydraulic model simulates the river
system's water flow. It integrates various hydraulic parameters such as cross-sectional flow area,
Manning's roughness coefficient, and flow velocity.
Hydrometry Data. Data collected from hydrometric stations that monitor and measure
water bodies' water levels, discharge, and other parameters. Hydrometry data provides information
on the flow rate and behavior of the river at specific locations.
Land Cover Data. Information that describes the types of land cover or vegetation present
in a specific area. It includes categories such as forests, urban areas, agriculture, and wetlands.
This data helps us understand the surface characteristics and factors influencing water flow during
floods.
Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) Data. Data that describes the
relationship between the intensity, duration, and frequency of rainfall events. This data is used to
14
understand the probability and magnitude of different rainfall events and their impact on the river's
hydrology.
Sustainable Flood Management. Refers to implementing strategies and measures to
minimize the adverse impacts of flooding while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the river
system and the affected communities. It involves a combination of structural (e.g., levees, flood
walls) and non-structural (e.g., land use planning, early warning systems) interventions to mitigate
flood risks.
15
CHAPTER II
Methods and Procedure
Research Design
A mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research design are utilized to study the
Computational Hydraulic River Modeling for Floodplain Mapping and Flood Risk Assessment of
the Peñaranda River in the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija. Indeed, the combination
of qualitative and quantitative can both use non-numerical and numerical data.
Whereas, qualitative research design focus on explaining and understanding the
experiences and perspectives of the respondents. While, the quantitative research focus on
quantifying and measuring phenomena. (Bhat, 2024)
In this case, the qualitative research design is in descriptive composition, to describe the
situation in the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija. In this case, this study defines whether
there is a need for the recommendation of flood mitigation control, through a survey interview
with guided questionnaire regarding the existing risks of flood hazards in that area.
Furthermore, the selection of respondent is based on non-probability sampling methods,
specifically, a purposive sampling or judgement sampling. In definition, this type of non-
probability sampling method, select the respondents based on their expertise which is the most
useful to the purposes of the research. Therefore, the study focuses on respondents who are
working in the barangay hall, and those who are 20 years old and above that have lived in San
Leonardo for decades and can retell past events in regard of the overflowing of Peñaranda River.
(McCombes, 2019)
On the other hand, the quantitative research design in an experimental form is conducted
to identify the relationship between the cause and effect of a situation. For instance, the
16
development of a flood plain map based on the current situation of the year 2024, which is to
compared in a flood plain map with the proposed flood mitigation control. In this case, we can
identify the cause and effect of the optimization of flood mitigation control in the municipality of
San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija. (Bhat, 2024)
Locale of the Study
This study is conducted in the municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija, specifically in
the areas alongside the Peñaranda River that are affected by the overflowing of the river during
the typhoon season.
Whereas, the Peñaranda River is located in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines as
shown in Figure 2.01. In this case, the river flow originates from the mountainous areas and
traverses the plains. Then, the river flows through the municipalities of Peñaranda, San Isidro, San
Leonardo, General Tinio, and Gapan City. And finally, the Peñaranda River joins in the Pampanga
River.
Photo from Google Map

Figure 2.01. Map of Peñaranda River
In this case, out of the five areas that the Peñaranda River have passed through, which are
the municipalities of Peñaranda, San Isidro, San Leonardo, General Tinio, and Gapan City. The
17
San Leonardo is chosen to conduct in this study due to its lack of flood mitigation controls, in
compared to its surrounding areas.

Figure 2.02. Map of the Municipality of San Leonardo
Accordingly, San Leonardo (as shown in Figure 2.02) is a first-class municipality in the
province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines as stated in the census of population conducted by the
Philippine Statistics Authority at the year of 2020.
Moreover, the Philippine Statistics Authority also identifies the total area of the
municipality with the 2015 Census, and the population with the 2020 Census as shown in the table
2.01.
Furthermore, the municipality of San Leonardo is politically subdivided into 15 barangays,
these are the Bonifacio, Burgos, Castellano, Diversion, Magpapalayoc, Mallorca, Mambangnan,
Nieves, Rizal, San Anton, San Bartolome, San Roque, Tabuating, Tagumpay, and Tambo-
Adorable.
18
Table 2.01. Background Information of the Municipality of San Leonardo
Municipality of San Leonardo

Coordinates 15°21′40″N 120°57′44″E
Country Philippines
Region Central Luzon
Province Nueva Ecija
District 4th District
Total Area 151.90 km2 (58.65 sq mi)
Population (2020 Census)
Total Population 68,536
Density 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
Households 17,243
However, some of the structures have wide setbacks from the river, as shown in Figure
2.01. Hence, they are rarely affected by the overflowing river. Therefore, these barangays are
purposively not selected as the risk of river flooding is unlikely to happen.

Figure 2.03. Barangay Affected with River Flooding
19
As a result, the barangays (see in Figure 2.3) in which some structures are near in the river
are the Castellano, Mallorca, Mambangnan and San Bartolome. However, an interview to the
barangay secretary of the following barangays are conducted, and it is found out that they are
rarely flooded by the river. Hence, eliminating some areas down to the barangay that are most
likely to experience the inundation of water from the river.
Research Instrument
The research instruments used in this study is a questionnaire and a computational
hydraulic river modeling approach.
First, the questionnaire is conducted with an interview around the Municipality of San
Leonardo to define the occurrence of flood risk in that area, the frequency of flood, and the extent
of damage due to the overflowing of the Peñaranda River.
The study utilized a software to perform the necessary simulations and analyses. The main
software used in this study is the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-
RAS) which is usually used for floodplain mapping and risk assessment. Moreover, HEC-RAS
was also used to delineate the floodplain, generate flood models, and simulate flow depth and
hazard maps.
In addition to this software, this study also needs to utilized various data sets and
parameters to achieve realistic simulations and outputs. These includes:
1. Elevation Data: This is crucial for accurately modeling the river and its floodplain. And
this secondary data is taken from the website available in Phased Array L-band Synthetic
Aperture Radar (PALSAR).
20
2. Land Cover: This data is essential for understanding the terrain's surface characteristics
and infiltration capacity. And this secondary data is taken in the site of Geoportal
Philippines.
3. Hydrometry and Rainfall Data: This includes hydrometry data for different discharge
points in the river and Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) data, which describes
the frequency and intensity of rainfall events. This meteorological data is requested in the
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA).
Hence, the combination of these software, data, and parameters allows for developing a
comprehensive computational model for hydraulic river modeling.
Data Gathering
In this study, the following method are taken to gather the following data needed.
- Elevation Data
Gathering digital elevation model of the Peñaranda River and its surrounding areas is
crucial for understanding the terrain, water flow patterns, and potential flood zones. This can be
done through the secondary data found in the website of Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture
Radar (PALSAR), which is one of the three instruments in Advanced Land Observing Satellite
(ALOS) developed to contribute to the fields of precise regional land-coverage observation,
mapping, disaster monitoring, and resource surveying. Moreover, ALOS is under the mission of
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
21
- Historical Flood Data
Collecting historical flood data and records is essential for understanding past flood events
and their impacts. Hence, this information can be obtained from the residents living near the
Peñaranda River.
In this case, the historical flood data is taken through an interview to the residents who are
affected by the overflowing of Peñaranda River, with a set of questions from the questionnaire;
and purposively conducting an interview in the barangay hall, who are knowledgeable in the events
around their area.
First, the researchers conducted an interview on the barangay halls to identify the
possibility of the households being submerged by the water from the river. This way, the
researchers was able to eliminate and prioritize the areas that needed an optimization of flood
mitigation controls.
Then, the researchers conducted an interview questionnaire around the households in the
proximity of the Peñaranda River to assess the impact of the river flooding. In this case, the data
obtained through the interview questionnaire identifies the approximate depth of flood, and the
time it reaches on that height. Afterwards, the researchers also identified the effectivity of the
existing structural and non-structural flood mitigation controls. In addition to that, the researchers
also find the effect of the river flooding in terms of their livelihood.
Hence, with this historical flood data gathered, the researchers identified the value of the
optimization of the flood mitigation control.
- Meteorological Data
Obtaining meteorological data and river flow data is crucial for incorporating real-time and
dynamic factors into flood modeling. This is the case, in estimating design for flood hydraulic
22
structures and bases of flood hazard or risk mitigation related programs to estimate the river
discharges with the use of Rain Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) (Francés, 2010). The RIDF
is used to define to discharge points in the river basin per 2-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 50- and 100-
year return period. Wherein, the return periods are used to simulate the outcomes of flood to define
the characteristics of the possible reoccurrence of heavy rainfalls, this includes the depth and
intensity of the rain. (Alcantara-Ayala, 2002)
Afterwards, an alternating block method is used on the RIDF to generate a hypothetical
frequency storm, and develop a depth-duration relationship. By the definition of Hydrologic
Engineering Center (HEC), the frequency-based hypothetical storm that is included in the software
program River Analysis System (RAS) for the simulation of rainfall, is to define an event for which
the precipitation depths for various durations within the storm have a consistent exceedance
probability.
In this case, the alternating block method (Chow, Maidment, Mays, 1988) is used to
develop a hyetograph from the incremental precipitation values (blocks). This method positions
the block of maximum incremental depth first at the specified location in the storm.
Therefore, with the use of the RIDF, the researchers were able to identify the amount of
precipitation per return periods in the Cabanatuan Station. Moreover, the Municipality of San
Leonardo is under the Cabanatuan Station, based from the Thiessen Polygon of Rain Intensity
Duration Frequency (RIDF) Stations for the whole Philippines, as shown in Figure 2.04.
- Land Cover
Land cover another layer of information by providing insights into the characteristics of
the land surface. Different land cover types have varying impacts on water infiltration and runoff,
which influence how water flows and accumulates during flood events.
23
Photo from DREAM (2015)
Figure 2.04. Thiessen Polygon of Rain Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) Stations for the
whole Philippines
24
In this case, the land cover are gathered in Geoportal Philippines. This is a site which is
used to find and access geospatial data and services. The Geoportal Philippines is commonly used
as a tool for strategic planning, situational analysis, and other requirements.
Table 2.02. Manning’s n-values
Land Cover Description Manning’s n-values

