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(b 11 ) 'i:flSrn~n 1 fililln.In n 2n&9i 0 2 3 4 5 n
1
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+= &'Ull15tRnrulntuHtu~ lim b11 == 1 '1
ll---7 +=
lim a11 == A '1

12-:) +<XI
0 1 0
1 1 I 1 ""
{}Jfmfif!iJ : 1,- 2' 3' -4, 5' ... cJH~nJY '1
1
tJtflf!J
W
: hl6'itS8'i:flS619t9i
IJ 1JU
(-l)n+Il '1 n:tJru lim ! == 0 tSl8 tRLflGl
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1
! == 0 '1
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n
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1,0,-1,-2, ... ,2-n, ... 'i:fl26'i9t9i
1J u
all= 2-n '1
I
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=-oo '1 tRrh ~61 (all) dl~ri1n
1 1
3
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~61 (all) : a 1, a 2, a 3 , •.• ,all, ... + 00 '1
1
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1
2
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1
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- C»-
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1
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t~'i:flS fiin (a11 ) Sob (b11 ) &l:l bli'i:flS lim all = M Sob lim b11 =N t~Q1S :
1 ll-7+oo n-++=
lim ka 11 = kM &l:lru k mt1sstrH

n--=>+oo lJ
ll-7
lim (an+ b11 )
+oo
= M +N , lim
11-7 +oo
(a 11 - b11 ) = M- N
..,
" lim (a 11 b,)
n-7+oo
= MN, m N ::f:. 0 O:l"H lim
n-+ +oo
0 1 0
n!tmtitiJ :
ull
3n + 1 5
=- -+- 2. cull) : ull = 5n + 1 '1
n n2 3n +2
3n + 1
v11 = -n -
3n + 1 1 l
t~Q1S v11 = - - = 3+- tt!Hti
n n
lim - =
n-++=11
o &mg lim v11
n-++oo
=3
lim w 11 lim 1 = 0
= n--t+oo
n-7+oo n2
f:lmsg
u
lim un
n-?+oo
= n-7+oo
lim vn + lim w, = 3 + 0 = 3 '1
n -++ oo
1
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n
4
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2
~ 2n
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.
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2
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ll----? + 00 11----?+oo
e "'
&tJ lim an= +oo tm g lim bn :::: +oo
fl-?+oo 11---:} + 00
t Sl g lim b"
1l----? + 00
=a '1
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I
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n. 11
6 11
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n. o
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•
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11
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&ttl ru
n -;
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+=
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I! - ; +=
11
+ ) =
2n
1
!
2
{:jf:HSg
u
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11 --? +=
U, = - '1
2
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n
'1
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',,__
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.,_. b,
n : ~;~~~·-------
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tf:iOlS a11 < b, nnTI&mg~f:iU
U
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I S1
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I
• an'
I I
,'~ I
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:, , I I
0 2 3 4 5 n
5
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j~ r '1
II
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& L; n
2,4, 8, 16, ... tl:lmct1Mti1nt94~n
&
+oo '1
1 1
"" r
- tti = -31 rsn H?ims ~tiuHlnmu;Hs ~ ~· §, ;7 , 8\, ... tl:l mm ~tia~t94u; o '1
1 1
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1
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11--7
Jim
+oo
/ = +oo '1
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ll~+oo
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lim s" = +oo '1

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l:lmsg
u n->+oo
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n-?+oo
lrl" = lim
ll-?+oo
J..
sn
= 0 '1
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lim r" =0 mmnm lrl < 1 '1
""' rs-1 '1

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~ n-t+oo
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.
.. mrs
n-++oo
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~ U
& & ""

