AUSTRALIA

location
Australia is both the world’s largest island and smallest continent. It is the only continent which
is a single country. It is located south of Asia between the Indian and Paci c oceans. Australia
consists of six states and two territories (New SouthWales, Queensland, Victoria,Tasmania,
SouthAustralia, Western Australia, and Northern Territory and AustralianCapital Territory). The
main and o cial language of Australia is English.

History
Australia was settled by Aboriginals indigenousAustralians about 50,000 years ago. Aboriginal
culture was mostly hunter-gatherer and about 250 languages were spoken in Australia at the
time. According to Aboriginal legend, in the Dreamtime, the great spirits created its thriving
coral reefs, luxuriant rainforests, and red-earthed deserts. Today, these spectacular
ecosystems host some of the quirkiest wildlife on the planet and lure nature lovers and
adventure seekers from around the globe.

Geography
the centre of Australia is mostly desert… there are tropical regions in the north with heavy rain
the south is milder with hot summers and cool winters. Bush res / droughts area common
feature in the Australian environment. The most famous landform is Uluru in the centre of the
country and also the Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef. It lies along the coast of
Queensland. Australia’s tallest mountain is Mount Kosciuszko, which is 2,228 metres high…
Australia’s longest river is the Murray River.

Plants and animals

Thanks to the climate and geographical isolation of the continent there are unique animals /
animal species in Australia such as marsupials like the kangaroo or quokka or even the
Tasmanian devil Typical Australian vegetation is grass and eucalyptus trees

Climate
Australia's climate is quite di erent from the rest of the world. It is the driest inhabited
continent on earth, and the center of the country has one of the lowest rainfall rates in the
world

Cities
Capital of Australia is Canberra
Sydney, city, capital of the state of New South Wales, Australia. Located on Australia’s
southeastern coast, Sydney is the country’s largest city and, with its magni cent harbour and
strategic position, is one of the most important ports in the South Paci c.

Tourist attractions
Australia is also a land of staggering contrasts and spectacular beauty. Along the coast, you
can explore vibrant cities, vast sand islands, and one of the planet's most awe-inspiring natural
wonders: the Great Barrier Reef
Kakadu National Park showcases the best of Australia. Within its borders, you can explore
monsoon rainforests, mangrove swamps, rivers, gorges, ancient rock paintings, wetlands, and
water

Australian English
Because of all the historical aspects of the English development on the Australian continent, a
new language variation was formed – Australian English. Australian English grammar is a
mashup of Britain english and American english.
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CANADA
Location
Canada is located in the north of the continent of North America is the second largest country
by area in the world.

History
The Dominion of Canada formed in 1867, but as an essesntial part of the British Empire its
foreign relations remained under the control of London. Over the next six decades Canada
gradualy won greater control over its external a ars, encouraged in part by the demands of
managing its relationship with the United States.

Geography
Canada is bordered by the USA to the south and the north-west (Alaska). The southern part of
the country is covered in forest. The northern part is mostly tundra. The Canadian Rocky
Mountains lie along coast

Climate
There are also many lakes and rivers, the Mackenzie and St Lawrence rivers are the longest
Population and languages. The country is divided into ten provinces and 3 territories. Canada
mostly has a continental climate with cold snowy winters and warm summers. The far north
has a more of polar climate.

Cities
Capital city of Canda is Ottawa
Toronto, city, capital of the province of Ontario, southeastern Canada. It is the most populous
city in Canada, a multicultural city, and the country’s nancial and commercial centre.
Vancouver is the major urban centre of western Canada and the focus of one of the country’s
most populous metropolitan regions

Tourists attractions
Niagara Falls is Canada's most famous natural attraction, bringing in millions of visitors each
year. Located just over an hour's drive from Toronto, along the American border, these massive
falls drop approximately 57 meters.

Economy
During the 20th century, manufacturing industries and services became increasingly important.
By the end of the 20th century, agriculture and mining accounted for less than 5 percent of
Canada’s labour force, while manufacturing stood at one- fth and services, including
transportation, trade, nance, and other activities, employed nearly three-fourths of the
workforce.

Flag
Unlike many other Commonwealth nations it does not have the Union Jack on the ag. There is
a maple leaf on the ag.