11 Open Water 0.001
21 Developed, open space 0.0404
22 Developed, low intensity 0.0678
23 Developed, medium intensity 0.0678
24 Developed, high intensity 0.0404
31 Barren land 0.0113
41 Deciduous forest 0.36
42 Evergreen forest 0.32
43 Mixed forest 0.40
52 Shrub/ scrub 0.40
71 Grassland/ herbaceous 0.368
81 Pasture/ Hay 0.325
82 Cultivated crops 0.037
90 Woody wetlands 0.086
95 Emergent herbaceous wetlands 0.1825
Moreover, the Land Cover is used for identifying Manning’s n value which is needed to
accurately model the floodplain. Provided that the Manning’s n values used for each land Cover
characteristics, as shown in Table 2.02.
- Flood Mitigation Structure Design
Flood mitigation structures that are built along the Peñaranda River may affect the river
flow. To illustrate, the dike built along the river might help to prevent flooding by forcing the river
to flow more quickly and with greater force. However, the water is led to the other side of the river,
which causes a more severe flooding in that area. Hence, the design of this constructed flood
mitigation structures is necessary to properly design the flood mitigation structure. As a result, this
25
data is requested in the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Nueva Ecija 2nd
District Engineering Office in San Isidro, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.
Integrating all these data sources together helps create a comprehensive and robust
understanding of the Peñaranda River and its surrounding areas. This data forms the foundation
for developing accurate flood models, evaluating flood risks, and implementing effective flood
management strategies.
Data Analysis and Techniques
To analyze the data collected for the Peñaranda River hydraulic river model and floodplain
mapping, several steps can be taken.
- Collecting Data and Gathering Information
The first step in the process is to gather all the necessary data and information required for
hydraulic river modeling. This first step serves as a plan or guideline to prepare all the necessary
data in a short period of time. The data gathered served as the basis for developing an accurate and
reliable computational-based hydraulic river model.
Table 2.03. Schedule for Data Gathering
Data Process Duration

Elevation Geoportal Philippines 1 day
Survey with Questionnaire &
Historical Flood Data Interview 1 week
Rainfall Intensity Duration
Frequency Request of data in PAGASA 2 weeks
Available Public Use of Academic
Land Cover Research/Data 1 day
Available Public Use of Academic
Flood Hazard Map Research/Data 1 day
Flood Mitigation Structure Design Request of data in DPWH 2 weeks
26
In the Table 2.03 shown is the duration of each data gathering process, including the
necessary time for preparation and execution. By identifying the activity which has the longer
duration means that it is the critical activity and it must be the priority. On the other hand, data that
are not in priority can be done in between of each data gathering activity.
- Developing the Hydraulic River Model
Using HEC-RAS, the researchers developed a computational-based hydraulic river model.
This model incorporates the collected data, including river geometry, rainfall patterns, flow rates,
hydraulic properties, and other relevant factors. The model accounts for the physics of river
hydraulics and will simulate how water flows through the river system under various flood
scenarios. The accuracy and reliability of the model are crucial to obtain meaningful simulation
results.
- Validating the Model
To ensure the accuracy of the hydraulic river model, it is necessary to validate the model
by comparing the simulated results with observed data from past flood events. The researchers
assessed the model's reliability by comparing historical flood levels, extents, and other relevant
data with the model's output. Any discrepancies or limitations of the model can be identified and
addressed during the validation process.
In this process, the simulated results were compared with the flood hazard map from the
LiDAR Portal for Archiving and Distribution (LiPAD) website. Here, LiPAD serves as an access
of primary datasets of Light Detection and Ranging Data (LiDAR), including Digital Elevation
Models (DEMs), Orthophotos, Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), Classified LAZ, Flood Hazard
Maps and Resource Maps. In return, this data set provides the local government units and national
27
government agencies to utilize the data for more effective planning, disaster mitigation, and post-
disaster rehabilitation towards the quality service to the Filipino public and as a contribution to
nation-building. (Martinito, 2016)
- Generating Floodplain Maps
The researchers generated floodplain maps using the validated hydraulic river model.
These maps depict the areas that are prone to flooding during various flood scenarios. The
floodplain maps considered the river hydraulics, river flow rates, rainfall patterns, and other
relevant factors.
- Analyzing and Identifying High-Risk Areas
The researchers analyzed floodplain maps to identify high-risk areas within the
municipality of San Leonardo. These areas are prone to significant flooding and require immediate
attention and flood mitigation measures. The researchers also identified critical points along the
Peñaranda River based on the model's output. These critical points may require specific flood
mitigation controls to minimize the risk of flooding.
- Assessment of Flood Mitigation Controls
The researchers assessed the flood mitigation control based on the manual on flood control
planning provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The formulation of the
“Manual on Flood Control Planning” is under JICA’s Assisted Project for the Enhancement of
Capabilities in Flood Control and Sabo Engineering (Project ENCA), which is an effort by the
DPWH through the Project Management Office (PMO) of the Flood Control and Sabo Engineering
Center to provide references in planning of flood control structures.
28
Afterwards, the control measure's effectiveness and potential impact on the local
community and environment are assessed through HEC-RAS. Hence, the researchers used the
hydraulic river model and floodplain maps to simulate the potential impact of these measures and
inform the decision-making process.
- Optimizing Flood Mitigation Controls
The researchers optimized the placement and design of the flood mitigation controls based
on the simulation results. This involves determining the most effective locations and dimensions
for implementing flood mitigation measures to minimize flood risks. The optimization process is
guided by the hydraulic river model, floodplain maps, and other relevant factors such as cost-
effectiveness and environmental impact.
- Procedure of Designing Dike/Levees
It is important to note that these are general procedures and the actual process can vary
greatly depending on the specific project and location. As recommended by the Department of
Public Works and Highways in cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency (2002),
the overall procedure for planning flood mitigation structure is shown in Figure 2.05.
Preliminary Analysis is the first step to understand the purpose of the dike or levee, the
local environment, and the potential flood risks. This involves studying historical flood data,
climate change projections, and the potential impact of a flood event on the community. Site
Investigation must be conducted, a thorough investigation of the site where the dike or levee will
be built. This includes studying the soil type, groundwater conditions, and any potential
environmental impacts. Geotechnical investigations may be required to understand the soil
properties and stability. The design of the dike or levee will be based on the preliminary analysis
29
and site investigation. This includes determining the height, width, and length of the structure, as
well as the materials to be used. The design should consider factors such as the expected flood
level, wave action, potential for erosion, and the need for access for maintenance and inspection
(Department of Public Works and Highways; Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2002).
Figure 2.05. General Project Flow as per JICA
Once the design is finalized, the construction phase begins. This includes preparing the
site, constructing the dike or levee, and installing any necessary equipment. The construction
process must follow the design specifications and quality control measures should be in place to
ensure the integrity of the structure. After the dike or levee is built, regular inspections and
maintenance are necessary to ensure the structure remains effective and safe. This includes
checking for signs of erosion, seepage, or damage, and carrying out necessary repairs.
30
In conclusion, the computational hydraulic river modeling of the Peñaranda River for
floodplain mapping and optimizing flood mitigation controls in the municipality of San Leonardo
involves a step-by-step process that includes data collection, model development, validation,
floodplain mapping, analysis of high-risk areas, evaluation of flood mitigation controls, and
optimization of these controls. This process aims to minimize the impact of floods on the
municipality and ensure the safety and well-being of its residents.
31
CHAPTER III
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Existing Risks of River Flooding in San Leonardo
The risk of river flooding or the overflowing of Peñaranda River in the Municipality of San
Leonardo is different per barangay. First, the Barangay San Bartolome is the least likely to
experience any form of flooding in their area. Based on the Barangay Secretary of San Bartolome,
their area has an effective drainage system that’s why flooding was rarely seen. In contrary in our
interview with the Barangay Secretary of Mallorca, that their area has been suffering with flooding
due to the clogged drainage.
However, in our interview with these two barangays, they have discussed that there is no
house that have been submerged by the overflowing water from the Peñaranda River. This is
according to Marilou Aquino, the Barangay Secretary of San Bartolome, that the river flooding’s
last occurrence was approximately 35 years ago. She added that ever since the widening of
Peñaranda River, the overflowing water have not reached the residential areas anymore. However,
different crops that are set in low-lying areas and are beside the Peñaranda River is affected in the
overflowing of the river. Hence, leading to the low yield crops and suffering in the livelihood of
the farmers. And this situation is also the same in the two following barangays: Mambangnan and
Nieves.
On the other hand, according to barangay secretary of Castellano, she stated that their area
has been suffering with the overflowing water from Peñaranda River. And it is not just the
destruction of crops, but the houses in Barangay Castellano are also submerged. She also added
that due to the construction of the levee in the other side of the river, the overflowing water are
then redirected in their area making the risk of river flooding more dangerous in their area.
32
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Purok 1 Purok 5 Purok 7A Purok 7B
Knee to Waist High Waist to Chest High