1 1
bU~titS (r") U1St9 '1
6
0 • 0 . 311-'-l- 2''
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tuflw : 1111
&tH'ifflf:iliJn sbm?i&utm:il ru 3" tf:iQIS
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3"
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11
MffiW: fil~Hlinrul
9
:clHhutinJhln
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(r ) tf:iQIS hln (r") a~ hl'i:ftHli -1 < r-;;. 1 '1
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- tti"' x =2 &Slg
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n---? +oo
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~
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n=l
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tt5tf:'ili5n sn = al+az+a3+ ... +a, tSlg sll
7
t?'iQlS hm
. S11 = 2(1-0) = 2 ~
'1 tun (S 11 )
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1
Obl5\1i'it!:hti5t~n (S11 ) "i~t9i~n S talllt?'itrHhn !q" chthnJ~ '1 rn~n S t'lflimdrn

n =I
., ......... 0 ' 1 1
iU17UUM: ~bttu~~Snruln Ji+l + J3+Ji+ ...... +Jn+i+Jn+ ...
~9 n HlutuHN~ : ~ + Jn = Jn+l-Jn '1
i:!tHSll dblitint!:hrutdn S,, tS n n~tib~

u u "' u u
s" = cJi-1)+(/3-Ji)+ ... +crn+l-/iz) = Jn+l-1 '1
tf:'iQlS lim S11 =

n-;+oo
lim
n~+oo
(Jn+i- 1) = + oo
mC» (S 11 ) ch~n~n
Ql Ql ~
t?'ittlttu~ I.- an -
chtNHn '1 filbliruTI lim S11
n-;+oo
=+ oo
thnHS~ 1~t9i~i'i\1i'iHS~ '1

11 1
!an =
n =I
f3tm8thnHS~ f.a,,
11 =I"
00
" tti~n (a 11 ) -@SJ~~n 0 talll

1
I, an chthl'nn '1
n=1
8
= =
• 2'UtfliTHfiTIHS~ I,. an rt3 '1 mb S = I,. an Sb S 11 ctldru\jn n u'fstfiTI&sg '1
1l = 1 11 = 1
ti:1QlS S = f,an = a 1 +a 2 +a 3 + ... +a11 _ 1 +all= S11 _ 1 +all '1

n =I
i:JtHS8 a11
u
= S11 -Sil-I '1 &i:1QlS
n~+oo
lim a11 = lim (S11 -S11 _J)
11-?+oo
= S-S =0 '1
=
~LHS g dhfiTIHS ~ "" a 11 fi:HS"U lim a 12 = 0 '1
~ ll-7+=
n =I
=
dj lim a 12 :t:O tSHtfiTIHSS I,.aJn'l
11~+= n
ttnrur6w1inbr6n.m9 1 ~nil§'irJm1iorumrJnA-nnt'tJ~ '1

.. u u1
"' 1
i:J1:HS8
u
tm.nutuStrlSQlSnl&tl
ctct
a,, -@smt9i~n
u
0 &SHtfiTI ~a,,
~
1n '1
n =I
o .o .- 2 n 3 """'"""
4 "'"""
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3 5 7 2 1
• .,.
... , 010
"' 1! n --
. ill- 1!. i l l - -1= - : #
1 : O '1
11~+= 2n-1 - 11~+= _~
2 n 2
n. L (I;; -n +I 1)
=
11=1
=
~n(n+l) '1
2. ""
11 =I
I
ti:1tut~nni5QJrh ~, j, ~, ~, ... ctl~nmMtflUl»S~ '1 qbn~nii&sg tfiTI f. 2 1

n
n =l
.9
""
ft::lru'i:lls~'9ljti5 a:tO SiH~ruwJu~~ r '1
1
Iar"- = a+ar+ar2 +ar3 + ...
n =I
""
t~'i:ll2tt'd"'h~s~ Iar
11 1
n =I
- m"" a= 0 cs·ut~Ql2
~ n-1
£..Jar =0
n =I
Q v ~ ~ ~ ~
- ma:tO tSlZt~Ql2 S 11 dldtli1JfHtilti5t~li9n t2tnHUHl.fl'i:llUHSlZ