Culture
In 1951 the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences
issued a report (what became known as the Massey Report) warning that Canadian culture had
become invisible, nearly indistinguishable from that of the neighbouring United States,
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Location
The United Kingdom is located north‑west Europe on the island of Great Britain and
the northern part of the island of Ireland. It is made up of four countries:
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

Population
For centuries people have migrated to the British Isles from many parts of the world, some to
avoid political or religious persecution, others to nd a better way of life or to escape poverty.
In historic times migrants from the European mainland joined the indigenous population of
Britain during the Roman Empire and during the invasions of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes,
and Normans. The Irish have long made homes in Great Britain.
History

Political system
The country’s political system is a constitutional monarchy, which means it has a parliament
and a monarch. At the moment the monarch is King Charles III.

Geography (rivers, mountains, rivers, sea, ocean etc.)

The landscape of England is mostly hilly, though many of the hills are quite small. The
landscape is very green. There are many elds and pastures. The north is more mountainous,
especially in Scotland where you will nd the Highlands. The longest river in the United
Kingdom is the Severn.

Climate
The country has a temperate climate and is famous for its
wet weather. As our state (The czech republic), they also have a 4 seasons.

Culture (cuisine, education, literature, music, sport)

Foods associated with / typical for the United Kingdom are brown sauce, a savoury sauce
eaten with chips and ham, oatmeal and spices, spread made from yeast… the sandwich, cold
meat and vegetables placed between two pieces of bread, pies, pastry lled with beef, onions
and vegetables
Many international students are attracted to the country because of its top-ranking universities.
The Russell Group universities, often compared to the Ivy League schools in the United States,
are a big part of this positive reputation.Initially, there were 17 universities that began the
Russell Group then, over the years, 7 more universities joined, reaching a total of 24

Famous people
Famous people from the United Kingdom include William Shakespeare, a playwright and poet
from the 16th and 17th century. The Beatles, who are one of the most popular pop groups of all
time Charles Dickens, a novelist from the 19th century.

Cities
Edinburgh is a city of sombre theatricality, with much of this quality deriving from its setting
among crags and hills and from its tall buildings and spires of dark stone.
London, city, capital of the United Kingdom. It is among the oldest of the world’s great cities
Historically, London grew from three distinct centers: the walled settlement founded by the
Romans on the banks of the Thames in the 1st century CE, today known as the City of London,
“the Square Mile,” or simply “the City”;
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 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Location
United States, country in North America, a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48
conterminous states that occupy the middle latitudes of the continent, the United States
includes the state of Alaska, at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island
state of Hawaii, in the mid-Paci c Ocean.

Geography
The major characteristic of the United States is probably its great variety. Its physical
environment ranges from the Arctic to the subtropical, from the moist rain forest to the arid
desert, from the rugged mountain peak to the at prairie. Although the total population of the
United States is large by world standards, its overall population density is relatively low.

Government and society

The national government consists of executive, legislative, and judicial branches that
are designed to ensure, through separation of powers and through checks and
balances, that no one branch of government is able to subordinate the other two
branches. All three branches are interrelated, each with overlapping yet quite distinct
authority. Head of the state is president, (curently Joe Biden)

Animals and Fauna

Surprisingly, the United States is one of a few countries that has TWO national animals. The
rst is the well-known Bald Eagle. Once on the verge of extinction, the Bald Eagle population
has rebounded in recent years and is widely considered the ultimate success of the
Endangered Species Act.

The second United States national animal is the American Bison, the largest land mammal in
North America. The American Bison was declared the national mammal of the United States
much more recently, on May 9, 2016.

Cities
Charleston,southeastern South Carolina, U.S. It is a major port on the Atlantic coast, a historic
centre of Southern culture, and the hub of a large urbanized area that includes Mount Pleasant,
North Charleston, Hanahan, and Goose Creek.Washington, D.C., city and capital of the United
States of America. It is coextensive with the District of Columbia (the city is often referred to as
simply D.C.) and is located on the northern shore of the Potomac River at the river’s navigation
head. Washington is a city that offers a never-ending wealth of cultural opportunities. Scores of
museums, galleries, and theatres are located in the city, many of which are internationally
recognized. At the centre of Washington’s literary history are books written about national
issues, the conduct of politics and government, and Washington society that have been written
both by authors with D.C. roots and by authors whose tenure in the capital has been more
limited.
Washington’s contributions to the world of music have been signi cant, beginning with the
compositions of bandleader John Philip Sousa, who grew up in Washington and led the U.S.
Marine Band
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