Above Average Human Height One-Storey High
Figure 3.01 Maximum Depth of Flood Experienced per Purok Affected in Barangay Castellano
Furthermore, according to the interview conducted in Barangay Castellano, that there are
four (4) puroks which houses are affected due to the overflowing of rivers. These are the Purok 1,
Purok 5, Purok 7A and Purok 7B. In this case, as shown in the Figure 3.01, that Purok 1 experience
a knee to waist and one-storey high of flood depth. This is due to the different elevation of houses
in their area. Moreover, Purok 5 experiences an waist to chest and above average human height of
flood depth. While Purok 7A, experiences a waist to chest and one-storey height of depth flood,
again, this is due to the varying level of elevations of the natural ground line. However, residents
in Purok 7B has all stated that they experiences a one-storey depth of flood.
Hence, it is important to show action to those who are suffering due to the destruction of
river flooding. This includes the damage in personal properties, destruction of crops, and loss of
domestic animals only if not properly evacuated. In addition to that, it is inevitable that some of
the residents might acquire physical injuries during evacuation, but none of the residents loss their
lives due to the flood. This is due to the active early warning or notice from the barangay officials
33
to evacuate their areas, most specially to Purok 5, Purok 7A and Purok 7B of Barangay Castellano
as there are many residents living in these low-lying areas, and they are those who are heavily
affected by the flash floods from the Peñaranda River.
This early warning notice from the barangay officials held a great importance for the
residence during typhoon season because of the frequent case of flash floods in the Peñaranda
River. By definition of the National Weather Service (2023), flash floods are characterized by
raging torrents after heavy rains that rip through river beds, and urban streets. Moreover, flash
floods can occur within minutes or a few hours of excessive rainfall.
In this case, based on the interview conducted in the residence of Barangay Castellano,
they stated that a waist to above average human height of flood takes about two (2) to twelve (12)
hours to occur in Purok 5. Meanwhile, the one-storey height of flood takes about a two (2) to six
(6) hours to occur in Purok 7A and Purok 7B. And a maximum depth of flood takes about less than
two (2) hours in Purok 1. This proves, the there’s a high risk of flash floods in the Peñaranda River
that might endanger the residents, especially those who are living in the low-lying areas.
According to RadyoMaN Manila (2022), that there are 12 residents in Barangay Castellano
who are rescued by the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) after being trapped in their house because
of the fast-rising water level due to the Super Typhoon Karding. Moreover, based on the News
and Press Release (2023), that the Philippine Red Cross (PRC) have reached 1,184 families in
Gapan City, General Tinio, Peñaranda, and San Leonardo in Nueva Ecija who are affected by the
Super Typhoon Karding. Simply, that the occurrence of intense rainfalls and flashfloods have put
the residents’ life at risk.
34
Moreover, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) urged the local
government officials to strictly regulate the construction of houses along the banks of the
Peñaranda River that traverses in southern municipalities and cities of Nueva Ecija because of
overflowing and flooding. (Calumpitan, 2005)
Hence, the analysis of the behavior of flood held a great importance in this study as this
helped analyze the risk of flood, and assessed which flood mitigation control might be effective to
construct in the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija.
Behavior of Flood Due to the Excess Water in San Leonardo
Flood happened when the overflowing water soaks the land that is normally dry. Moreover,
based on the National Geographic (2023), that the flood may develop in different ways. The most
common is the river flooding, wherein the river overflows the floodplain, which is also known as
the land surrounding the river.
Table 3.1. Computed Extreme Values (in mm) of Precipitation in Cabanatuan Station
10 mins 20 mins 30 mins 1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs 6 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs

2 yrs 19.5 31.5 39.7 54.5 69.8 77.3 91.7 107.3 126.1
5 yrs 26.7 44.2 55.2 78.7 99 108.8 129.3 154.7 184.3
10 yrs 31.5 52.6 65.5 94.7 118.4 129.7 154.2 186.1 222.9
15 yrs 34.2 57.3 71.3 103.7 129.3 141.4 168.2 203.8 244.7
20 yrs 36.0 60.6 75.3 110 136.9 149.7 178.1 216.2 259.9
25 yrs 37.5 63.2 78.5 114.9 142.8 156 185.6 225.7 271.6
50 yrs 42.0 71.1 88.1 129.9 160.9 175.5 209 255.1 307.8
100 yrs 46.4 78.9 97.6 144.8 178.9 194.9 232.1 284.3 343.7
Furthermore, the cause of river flooding may develop in several ways, this includes heavy
rains, flash floods and release of dam water. In this case, the intense rainfalls over a short period
of time may exceed the normal capacity of the river channel. Therefore, with the use of the Rain
35
Intensity Duration Frequency (RIDF) as shown in Table 3.01, we were able to identify the amount
of precipitation per return periods in the Cabanatuan Station.
In this case, we designed a 24-hr hypothetical storm with a one-minute computation
interval for a 4% Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) using the alternate block method.
Furthermore, the computed data is presented using a middle-loaded frequency storm as shown in
Figure 3.02.
As shown at the start of the graph (Figure 3.02) , that there is a low intensity rain of 0.05
mm/min at one minute of rainfall. Then, after 11 hours there was a sudden increase of rainfall
intensity until it reaches its peak of 10.16mm/min at the time of 11.98 hours. Then, the continuous
decrease of rainfall intensity occurred until it reaches a 0.05 rainfall intensity at 24 hours.
Moreover, intense rain is defined as rainfall greater than 100mm in 24 hours (Yang Yang,
n.d.). Thus, the occurrence of heavy rain in the municipality of San Leonardo and its nearby area
is most likely to happen.
Another case may happen is when the mountainous region of General Tinio receives more
rainfall that runoffs in the Peñaranda River.
According to Moran (2018), that there are two things needed for the precipitation to
happen, these are moisture and lift. To illustrate, when the air reaches the mountains, it is forced
to rise over this barrier. As the air moves up the windward side of a mountain, the air cools and its
36
RAINFALL INTENSITY (MM/MIN)
0
4
6
8
2
10
12
0.02
0.47
0.92
1.37
1.82
2.27
2.72
3.17
3.62
4.07
4.52
4.97
5.42
5.87
6.32
6.77
7.22
7.67
8.12
8.57
9.02
9.47
9.92
10.37
10.82
37
11.27
11.72
12.17
12.62
TIME (HOURS)
13.07
13.52
13.97
14.42
14.87
15.32
15.77
16.22
16.67
Figure 3.02. 24-hour Frequency Storm in 25-Year Return Period
17.12
17.57
18.02
18.47
18.92
19.37
19.82
20.27
20.72
21.17
21.62
22.07
22.52
22.97
23.42
23.87
Data from PAG-ASA
Photo from simulated result in HEC-RAS
Figure 3.03. Municipality of San Leonardo with River Runoff from Mountains Only
38
Figure 3.04. Municipality of San Leonardo with Heavy Rainfall and River Runoff from
Mountains
39
volume decreases. Hence, the humidity increase, then orographic clouds and precipitations start to
develop.
Since, mountains accumulate more rain in compare to the flat lands, runoffs start to occur.
Simply, according to the National Geographic (2023), that the runoff happens when there is more
rainwater than the land can absorb, hence the excess liquid flows across the surface of the land and
into the nearby rivers, creeks, streams, or ponds. And this results to the increase of discharge water
in the Peñaranda River.
The figures show the flooded area, which are shaded in red at the map. In this scenario,
there are two flood conditions that had happened, first is the municipality of San Leonardo with
river runoff from the mountains only (see in Figure 3.03), and the next figure is the municipality
of San Leonardo with heavy rainfall and river runoff from the mountains (see in Figure 3.04). By
comparing these two figures, it is shown that with just the river runoff from the mountains of
General Tinio, the Peñaranda River had already overflowed. Hence, the heavy rainfall in San
Leonardo may contribute to the fast-rising level of water in the river. However, the cause of its
overflowing is due to the increased of discharge from the runoff in the mountainous region of
General Tinio.
Therefore, the behavior of the flood is usually caused by the runoff water in the
mountainous region of General Tinio which affects the community of the Municipality of San
Leonardo.
Highly Affected Area due to the Overflowing of Peñaranda River
There are five barangays in San Leonardo that is beside the Peñaranda River; these are the
Castellano, Nieves, Mambangnan, San Bartolome, and Mallorca, as shown in Figure 3.05.
40
Figure 3.05. Barangays Near the Peñaranda River
As stated earlier, that there are different risks per barangay depending on the land use of
the flood plain or the area near the Peñaranda River. By the definition of the US. Environmental
Protection Agency (2024), land use is the term used to describe the human use of land. It represents
the economic and cultural activities (such as agricultural, residential, industrial, mining, and
recreational uses) that are practiced at a given place.
In this case, the land use map uses a color scheme to describe the human use of that land,
this includes yellow for the annual crop, green for the perennial crop, brown for the built-up
structures, and light blue for the Peñaranda River. Moreover, the occurrence of flooding is
illustrated through the color scheme of flood hazard map in order to show the depth of flood in its
covered area. With this, the researchers can identify the probable losses per barangay when
flooding occurs, and how they are affected on the occurrence of the overflowing of Peñaranda
River.
41
Figure 3.06. Land Use Map in San Leonardo without and with Flooding
As shown in Figure 3.06, is the Land Use Map of the Municipality of San Leonardo, Nueva
Ecija of with and without the simulation of flooding. In this figure, the researchers can identify the
risk of the flood and the losses that may occur. Hence, they shall identify per barangay of which
subjects are at risk during the occurrence of the overflowing of the Peñaranda River.
First, as shown in Figure 3.07, the overflowing waters have only affected the annual crop
in Barangay Mallorca. However, in the interview conducted in the Barangay Office of Mallorca,
they stated that the occurrence of flooding in their area is due to the clogged drainage. Moreover,
as shown to the setbacks of the households in the Peñaranda River, the residential area are unlikely
to be affected by the overflowing of Peñaranda River.
On the other hand, in Figure 3.08, the overflowing waters have only affected a few
numbers of structure in Barangay San Bartolome. However, as stated earlier that there is an
effective drainage system in their area. Moreover, they also added that the last overflowing of
Peñaranda River that affected the residential and commercial area had happen for more than 30
42
years ago. Hence, there is a small possibility for the reoccurrence of the overflowing of Peñaranda
River.

Figure 3.07. Land Use Map in Barangay Mallorca, San Leonardo with Flooding

Figure 3.08. Land Use Map in Barangay San Bartolome, San Leonardo with Flooding
43
Figure 3.09. Land Use Map in Barangay Mambangnan, San Leonardo with Flooding

Figure 3.10. Land Use Map in Barangay Nieves, San Leonardo with Flooding
Furthermore, the affected area in Barangay Mambangnan (see in Figure 3.09) and
Barangay Nieves (see in Figure 3.10) are also only annual crops. Therefore, the residential or
commercial area are unlikely to be affected by the overflowing of Peñaranda River in this current
44
year of 2024. Unless, new structures are built near the Peñaranda River, then further study is
necessary to conduct in this area. Hence, the use of this flood hazard map may give an importance
to the residents to show on which area is safe when constructing a house or a commercial space.
Since most of the barangays are affected by the overflowing of river through the damage
of crops, then the losses in the municipality of San Leonardo are mostly involved with the farmers
or the agricultural sector. In this case, as stated by Galvez (2013), that when Typhoon Santi hits in
the Philippines, the fourth congressional district had received the biggest crop damage in Nueva
Ecija. This fourth congressional district includes Gapan City, towns in Cabiao, General Tinio,
Jaen, Peñaranda, San Antonio, San Isidro, and San Leonardo accounting to a crop damage of
P741.8 million. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 3.11, are the annual crops found alongside the
Peñaranda River that are washed away during the river flooding. Moreover, many and various
crops are found in this area which are the sole livelihood of some people in this area. Resulting to
difficult recovery of the residents after the typhoon and overflowing of Peñaranda River.
Figure 3.11. Annual Crops alongside of the Peñaranda River
Therefore, the consideration for the flood control mitigation in Barangay Mallorca,
Barangay San Bartolome, and Barangay Mambangan held an importance for the agricultural
45
sector. However, they are second to the priority as it has no risk in terms of property damage and
human lives.