11
- ""
nHl..fl r:;t:O t~Ql2 S11 = a+ar+ar 2 + ... +arn-1 = a(l-r
l
)
-r
ttllrl<l tSlgt~Ql2 lim r"=O t'i..liru lim S11 = lim a(l-rn)=_a_

n-7+oo n~+"" n~+oo l-r l-r
"" r
- tU =1 tSlgt~Ql2 S11 = a+a+ ... +a= na
S 11 = na S~ a :tO tUlti5~n (S11 ) 1n '1

1
• - "". .
1JiU&n5~UHUl'Hl1.rH2~ a+ar+ar 2 +ar 3 + ... +arIl-l + ... <:/""
twru(a:;t:O) '"'"' -
w1thl~J~
u1nt9iffl~nH11lt::in~~t'ifil~:
"' u li
..... ""-""'"" 111 -""

(IJf.mtifi/1: tnthlWHl..fl'i:ll1.rH2~ 1- + - + ... dlthl~~~~~li?
3 9 27
otft!J : ttilti5~'9ljti5~ 1 s~drutuJUJ~ r = -~ Clrl <I) &Slgtt'61U~M'i:lli.rH2~
r:htt'61~~ '1 t~Qlsdruun s = 1
=~ '1
u u 1 -(-D 4
10
0 • 0 Q1 ()
flJUTJfifi'/2: tf:l'tflS1JHFilrulhl~tlJ P 1Q 1R 1
m1nntl~tl{1
~ ~
C 1 stlntl~~tmrt.ntsg'tfls~tl{1
~ Lj 4
C2 m1n
I I
QtltUiru'tflS llP 2Q 2R 2 m1nQtl~~rl C2 Stl'tflSdl

I I
u~u~tiwJri~uzu '1 tf:l2J~tltsL~tmrt.nhl~tlJ

I
P 1Q 1R1 'tflSL'litHH~stl2 bnm '1 tf:lQlS M 1Q1R 1

ADQR 2 ' u
'L>.rz_z "PQR ADQR '1 ••~n...!n<«~nF.-1
3 3 3, ... ,ur" n n 1.-l•u'rl •';a
Gtffw: tf:lQlSt~Ln!{Jl LlP 1Q1R 1 = ~x2 2 xsin~ = ,J3
~Jltl t9J6i tfhrutlu~ rn llP" + 1Q" + 1R" + 1 ~1 QJ

i:ia 6i~tlti
4
t ttl ru§H~
u r1u rn ts~~
Li
t filrt.n t24Bn run rn tSH:ltl
n lJ
I
llP"Q"R" '1 tf:lQlS llP"Q"R" ""

Stl llPn+lQn+ 1Rn+l dl
~~&mrt.ntl8ff!'tflsdrntrl.]u
Li u ..
"+ =I
s"
1
4
8
'1 t:Jmsgnrnun
u u
'? \) C» 0 I ~ ~
'~Ln!{Jl&S1Jl tmrt.n mtl~ hldld blilJfit hlm~ rulffi1Jl~S ~
t[:jrn'tfls6i'91
u
thlstl
~
,J3 stlnrnw'~m~
u u r = 4l '1 tttlru
lrl < 1 tSlHt'iTI~~'tflSdblilJn~ s = ,/31 =

4
f '1
1--
4
fl fl
Lf1nt!g: ""' - "" -
t6ithlHi~rul'tfl1J12ltltLFn~dlthl~~~ .,...,.,.
y_&hlHn
n. 2 + 6 + 18 + 15 + ... 2. cJ2+I)+CJ2-o+csJ2-7)+ ...
. n=1 ll =l
. L= ka 11
=
= k L,.an = ka. tt:lrn k mt1~strH
IZ =I IZ =1
co = =
'" L,. (a"+ b 11 ) = L,. an +lL bn = a+ P
ll=J ii=l ll =l
= = co
• L,.Can-b11 ) = L,.a 11 - L,.bn = a.-P '1