Figure 3.12. Land Use Map in Barangay Castellano, San Leonardo with Flooding
Figure 3.13. Purok 7B in Barangay Castellano, San Leonardo
On the other hand, the residential area, commercial area, and agricultural area are affected
in Barangay Castellano due to the overflowing of Peñaranda River as shown in Figure 3.12.
Moreover, as stated earlier on the interview, that there are many people living near the river (see
46
in Figure 3.13) and are endangered during the typhoon season. This concludes the importance of
the construction of flood mitigation structure in Barangay Castellano.

Figure 3.14. Levee along Barangay Castellano

Figure 3.15. Levee along Barangay Castellano and some part of Barangay Nieves
47
Hence, as shown in Figure 3.14 is a flood control structure, specifically a levee is
constructed along the Barangay Castellano, however there are still a few inundations in a few areas
because of the flood water coming from Barangay Nieves. Therefore, the dike is stretched out in
a part of Barangay Nieves (see in Figure 3.15), to stop the overflowing in those area and to
completely stop the flood in the affected residential area and commercial area in the Barangay
Castellano.
Therefore, according to the simulation of flood in a rainfall intensity of 24-hr frequency
storm that is generated in 25-year return period, it shows that the placement of flood control
structure must start in a coordinate of 15°18′52.452″N 120°55′24.858″E, and ends with a
coordinate of 15°20′12.642″N 120°57′47.916″E. Moreover, this flood control structure must have
a total length of 6-km, starting from Barangay Castellano to some part of Barangay Nieves.
Effect of Existing Flood Control Structure in the Municipality of San Leonardo
Flood control structures are constructed to reduce the area of inundation on floodplains,
reduce flood stage, and reduce flood duration. An example of flood control structures are dikes,
levees, drainage canals and floodways. (Benito, 2013)
In addition to that, there is a positive and negative impact on the construction of flood
control structures. In this case, a widely used structure to protect low-lying, coastal and river side
areas from the inundation of this bodies of water under extreme conditions are dikes or levees.
These structures have a high volume which helps to resists water pressure, sloping sides to reduce
wave loadings and crest heights sufficient to prevent overtopping by flood waters. (Linham and
Nicholls, 2010) This way, the dikes or levees have been extensively utilized as flood defenses to
protect the low-lying areas against inundation.
48
However, a study is conducted assessing the construction of dike in Vietnamese Mekong
Delta showing that there is an increased flood risk downstream in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.
Since, the expanded high dike construction in the upper Mekong Delta had a large hydraulic impact
of an increase of floodwater level for up to +68 cm, and further high dike construction can increase
an additional of +100 cm of floodwater level. Hence, the construction of dike has affected the
flood levels and distribution thus, affecting the downstream region. (Duc Tran, 2018)
Which may be true in the case on the construction of flood mitigation structure along the
Peñaranda River at the side of Gapan City that may redirect the water in the Municipality of San
Leonardo instead. This flood mitigation structure (see in Figure 3.16) is a levee with a two-berm,
concrete slope protection structure on steel sheet pile foundations, which are engineering
interventions that are designed to mitigate the risks of riverbank collapse and water overflow,
preventing threats and damage to properties. (PIAIII, 2023)
Photo from Punto

Figure 3.16. Flood Control Structure in Gapan City
Moreover, in comparison of the overflowing of Peñaranda River, as shown in Figure 3.19;
which is the overlapping simulated flood result of Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis
49
System (HEC-RAS) of the overflowing of Peñaranda River without flood control structure (see in
Figure 3.17) and wih flood control structure (see in Figure 3.18). It shows that there is a difference
in the covered flooded area, which proves that there is an effect on the construction of flood control
structure in San Nicholas to Pambuan, Gapan City.

Figure 3.17. Overflowing of Peñaranda River without Flood Control Structure

Figure 3.18. Overflowing of Peñaranda River with Flood Control Structure
50
Figure 3.19. Overflowing of Peñaranda River with and without Flood Control Structure
5
Depth (m)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Duration (mins)
With Dike Without Dike
Figure 3.20. Overflowing Water Depth Comparison in Peñaranda River of With and Without
Flood Control Structure in Gapan City
51
Furthermore, according to the simulation of flood in HEC-RAS, it shows that there is a
different level of depth of the overflowing water in the Peñaranda River. As shown in Figure 3.20,
we can see that the Peñaranda River with levee have started overflowing after 17 minutes and 26
seconds, in contrast to the Peñaranda River without levee that had only started overflowing after
17 minutes and 32 seconds. Moreover, the maximum flood depth in the Peñaranda River with
levee is 5.782 m at 18 minutes and 54 seconds, while the Peñaranda River without levee is 5.65 m
at 19 minutes. Hence, this proves that there is an increase in the flood depth and the time it takes
for flood to occur.
Therefore, with the construction of flood mitigation structure in Gapan City, there was a
redirection of water that creates a larger flood risk area in the Municipality of San Leonardo.
Moreover, due to the uneven distribution of water, there was an increase of flood depth by 0.132
m which increases the flood risk in the Municipality of San Leonardo. Hence, the proposal of new
flood mitigation measure at the flood risk area is recommended in this study.
Proposal of New Flood Mitigation Measures
There are various ways to optimize flood protection and reduce flood damages along the
river. This includes dike/levee, widening of river, dredging, dam, retarding basin, dam, revetment,
spur dike, groundsill, and sabo works. This flood control measures are based on it purpose of
construction, as shown in the category found in the Table 3.02 of the “Manual on Flood Control
Planning” by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
According the Manual on Flood Control Planning, that there are two categories related to
design the safety level against flood and the design flood frequency. This involves, the increase in
river flow capacity and the reduction/control of the peak discharge of flood. Wherein, as shown in
the Table 3.2, it includes the construction of dike/levee, widening of waterway/rive,
52
dredging/excavation, dam, retarding basin, and floodway. However, which of this following stated
is more convenient and efficient to construct?
Table 3.02. Flood Control Measures (Table 5.1, Manual on Flood Control Planning – Japan
International Cooperation Agency)
No. Category Facility/Measure
1 Increase of river flow capacity Dike/Levee
Widening of waterway/river
Dredging/Excavation
Combination of above
2 Reduction/control of the peak discharge of Dam
flood Retarding Basin
Floodway
3 Prevention of bank collapse Revetment
Spur dike
Change of waterway/cut-off
channel
4 Prevention of riverbed degradation Groundsill
5 Prevention of obstruction against river flow Sabo works (for sediment control)
and/or maintain/conserve the good condition Regular maintenance (channel
of the river to keep the flow uninterrupted excavation/ dredging)
Table 3.03. Dam and Reservoir Potential Hazard & Risk Classifications (PHRC) Designation
System (Table 3.1.2, General Guidelines and Criteria for Planning, Design, Construction,
Operation, and Maintenance of Reservoir Dams – National Irrigation Administration)
PHRC DESIGNATION & RATING
Risk PHRC-1 PHRC-2 PHRC-3
(Low) (Significant/Moderate) (High/Extreme)
*(H2.V1/2) (H2.V1/2) < 25.0 25.0<(H2.V1/2)< 275.0 (H2.V1/2)>275.0
Life Safety (Lives in Loss of human life is
None/Loss of human Loss of human life is
Jeopardy) inevitable. (More
life is unlikely and possible (1-Family or
Risk/Loss of Life than 5-Persons or >1-
not expected 5-Persons)
Family)
Economic Risk Low Moderate/Significant High/Extreme
Environmental Risk Low Moderate/Significant High/Extreme
Social Disruption Low (Local/Rural
Regional National
Risk Area)
*(H2.V1/2) - Shall be one of the Criterion for Potential Hazard & Risk Classification (Ref.#22)
53
When it comes to controlling the river flow, dams have the capacity to hold different
amounts of floodwater and precisely regulate when the water releases. This lessens how big of an
impact flood will have (International Hydropower Association, 2023). However, dams can also
have socio-economic impacts, including displacement of communities, loss of livelihoods, and
changes to local cultures and traditions. Dams on the other hand is prone to water stagnation, which
can result in issues like the growth of dangerous algae and the deterioration of water quality, is
avoided by constant flow (WWF, n.d.). Given the elevation of the natural ground line along the
river banks of the Peñaranda River, building a dam will require a much larger dike and levee
around it which may result to a much expensive infrastructure project.
Furthermore, based on the Dam and Reservoir Potential Hazard & Risk Classifications
(PHRC) Designation System of the National Irrigation Administration as shown in the Table 3.03,
considering the number of population and commercial establishments in the nearby Barangays,
building a dam in Peñaranda River along the communities of Castellano, Pambuan, and San
Nicolas can be qualified as Potential Hazard and Risk Classification or PHRC-3 (National
Irrigation Administration, 2019). This shows that building a dam in the said location possess a
high risk for the communities nearby.
For several reasons, constructing dikes and levees is a better choice than creating a
retarding basin. First, a river's flow capacity can be increased by using dikes and levees, enabling
it to carry more water and lowering the danger of flooding. Retarding basin takes time to fill and
might not be able to stop unexpected flash floods. A retarding basin only offers restricted
protection while dikes and levees can be constructed all the way up a river, protecting a wider area.
As shown on the map, the Municipality of San Leonardo, specifically the surrounding of
Peñaranda River is surrounded by farmlands which therefore, building dikes and levees can have
54
less impact on the surrounding ecosystem than building a retarding basin. Keeping an eye out for
clogged or blocked openings is one of the most crucial maintenance tasks for a retarding basin.
The basins will operate correctly only if the pipelines are kept free of debris. It can be more
expensive to maintain than to maintain dikes and levees (Leber, 2015).
Considering floodways on the other hand, just like retarding basins, dikes have lower
maintenance costs compared to floodways. This is because floodways may require regular
dredging to remove sediment and debris, while dikes mainly require inspection and repair of any
damage (Department of Public Works and Highways; Japan International Cooperation Agency,
2002). Water displaced by floodways could result in more flooding in regions close to the protected
area. In a study conducted by the University of Bristo (2017) concluded that the economic and
long-term benefits of building dikes to reduce flood damage far outweigh their initial cost.
Moreover, the cost of building a dike or a dam can vary significantly based on the data,
including the project's size and location, the surrounding environment, and the materials being
used. A dam's construction costs include several elements, including labor, materials, design, and
other associated costs in addition to the cost of obtaining the property. A dam can be built for
approximately $0.27 billion (₱15 billion) to $3.6 billion (₱200 billion) per kilometer, and its annual
operating and maintenance expenditures can vary from $0.6 million (₱34 million) to $22 million
(₱1.2 billion) (Aerts, 2018). Levees and Dikes on the other hand can be less expensive than
building a dam, especially when taking the structure's length into account. Most dams are shorter
than 0.5 miles (804 meters), while building levees and dikes are frequently done simultaneously
over many meters (Pile Buck International, 2019).
Therefore, the construction of dike/levee is chosen as a flood mitigation measure to be
constructed in Barangay Castellano to some part of Barangay Nieves in the Municipality of San
55
Leonardo. Furthermore, by the definition of Britannica, the dikes protect the land that would
naturally be underwater most of the time. Meanwhile, Levee protect the land that is normally dry
but may be flooded when rain raises the water level in the body of water, such as a river. Hence,
the proposed flood mitigation structure to protect the residential and commercial areas of Barangay
Castellano is the construction of Levees.
Procedure of Designing Levees
The location of the dike is determined by factors such as proximity to the area requiring
flood protection, land availability, and foundation conditions. The land surrounding the Peñaranda
River around the Brgy. Castellano has 500 meters to 1 kilometer offset from the riverbank to the
residential areas. Thus, having this enough space in constructing a levee is enough without being
an inconvenience to the residence of Brgy, Castellano. The height and geometric configuration of
the dike are generally dictated by the containment requirements, availability of construction
materials, and prevailing foundation conditions.
The material selection for the dike is crucial. The dike is typically made of compacted earth
and can be protected by reinforced concrete. Embankment and backfill must not have muck, peat,
sod, roots, or other deleterious matter. Steel sheet pile shall meet the requirements of American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) M 202. The steel sheet pile
used in this plan is an SKSP-II. SKSP sheet piles are suitable for temperate climate. SKSP type
ⅠA, Ⅱ, IIA, Ⅲ, ⅢA, Ⅳ, ⅤL, ⅥL sheet piling is most cost effective in situations when a piled
foundation is required to support the dike or where speed of construction is critical. Supports
formed from SKSP sheet piling can act as both foundation and support and can be driven in a
single operation, requiring a minimum of space and time for construction. Shown in Table 3.4 is
the characteristic of SKSP-II.
56
Table 3.04. Characteristic of SKSP-II steel sheet pile
Dimensions Per Pile Per Linear Meter of Wall

Section Moment Moment
Sectional Section Sectional Section
Type Width Height Thickness
Area
Weight of
Modulus Area
Weight of
Modulus
Inertia Inertia
Mm Mm Mm Cm2 Kg/m 4cm 3cm Cm2/m Kg/m 4cm/m 3cm/m
874
SKSP-II 400 100 10.5 61.18 48 1240 152 153 120 8740
Stable excavation below the existing ground surface is highly dependent on foundation soil
and groundwater conditions. For most soil conditions with limited seepage, unsupported
excavation side slopes can typically be developed at 1.5 Horizontal to 1 Vertical (1.5H:1V) or
flatter. Shown below is the computation of side slope. Average elevations are based from the
DPWH dike plan on Brgy. Pambuan, San Lorenzo, and San Nicolas where Ave. Natural Grade
Line is 45,000mm, deepest river bed is 40,000mm, maximum water level is 53,640mm, adding a
1-meter freeboard providing a design elevation of 54,640mm.
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
54,640𝑚𝑚 − 45,000𝑚𝑚 = 9,640𝑚𝑚

9,640𝑚𝑚
= 4,820𝑚𝑚
2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
4,8202 + 1.5(4,820)2 = 𝑐 2
𝐶 = 8,589𝑚𝑚
Therefore, the height of the dike from the natural grade line is 9.64 meters and the slope
length is 8.59 meters. These are key parameters in the structural design of the dike. Hence, these
measurements ensure that the dike can effectively protect the area from flooding while maintaining
its stability.
57
58
59
60
61
62
CHAPTER IV
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary
Flood occurs due to several reasons, this includes heavy rainfall, overflowing of river,
inefficient flood mitigation control, etc. These flood mitigation controls are either structural or
non-structural that reduce the area of inundation on the floodplains.
One example of a non-structural flood mitigation control is a flood hazard map. This map
indicates the intensity of flood hazard in its covered area. Thus, through this, it helps the residents
where they can safely construct a structure. Moreover, the flood hazard map usually shows that
there is a high intensity of flood risk along the river. This is due to the occurrence of river flooding,
or the overflowing of river in the surrounding land.
Whereas, this is the case in the Municipality of San Leonardo due to the overflowing of
Peñaranda River. According to the interviews on Barangay Officials on the Municipality of San
Leonardo, we found out that the barangays near the river includes Barangay Mallorca, Barangay
San Bartolome, Barangay Mambangnan, Barangay Nieves, and Barangay Castellano. Moreover,
they stated that the community of Mallorca, San Bartolome, Mambangnan, and Nieves are not
affected by the overflowing of river. However, on the interview with the Barangay Secretary of
Castellano, she stated that the Purok 1, Purok 5, Purok 7A and Purok 7B in Barangay Castellano
are all inundated by the river during the typhoon season. In addition to that, the researchers also
conducted an interview to the residents on this area, and they found out that most residents in the
low-lying areas experience a one-storey depth of flood. Hence, proven the intense flood hazard
risk in the residents of Barangay Castellano.
63
Therefore, the researchers also conducted an assessment on the behavior of the river
flooding, especially in Barangay Castellano to identify how flood affects the residents. In this case,
a software program was used to simulate flood which is known as the Hydrologic Engineering
Center River’s Analysis System (HEC-RAS). To use the software, it needed to input the frequency
storm which is derived from the rain intensity duration frequency (RIDF). With the use of
frequency storm, the researchers can identify the intensity of rainfall in the covered area and the
probable amount of rain that can be collected per return period.
However, in this study the researchers used the 24-hr hypothetical storm with a one minute
computation interval for a 4% Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP). With this, they simulated
the flood and it shows that the residents living in the low-lying areas of Barangay Castellano are
indeed inundated by the river.
Moreover, there are two conditions made to identify the cause of the river's overflowing.
First, is the runoff water from the mountains of General Tinio, and then the runoff water with the
occurrence of rain in San Leonardo. And as a result, that even though it did not include the rainfall
in San Leonardo, the overflowing of river still occurs. Hence, the cause of the river flooding is the
runoff water from the mountainous region of General Tinio.
Furthermore, the researchers identify the losses per barangay during the inundation of
Peñaranda River. And the result shows that 4 out 5 barangay that are beside the river are only
affected by the damage of crops; this includes the barangay of Mallorca, San Bartolome,
Mambangnan, and Nieves, whereas, the residents living in this area have a wide setbacks from the
river, thus the probability of inundation due to the river are low. However, there are some residents
in Barangay Castellano that are living in low-lying areas near the river, or in the high intensity
flood risk areas.
64
Thus, in this study the researchers recommend the placement of flood mitigation structure
along Barangay Castellano and some part of Barangay Nieves. They also extended the flood
mitigation structure to Barangay Nieves, because the simulation shows that there are still
inundation in Castellano due to the runoff from Nieves.
As defined, flood mitigation structures are the structural form of flood mitigation control.
This includes the construction of dikes, levees, spillways, dams, etc. In this case, the existing flood
mitigation structure in the Peñaranda River is along the Gapan City, which is constructed from
Barangay San Nicholas to Barangay Pambuan. And it is found out in the simulation, that the flood
mitigation structure, also known as levee, had affected the Municipality of San Leonardo due to
the increase of flood depth and the increase on the time it takes for overflowing to occur.
Therefore, due to the high risk of the residents living in the low-lying areas of San
Leonardo, this study proposes a construction of levee from Barangay Castellano and to some part
of Barangay Nieves.
In this case, constructing dikes and levees is a better choice than creating dams for several
reasons. Dams can control river flow by holding and regulating the release of floodwater, reducing
the impact of floods. However, dams can have socio-economic impacts, including community
displacement, livelihood loss, and cultural changes. Building a dam along the Peñaranda River
would require a larger dike and levee due to the natural ground line elevation, leading to a more
expensive project. The dam could pose a high risk to nearby communities of Castellano, Pambuan,
and San Nicolas.
Moreover, constructing dikes and levees can increase a river's flow capacity, reducing
flood risk. They offer wider area protection compared to the localized protection of a retarding
65
basin. Building dikes and levees around the Peñaranda River, surrounded by farmlands, would
have less impact on the ecosystem. They also have lower maintenance costs compared to retarding
basins, which require regular unclogging of orifices and can be more expensive to maintain.
Floodways on the other hand could cause more flooding in nearby areas due to water displacement.
The land surrounding the Peñaranda River around Brgy. Castellano has a 500-meters to 1
kilometer offset from the riverbank to the residential areas, providing ample space for dike
construction without inconveniencing the residents. The steel sheet pile used in this plan is an
SKSP-II, which meets the requirements of Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) M 202. Supports formed from SKSP sheet piling can act as both foundation
and support and can be driven in a single operation, requiring minimal space and time for
construction. Side slopes are developed at 1.5 Horizontal to 1 Vertical (1.5H:1V) or flatter. A 1-
meter freeboard is added, providing a design elevation of 54,640mm. In conclusion, the height of
the dike from the natural grade line (9.64 meters) and the slope length (8.59 meters) are key
parameters in the structural design of the dike. These measurements ensure that the dike can
effectively protect the area from flooding while maintaining its stability.
Conclusion
The occurrence of the overflowing Peñaranda River had raised concerns to the safety of
the residents living in the low-lying areas. Hence, in this study the researchers conducted a survey
interview to the residents of the Municipality of San Leonardo, and simulated different conditions
of the overflowing of Peñaranda River. Thus, our result shows that:
1. Through field inspections and interviews, the researchers were able to prove that there are
residents living in the high-risk flood hazard area, and they commonly experience a one-
storey depth of flood.
66
2. The cause of the overflowing of Peñaranda River is due to the large amount of runoff from
the mountainous region of General Tinio.
3. Barangay Castellano is the most at risk area due to the people living near the river, while
other barangays, including Mallorca, San Bartolome, Mambangnan and Nieves
experiences damage of crops.
4. The construction of Levee along the Barangay San Nicholas to Barangay Pambuan, has a
significant effect of increase in flood depth and in the time, it takes for overflowing to
occur. Thus, increasing the risk of inundation in the Municipality of San Leonardo.
5. Construction of Levee from Barangay Castellano to some part of Barangay Nieves is
recommended according to the study we had conducted.
Recommendation
Continuous development of the Municipality of San Leonardo is inevitable, due to this
some data may be invalid and may require another study. In addition to that is for the safety of the
residents in the Municipality of San Leonardo, the researchers recommend further studies for the
following:
1. An Assessment on the Impact of the Construction of Levee in Gapan City, if further
development continuous.
2. An Analysis on the Proposed Construction of Levee in the Municipality of San Leonardo,
Nueva Ecija.
3. An Assessment on the Impact of the Construction of Levee in the Municipality of San
Leonardo, Nueva Ecija.
67
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75
Appendices
76
APPENDIX 1
Signed Letters
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
APPENDIX 2
Questionnaire
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Engineering
Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City Nueva Ecija
Good day! The researchers, a student of Nueva Ecija University of Science and
Technology, College of Engineering are currently conducting a study with a title:
“COMPUTER HYDRAULIC RIVER MODELING OF PEÑARANDA RIVER FOR
FLOODPLAIN MAPPING TO OPTIMIZE FLOOD MITIGATION CONTROLS IN SAN
LEONARDO.” For that, the researchers prepared this questionnaire to acquire the data needed
in this study. The researchers are humbly asking for a little time to answer these following
questions. We assure you that all personal information will be kept in private.
Thank you!
-The Researchers
A. Respondent’s Information
1. Name (Optional):
________________________________________________________________________
2. Address:
________________________________________________________________________
3. Gender:
o Male o Female
4. House Elevation:
o One-storey o Three-storey
o Two-storey o Four or more-storey
5. Age:
o Less than 20 years old o 41-50 years old
o 21-30 years old o 51-60 years old
o 31-40 years old o Above 60 years old
85
B. Flooding Information
1. When is the last time you experienced flooding in this area? (Kailan ka huling nakaranas
ng pagbaha sa lugar na ito?)
________________________________________________________________________
2. How far is you house from the river? (Gaano kalayo ang iyong tirahan mula sa malapit
na ilog?)
o Less than 100 meters o 1-3 km
o 100-500 meters o More than 3 km
o 0.5-1 km
3. How deep was the maximum flooding you experienced in this area? (Gaano kalalim ang
pinakamalalang pagbaha na iyong naranasan sa lugar na ito?)
o Below knee high o Above average human height
o Knee to waist high o One-storey high
o Waist to chest high o Above one-storey high
4. During flooding, how much time does it have before it reached the maximum depth?
(Tuwing may pagbaha, gaano katagal bago ito umabot sa pinakamalamim?)
o Less than 2 hours o 7-12 hours
o 2-6 hours o More than 12 hours
C. Flooding Information
1. Did you receive an early warning or notice before the flooding? (Mayroon ba kayong
natanggap na abiso o warning bago ang pagbaha?)
o Yes o No
2. Did you do preventive measures before the flooding? (Mayroon ka bang ginawang
paghahanda bago ang pagbaha?)
o Yes o No
3. If yes, what kind of measures did you do? Choose all possible answers. (Kung oo, anu-
ano ang mga paghahandang ginawa? Piliin ang lahat nang naaayon.)
o Evacuated
o Moving personal belongings to higher places
o Moving the vehicles to higher places
o Prepared a disaster bag (i.e.: Canned Goods and First Aid Kits)
4. If no, why? (Kung hindi, bakit?)