n =I n =I ll= l
11
1 1 ) lim 1 · 2 + 2 · 3 + 3 · 4 + ... + (n- 1)n '1
-
n. I, = (
2n-!- 3n-1 2.
n----?+oo n
3
11 =1
5.
5.1. rlB~Htru'ffiFizU
Ur;;tio~HHu~VlS ~ctlGSSI:Hdffif:iRrl.fH~
IJ IJ
(tlur:tl
u
~
4
= 0.25) tir:tlGSSIHuffii=i2ti
"" IJ IJ
5
(t1uur:tl - = 0.8333 ... ) '1 Ur;;tidss!Huffif:i 2tiff1btttlrudssfi5~Vls
u
ti:lruH1uHS~nff1'tjtW1
1 n
6 IJ IJ
o.39 = o.39393939 ... = o.39+o.oo39+o.oooo39+ ... Htl'9n~&stW1

1'1
n. 0.93 2. 0.835 f:i. 0.42 + 0.23 lli. 0.4 + 0.23 '1
, ':1 ';I 0 cJ ':1 2 ~

:unuunn : Rrt.flSlt~U"Itl1'sntiSttlrn2n.gttnruunms
1 Q '
f(x) =x stlHnJH1ti
MMUtSlg
I GV
X =0 ~b X =1 '1
tf:itunUtSlg [0, 1] r:tl n crbSlHhl•]i'flti:lru'i:f1S1titlb Ax= b-a = 1 -0 = ~ '1

"' GV .... .. li n n n
ff1<tj(m9
U
2)til:rlmm
Ul..._,
n:llruHSf:i<tjSf
I
-@sH1d'i:flstfisnl5mSlg
(3- GV
[O, 11 dn.ncrcrb21b
I 1
cr;;rnsoru\lnt~U"Itl1cr~tmn.ntnbmtlHM: I/[(i~ l)J(D = I,[i~ 1JG)

2
s(n) =
i = 1 i= 1
12
I )'
= ~{n(n + l )(2n + I)_ z[n(n + I)]+ 11 l

r '
n 6 2 J
1 3 2 1 l I
= -0(2n ·- 2n + n) = ---- + -, 0 X
6n·' 3 2n 6n~
1 l 1
s > s/1 = -3 - - + -z '1
2n 6n
"
ti'HLHitHSH [0,1] dl n "" " "
r:HSl8bfU')Rlti:Hl.J'i:flS~'t.HH:l A xb-a
=-=I -0
- = -I '1
.-v GV ... " lJ n n n
m'H(m9
U
1 )tiblmdlttllru1HHms
tn"'-" I
t t§s~1d'i:f1SbfisnlimSlg
t.5-
ro, ll
GV
11 • 11 • 2 !1
S' " = L.
"" /.: ]r! ~ = L.
lnAn) "" (.:)
11
(~) "" (..!.)/
n = L..t 3
i~l i~I i=l ll
X
= _!_fl-n(n + l )(2n + I)] = ~ + _!_ + _1_ '1
0 1 (.w9 2 J
11 3 6 3 2n 6 ,/ u
tim
u
s g bi'Hu <;c;t s
til s dl lJ:J~nlfnl
.;lji.J"
s ~lis nGdl
u
~ngn
blJ:J.;lji.J"
,.~
n I.1m S' = I.1m (1-·-· - J + - I ) = -1
II->+= " n->+= 3 2n 6n2 3
?\"'
"'w
n->+=
.
11m S'
"
= n->+=
.
11m ( -1 + - I + - 1 )
\3 2n 2 6n
= -3l
X
0 :;< 1 , , (0, 0)
ti:!lru s"-:;,s-:;,s" Sl~JS =3 '1 ~msg~:~Lii!(Jli:S
o
6it58?1
, ""
s = -I '1
3
UJiiffD: riMSl'E~[Ji!(Jl'Es~m~rcHli2blQi:L:!lruLmtJ~s f(x) =i stlnfUffitirqnJ

GbSlg
GV
X= 0 Si:J X= 2 (mg
U
3) '1
13
~Q) c:.,l C»e» C!l1
e 1_Y 'tfl M <tH bl..Hli 'i:H'i ~ 61
I
tl:i'tflS ~61 (a,) Sb (b 11