o You are not aware that flooding might occur in the area (Hindi mo alam na may
pagbahang magaganap)
o You had information but you did not know what to do (Alam mong may pagbaha
ngunit hindi alam ang dapat gawin)
86
o You had information but you did not have enough time (Alam mong may pagbaha
ngunit kulang ka na sa oras)
o You had information but chose to do nothing (Alam mong may pagbaha ngunit pinili
mong walang gawin)
5. What usually causes the flooding in your area? Choose all possible answers. (Ano ang
kadalasang sanhi ng pagbaha sa lugar na ito? Piliin lahat nang naaayon.)
o Intense Rainfall o Flashflood
o Typhoon
6. How did the flooding affect your life? Choose all possible answers. (Paano naka apekto
ang pagbaha sa iyong buhay? Piliin ang lahat nang naaayon.)
o Damage of personal properties (i.e.: House, Vehicle, Furniture, or Appliances)
o Damage of crops
o Loss of domestic animals
o Suffered from flood-related diseases
o Loss of love ones
o Others: _______
7. Is there a flood mitigation structure in the nearby river? (Mayroon bang istraktura na
pumipigil ng pagbaha sa malapit na ilog?)
o Yes o No
8. If yes, what kind of structure it is? (Kung oo, anong klase ito?)
________________________________________________________________________
9. Do you think this structure lessen the effect of flooding in this area? (Sa iyong palagay,
epektibo ba ang estrakturang ito sa pagpigil ng pagbaha sa lugar na ito?)
o Yes o No
10. If no, what do you think is an effective flood mitigation structures that can prevent
flooding in your area? (Kung hindi, ano sa iyong palagay ang mas epektibong
pamamaraan upang maiwasan ang pagbaha sa lugar na ito?)
o Dike
87
o Levees
o Channel Straightening and Deepening
o Spill
88
APPENDIX 3
Calculations
Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP)
Duration
Duration
in min 50% 20% 10% 6.67% 5% 4% 2% 1%
1 min 1 1.95 2.67 3.15 3.42 3.6 3.75 4.2 4.64
2 min 2 7.23 9.9 11.68 12.69 13.35 13.91 15.58 17.21
3 min 3 10.32 14.14 16.68 18.11 19.06 19.85 22.24 24.56
4 min 4 12.52 17.14 20.22 21.95 23.11 24.07 26.96 29.78
5 min 5 14.22 19.47 23 24.93 26.25 27.34 30.62 33.83
10 min 10 19.5 26.7 31.5 34.2 36 37.5 42 46.4
15 min 15 26.52 36.94 43.84 47.71 50.39 52.53 59.02 65.41
20 min 20 31.5 44.2 52.6 57.3 60.6 63.2 71.1 78.9
25 min 25 36.01 50.25 59.7 65 68.69 71.62 80.46 89.19
30 min 30 39.7 55.2 65.5 71.3 75.3 78.5 88.1 97.6
45 min 45 48.36 68.95 85.58 90.25 95.6 99.79 112.55 125.21
1 hour 60 54.5 78.7 94.7 103.7 110 114.9 129.9 144.8
1.5 hour 90 63.45 90.57 108.56 118.68 125.74 131.22 148.03 164.75
2 hour 120 69.8 99 118.4 129.3 136.9 142.8 160.9 178.9
3 hour 180 77.3 108.8 129.7 141.4 149.7 156 175.5 194.9
4.5 hour 270 85.72 120.8 144.03 157.08 166.31 173.31 195.1 216.66
6 hour 360 91.7 129.3 154.2 168.2 178.1 185.6 209 232.1
9 hour 540 100.83 144.16 172.86 189.02 200.39 209.06 235.97 262.64
12 hour 720 107.3 154.7 186.1 203.8 216.2 225.7 255.1 284.3
18 hour 1080 118.3 172.01 207.63 227.72 241.76 252.55 285.93 319.05
24 hour 1440 126.1 184.3 222.9 244.7 259.9 271.6 307.8 343.7
Rainfall Depth (mm)
Duration Rainfall depth in mm

50% 20% 10% 6.67% 5% 4% 2% 1%
AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP
1 min 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5
2 min 7 10 12 13 13 14 16 17
3 min 10 14 17 18 19 20 22 25
4 min 13 17 20 22 23 24 27 30
5 min 14 19 23 25 26 27 31 34
10 min 20 27 32 34 36 38 42 46
15 min 27 37 44 48 50 53 59 65
89
20 min 32 44 53 57 61 63 71 79
25 min 36 50 60 65 69 72 80 89
30 min 40 55 66 71 75 79 88 98
45 min 48 69 86 90 96 100 113 125
1 hour 55 79 95 104 110 115 130 145
1.5 hour 63 91 109 119 126 131 148 165
2 hours 70 99 118 129 137 143 161 179
3 hours 77 109 130 141 150 156 176 195
4.5 hour 86 121 144 157 166 173 195 217
6 hours 92 129 154 168 178 186 209 232
9 hours 101 144 173 189 200 209 236 263
12 hours 107 155 186 204 216 226 255 284
18 hours 118 172 208 228 242 253 286 319
24 hours 126 184 223 245 260 272 308 344
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
Duration Rainfall intensity in mm/hr

50% 20% 10% 6.67% AEP 5% 4% 2% 1%
AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP
1 min 117.0 160.2 189.0 205.2 216.0 225.0 252.0 278.4
2 min 216.9 297.0 350.4 380.7 400.5 417.3 467.4 516.3
3 min 206.4 282.8 333.6 362.2 381.2 397.0 444.8 491.2
4 min 187.8 257.1 303.3 329.3 346.7 361.1 404.4 446.7
5 min 170.6 233.6 276.0 299.2 315.0 328.1 367.4 406.0
10 min 117.0 160.2 189.0 205.2 216.0 225.0 252.0 278.4
15 min 106.1 147.8 175.4 190.8 201.6 210.1 236.1 261.6
20 min 94.5 132.6 157.8 171.9 181.8 189.6 213.3 236.7
25 min 86.4 120.6 143.3 156.0 164.9 171.9 193.1 214.1
30 min 79.4 110.4 131.0 142.6 150.6 157.0 176.2 195.2
45 min 64.5 91.9 114.1 120.3 127.5 133.1 150.1 166.9
1 hour 54.5 78.7 94.7 103.7 110.0 114.9 129.9 144.8
1.5 hour 42.3 60.4 72.4 79.1 83.8 87.5 98.7 109.8
2 hours 34.9 49.5 59.2 64.7 68.5 71.4 80.5 89.5
3 hours 25.8 36.3 43.2 47.1 49.9 52.0 58.5 65.0
4.5 hour 19.0 26.8 32.0 34.9 37.0 38.5 43.4 48.1
6 hours 15.3 21.6 25.7 28.0 29.7 30.9 34.8 38.7
9 hours 11.2 16.0 19.2 21.0 22.3 23.2 26.2 29.2
12 hours 8.9 12.9 15.5 17.0 18.0 18.8 21.3 23.7
18 hours 6.6 9.6 11.5 12.7 13.4 14.0 15.9 17.7
24 hours 5.3 7.7 9.3 10.2 10.8 11.3 12.8 14.3
90
24-Hour Storm Event
Total Depth (mm) 126.1 184.3 222.9 244.7 259.9 271.6 307.8 343.7
Incremental rainfall depth with initial, continuing and proportional losses
Time (Hours) 50% 20% 10% 6.67% 5% 4% 2% 1%
AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP AEP
0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.10 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.15 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.20 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.22 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.23 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.27 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.28 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.30 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.32 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.33 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.37 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.38 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.42 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.43 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.45 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.47 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.48 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.50 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.53 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.55 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.57 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.58 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.60 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.62 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.63 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.65 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
91
0.67 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.68 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.70 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.72 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.73 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.75 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.77 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.80 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.82 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.83 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.85 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.87 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.90 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.95 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.10 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.15 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.20 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.22 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.23 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.27 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.28 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.30 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.32 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.33 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.37 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.38 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
92
1.42 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.43 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.45 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.47 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.48 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.50 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.53 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.55 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.57 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.58 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.60 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.62 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.63 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.65 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.67 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.68 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.70 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.72 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.73 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.75 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.77 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.80 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.82 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.83 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.85 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.87 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.90 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.95 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
1.98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.10 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.15 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
93
2.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.20 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.22 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.23 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.27 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.28 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.30 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.32 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.33 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.37 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.38 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.42 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.43 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.45 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.47 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.48 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.50 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.53 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.55 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.57 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.58 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.60 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.62 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.63 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.65 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.67 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.68 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.70 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.72 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.73 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.75 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.77 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.80 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.82 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.83 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.85 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.87 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.90 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
94
2.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.95 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
3.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.08 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.13 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.17 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.18 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.22 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.23 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.25 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.27 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.28 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.30 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.32 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.33 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.35 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.37 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.38 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.40 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.42 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.43 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.45 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.47 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.48 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.50 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.52 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.53 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.55 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.57 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.58 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.60 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.62 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.63 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.65 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
95
3.67 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.68 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.70 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.72 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.73 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.75 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.77 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.78 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.80 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.82 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.83 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.85 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.87 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.88 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.90 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.92 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.93 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.95 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.97 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
3.98 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.08 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.13 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.17 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.18 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.22 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.23 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.25 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.27 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.28 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.30 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.32 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.33 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.35 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.37 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.38 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.40 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
96
4.42 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.43 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.45 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.47 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.48 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.50 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.52 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.53 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.55 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.57 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.58 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.60 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.62 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.63 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.65 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.67 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.68 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.70 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.72 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.73 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.75 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.77 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.78 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.80 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.82 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.83 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.85 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.87 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.88 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.90 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.92 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.93 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.95 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.97 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
4.98 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.08 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.13 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
97
5.17 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.18 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.22 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.23 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.25 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.27 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.28 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.30 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.32 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.33 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.35 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.37 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.38 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.40 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.42 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.43 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.45 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.47 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.48 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.50 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.52 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.53 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.55 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.57 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.58 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.60 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.62 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.63 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.65 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.67 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.68 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.70 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.72 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.73 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.75 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.77 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.78 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.80 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.82 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.83 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.85 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.87 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.88 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.90 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
98
5.92 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.93 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.95 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.97 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
5.98 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
6.00 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.05 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.07 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.10 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.12 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.13 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.15 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.17 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.18 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.20 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.22 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.23 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.25 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.27 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.28 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.30 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.32 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.33 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.35 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.37 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.38 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.40 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.42 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.43 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.45 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.47 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.48 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.50 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.52 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.53 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.55 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.57 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.58 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.60 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.62 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.63 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.65 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
99
6.67 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.68 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.70 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.72 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.73 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.75 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.77 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.78 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.80 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.82 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.83 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.85 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.87 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.88 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.90 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.92 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.93 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.95 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.97 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
6.98 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.00 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.05 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.07 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.10 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.12 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.13 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.15 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.17 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.18 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.20 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.22 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.23 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.25 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.27 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.28 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.30 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.32 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.33 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.35 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.37 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.38 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.40 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
100
7.42 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.43 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.45 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.47 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.48 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
7.50 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.52 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.53 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.55 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.57 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.58 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.60 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.62 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.63 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.65 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.67 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.68 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.70 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.72 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.73 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.75 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.77 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.78 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.80 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.82 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.83 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.85 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.87 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.88 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.90 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.92 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.93 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.95 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.97 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
7.98 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.00 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.02 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.05 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.07 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.08 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.10 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.12 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.13 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.15 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
101
8.17 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.18 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.20 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.22 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.23 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.25 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.27 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.28 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.30 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.32 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.33 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.35 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.37 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.38 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.40 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.42 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.43 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.45 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.47 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.48 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.50 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.52 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.53 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.55 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.57 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.58 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.60 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.62 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.63 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.65 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.67 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.68 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.70 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.72 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.73 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.75 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.77 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.78 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.80 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.82 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.83 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.85 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.87 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.88 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.90 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
102
8.92 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.93 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.95 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.97 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
8.98 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
9.00 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.02 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.03 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.07 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.08 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.10 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.12 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.13 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.15 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.17 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.18 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.20 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.22 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.23 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.25 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.27 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.28 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.30 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.32 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.33 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.35 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.37 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.38 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.40 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.42 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.43 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.45 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.47 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.48 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.50 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.52 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.53 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.55 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.57 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.58 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.60 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.62 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.63 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.65 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
103
9.67 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.68 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.70 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.72 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.73 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
9.75 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.77 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.78 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.80 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.82 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.83 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.85 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.87 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.88 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.90 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.92 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.93 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.95 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.97 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
9.98 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.00 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.02 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.03 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.05 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.07 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.08 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.10 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.12 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.13 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.15 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.17 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.18 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.20 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.22 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.23 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.25 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.27 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.28 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.30 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.32 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.33 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.35 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.37 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.38 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.40 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
104
10.42 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.43 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.45 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.47 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.48 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
10.50 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.52 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.53 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.55 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.57 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.58 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.60 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.62 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.63 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.65 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.67 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.68 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.70 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.72 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.73 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.75 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.77 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.78 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.80 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.82 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.83 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.85 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.87 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.88 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.90 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.92 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.93 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.95 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.97 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
10.98 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
11.00 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.02 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.03 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.05 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.07 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.08 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.10 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.12 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.13 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.15 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
105
11.17 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.18 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.20 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.22 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.23 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
11.25 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.27 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.28 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.30 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.32 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.33 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.35 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.37 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.38 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.40 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.42 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.43 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.45 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.47 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.48 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
11.50 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.52 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.53 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.55 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.57 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.58 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.60 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.62 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
11.63 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.65 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.67 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.68 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.70 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.72 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.73 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
11.75 0.74 0.99 1.16 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.53 1.68
11.77 0.74 0.99 1.16 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.53 1.68
11.78 0.74 0.99 1.16 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.53 1.68
11.80 0.90 1.21 1.42 1.54 1.62 1.68 1.87 2.06
11.82 0.90 1.21 1.42 1.54 1.62 1.68 1.87 2.06
11.83 1.00 1.45 1.75 1.92 2.04 2.13 2.42 2.70
11.85 1.00 1.45 1.75 1.92 2.04 2.13 2.42 2.70
11.87 1.00 1.45 1.75 1.92 2.04 2.13 2.42 2.70
11.88 1.40 2.05 2.47 2.70 2.88 3.01 3.40 3.80
11.90 1.40 2.05 2.47 2.70 2.88 3.01 3.40 3.80
106
11.92 1.06 1.45 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.03 2.28 2.51
11.93 1.06 1.45 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.03 2.28 2.51
11.95 1.06 1.45 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.03 2.28 2.51
11.97 2.20 3.00 3.54 3.84 4.05 4.22 4.72 5.22
11.98 5.28 7.23 8.53 9.27 9.75 10.16 11.38 12.57
12.00 1.95 2.67 3.15 3.42 3.60 3.75 4.20 4.64
12.02 3.09 4.24 5.00 5.42 5.71 5.94 6.66 7.35
12.03 1.70 2.33 2.78 2.98 3.14 3.27 3.66 4.05
12.05 1.06 1.45 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.03 2.28 2.51
12.07 1.06 1.45 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.03 2.28 2.51
12.08 1.40 2.05 2.47 2.70 2.88 3.01 3.40 3.80
12.10 1.40 2.05 2.47 2.70 2.88 3.01 3.40 3.80
12.12 1.40 2.05 2.47 2.70 2.88 3.01 3.40 3.80
12.13 1.00 1.45 1.75 1.92 2.04 2.13 2.42 2.70
12.15 1.00 1.45 1.75 1.92 2.04 2.13 2.42 2.70
12.17 0.90 1.21 1.42 1.54 1.62 1.68 1.87 2.06
12.18 0.90 1.21 1.42 1.54 1.62 1.68 1.87 2.06
12.20 0.90 1.21 1.42 1.54 1.62 1.68 1.87 2.06
12.22 0.74 0.99 1.16 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.53 1.68
12.23 0.74 0.99 1.16 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.53 1.68
12.25 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.27 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.28 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.30 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.32 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.33 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.35 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.37 0.58 0.92 1.34 1.26 1.35 1.42 1.63 1.84
12.38 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.40 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.42 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.43 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.45 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.47 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.48 0.41 0.65 0.61 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.16 1.31
12.50 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.52 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.53 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.55 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.57 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.58 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.60 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.62 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.63 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.65 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
107
12.67 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.68 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.70 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.72 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.73 0.30 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.67
12.75 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.77 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.78 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.80 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.82 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.83 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.85 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.87 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.88 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.90 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.92 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.93 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.95 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.97 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
12.98 0.21 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.43 0.47
13.00 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.02 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.03 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.05 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.07 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.08 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.12 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.13 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.15 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.17 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.18 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.20 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.22 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.23 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.25 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.27 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.28 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.30 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.32 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.33 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.35 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.37 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.38 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.40 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
108
13.42 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.43 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.45 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.47 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.48 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.27
13.50 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.52 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.53 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.55 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.57 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.58 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.60 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.62 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.63 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.65 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.67 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.68 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.70 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.72 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.73 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.75 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.77 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.78 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.80 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.82 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.83 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.85 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.87 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.88 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.90 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.92 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.93 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.95 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.97 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
13.98 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.00 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.02 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.03 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.05 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.07 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.08 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.10 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.12 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.13 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.15 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
109
14.17 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.18 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.20 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.22 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.23 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.24
14.25 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.27 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.28 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.30 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.32 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.33 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.35 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.37 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.38 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.40 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.42 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.43 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.45 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.47 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.48 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.50 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.52 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.53 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.55 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.57 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.58 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.60 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.62 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.63 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.65 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.67 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.68 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.70 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.72 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.73 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.75 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.77 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.78 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.80 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.82 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.83 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.85 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.87 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.88 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.90 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
110
14.92 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.93 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.95 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.97 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
14.98 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
15.00 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.02 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.05 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.07 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.08 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.10 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.12 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.13 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.15 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.17 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.18 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.20 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.22 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.23 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.25 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.27 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.28 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.30 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.32 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.33 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.35 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.37 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.38 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.40 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.42 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.43 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.45 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.47 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.48 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.50 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.52 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.53 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.55 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.57 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.58 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.60 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.62 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.63 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.65 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
111
15.67 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.68 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.70 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.72 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.73 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.75 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.77 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.78 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.80 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.82 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.83 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.85 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.87 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.88 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.90 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.92 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.93 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.95 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.97 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
15.98 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.00 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.02 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.05 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.07 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.08 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.10 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.12 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.13 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.15 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.17 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.18 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.20 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.22 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.23 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.25 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.27 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.28 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.30 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.32 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.33 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.35 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.37 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.38 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.40 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
112
16.42 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.43 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.45 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.47 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.48 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.17
16.50 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.52 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.53 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.55 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.57 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.58 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.60 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.62 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.63 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.65 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.67 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.68 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.70 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.72 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.73 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.75 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.77 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.78 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.80 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.82 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.83 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.85 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.87 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.88 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.90 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.92 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.93 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.95 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.97 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
16.98 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.00 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.02 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.05 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.07 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.10 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.12 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.13 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.15 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
113
17.17 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.18 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.20 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.22 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.23 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.25 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.27 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.28 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.30 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.32 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.33 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.35 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.37 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.38 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.40 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.42 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.43 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.45 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.47 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.48 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.50 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.52 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.53 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.55 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.57 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.58 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.60 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.62 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.63 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.65 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.67 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.68 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.70 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.72 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.73 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.75 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.77 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.78 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.80 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.82 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.83 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.85 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.87 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.88 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.90 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
114
17.92 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.93 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.95 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.97 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
17.98 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12
18.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.08 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.13 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.17 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.18 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.22 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.23 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.25 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.27 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.28 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.30 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.32 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.33 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.35 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.37 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.38 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.40 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.42 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.43 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.45 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.47 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.48 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.50 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.52 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.53 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.55 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.57 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.58 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.60 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.62 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.63 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.65 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
115
18.67 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.68 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.70 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.72 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.73 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.75 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.77 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.78 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.80 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.82 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.83 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.85 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.87 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.88 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.90 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.92 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.93 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.95 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.97 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
18.98 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.08 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.13 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.17 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.18 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.22 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.23 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.25 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.27 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.28 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.30 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.32 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.33 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.35 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.37 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.38 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.40 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
116
19.42 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.43 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.45 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.47 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.48 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.50 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.52 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.53 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.55 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.57 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.58 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.60 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.62 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.63 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.65 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.67 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.68 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.70 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.72 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.73 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.75 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.77 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.78 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.80 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.82 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.83 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.85 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.87 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.88 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.90 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.92 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.93 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.95 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.97 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
19.98 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.08 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.13 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.15 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
117
20.17 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.18 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.22 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.23 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.25 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.27 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.28 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.30 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.32 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.33 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.35 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.37 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.38 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.40 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.42 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.43 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.45 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.47 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.48 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.50 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.52 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.53 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.55 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.57 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.58 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.60 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.62 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.63 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.65 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.67 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.68 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.70 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.72 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.73 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.75 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.77 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.78 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.80 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.82 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.83 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.85 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.87 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.88 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.90 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
118
20.92 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.93 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.95 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.97 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
20.98 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10
21.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.10 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.15 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.20 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.22 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.23 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.27 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.28 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.30 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.32 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.33 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.37 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.38 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.42 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.43 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.45 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.47 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.48 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.50 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.53 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.55 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.57 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.58 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.60 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.62 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.63 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.65 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
119
21.67 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.68 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.70 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.72 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.73 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.75 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.77 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.80 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.82 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.83 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.85 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.87 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.90 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.95 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
21.98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.10 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.15 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.20 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.22 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.23 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.27 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.28 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.30 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.32 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.33 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.37 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.38 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
120
22.42 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.43 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.45 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.47 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.48 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.50 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.53 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.55 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.57 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.58 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.60 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.62 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.63 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.65 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.67 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.68 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.70 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.72 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.73 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.75 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.77 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.80 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.82 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.83 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.85 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.87 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.90 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.95 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
22.98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.08 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.10 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.12 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.15 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
121
23.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.20 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.22 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.23 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.25 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.27 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.28 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.30 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.32 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.33 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.35 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.37 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.38 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.42 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.43 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.45 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.47 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.48 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.50 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.52 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.53 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.55 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.57 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.58 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.60 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.62 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.63 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.65 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.67 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.68 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.70 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.72 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.73 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.75 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.77 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.78 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.80 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.82 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.83 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.85 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.87 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.88 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.90 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
122
23.92 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.93 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.95 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
23.98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
24.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07
123
APPENDIX 4
Documentations
124
125
126
CURRICULUM VITAE
Winnie Fred A. Asuncion
Address: Fort Magsaysay, Palayan City, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: winniefred323@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09289261547
Educational Background
College (2020 – Present)
• Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology – Sumacab Campus
• BS Civil Engineering
Highschool (2014 – 2020)
• Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology – General Tinio Campus
Elementary (2008 – 2014)
• Christian Lights Academy of Nueva Ecija
127
CURRICULUM VITAE
Suzaine Mitch C. Dela Cruz
Address: Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: suzainemitchdc@gmail.com
• Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology – General Tinio Campus
• Cabanatuan East Central School
128
CURRICULUM VITAE
Limuel G. Pascual
Address: San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Email Address: limuelpascual8@gmail.com
• Pulo National High School
• Tabon Elementary School
129

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COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC RIVER MODELING OF PEÑARANDA RIVER FOR

FLOODPLAIN MAPPING TO OPTIMIZE FLOOD MITIGATION CONTROLS IN THE

Presented to the Faculty of the

Civil Engineering Department

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City

of the Requirements for the Subject

CE Project 2 (CE 422)

DELA CRUZ, SUZAINE MITCH C.

ASUNCION, WINNIE FRED A.

May ____, 2024

The project Study entitled “COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULIC RIVER MODELING

ENGR. AMOR JUDITH CABANESAS

ENGR. ROSELLE GONZALES

Approved by the Committee on May ___, 2022

Dela Cruz, Suzaine Mitch C.

ENGR. NATHANIEL S. OLIVEROS

To the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to the residents of the Municipality of San

flooding due to the overflowing of the Peñaranda River.

difference in their ongoing battle against the forces of nature.

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) M 202 specifications. An SKSP-II steel sheet pile is

Title Page .......................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING ................................................... 3

Introduction and Review of Related Literature and Studies ................................. 3

Conceptual Frameworks ...................................................................................... 9

Statement of the Problem/ Objective of the Study.............................................. 11

Significance of the Study .................................................................................... 12

Scope and Limitation of the Study...................................................................... 13

Definition of Terms ............................................................................................ 14

CHAPTER II – METHODS AND PROCEDURE ......................................................... 16

Research Design ................................................................................................. 16

Locale of the Study ............................................................................................ 17

Research Instrument ........................................................................................... 20

Data Analysis and Technique ............................................................................ 26

CHAPTER III – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA ........................................................................ 32

CHAPTER IV – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION

CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................................. 128

2nd Semester A.Y. 2023-2024 Note :

Revision No. ____

Project Draft Manuscript

Engr. Roselle C. Gonzales

Date Submitted: April 19, 2024

FOR FLOODPLAIN MAPPING TO OPTIMIZE FLOOD MITIGATION CONTROLS

IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SAN LEONARDO, NUEVA ECIJA

Presented to the Faculty of the

Civil Engineering Department

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City

of the Requirements for the Subject

DELA CRUZ, SUZAINE MITCH C.

ASUNCION, WINNIE FRED A.

The Problem and its Setting

to prevent and mitigate flooding.

areas. These factors also contribute to river flooding.

Figure 1.01. Flood Hazard Map in San Leonardo

here will probably experience river flooding during typhoon season.

insurance. (Wikipedia, Flood Control, 2024)

transportation of Gapan City, San Isidro and Cabiao. (PIAIII, 2023)

which damaged the crops.

the fertility of the crop lands.