) tr:Hli'tflS lim a 11 = M
I 11~+-
n. lim kan = kM
n ---> + oo
2. lim (a 11 + h11 )
11---7+=
=M +N n-7+=
an
?i. lim (anbn) = MN
H-7+oo
tSl&
11
lim
-7+ 00 h11
=M
N
'1
""' r>
n. m 1 tSl g lim r
ll
= += +=
n-:>+oo
2. dj r = 1 &Slg (r") ctH~61tGHUlli5 lim r" =1

1 n-?+oo
11 11
R. b'\j r = 0 tSlg (r ) ctH661tGHUlli5 lim r = 0
~ }1-) +oo
m"" O<lrl<l &Slg

n--t+oo
lim rll =0 "" ll
t'i.JlliJ(r) Wlti561HHttl~n0
........ ""
~ w
,.,...1
n. d5t~ !a" mt~a'i:3t~H lim a 11

n--7-+oo
=0
11 =1
2. ""'""'
m~61 (a 11 ) ..
'i:3sa'i:3~n o r;g tSlg
I
ll = 1
' """" ""

131Hti5H.5~M'tfl1jlHS~ a+ar+ar 2 +ar 3 + ... +arIl-l + ... ("
ttlbl.Ja:;t:O ) -""'
ctltti5~J'i:3Y
~nttt
""
1 ffl'i:3m M ~ti2lb
,.,...1 ""
tLAl'i:3 :
n. tti lri < 1 tSlHt'ifi~'i:3tffiin a

w 1- r
2. ttl\rl?::l tSl8thlTin'1
14
? ruunri
2
n. 2
U11 == 3n + 5n + I 2. =~ un
2
2n + 5 3
2n 3n
m. ull == --3 + -z--
n +5 n+
3 4
G. U == 2 - - + - '1
II n Jn
2. l=Hl.nSlrnYntS~n:nl:HLnTe:
2 1
n + 3n -1
n. lim 2
ll--?+oo
8n -n+1
3 2 .
5n + (-1)11 ••• . n + smn
1=1. lim 11
UJ. 1an 2
n --?+oo n+(-1) " _. + = 5n + cos 1tn
2 3 3
b. lim (n - cos 2 1tn) G. lim [-5n +(-l)'1n ] '1
ll-?+oo n -7+ OQ
3. RM S1 rnYntS ~n:nb tLFil'e

1
n. lim <Jn+l- Jn) 2. lim ./n(Jn- 3- Jn)

1Z-7+0Q 11-,>+=
2 2
1=1. lim (nJn + 1- I) lli. rIll ( n! --+ 3) '1
n-t+oo n-.+= (n+l)!-n! n
Ql eJ 0 I 0 I
4. tl=i'HlS t1Inttl runMnGtm gLI=lti ne N 'HlSn!H9itlG21btLFil'i:1:

IJ u u
1
3
u II
=~
2n
&'!:J ru n! == n(n- I) X ... X 1
11 3
lim vn+I "
¢,
.,nncn
>I~WI>OI
2 +n
I'lffi - - '1
n--?+Od vn n-. +=n! +n 3
Qll Ql ':J t::l eJ I •
5. 1=1MS1ru'i:1ntSt1In (a 11 ) ttlru~ru~~G:nbtLFil'i:1:
I
1
n. aj =2 an+l = 2a" + 3
2. a I =3 a11+l = 2a"-5
I 4
1=1. a I == an+l = 3an +3 '1
15
n. I00
3.
(3\"
2) ~. I"' 1oooc 1.055) 11
11=0 11=0
"' 2 11 + I
'l15. ~-•
.t... ?11 ...
11 = 1 -
I
00
lJ. c)2n + I -· J2n - 1) '1

11=1
"' 2
n. 1 +0.1 +0.01 +0.001 + ... ~.
I
11 = 1
4n
2
-- I
11 = 1
(2n-1)(2n+l)
'l15. I ., ( r
11=0
2 cos~
b
.I
00 5(-1)11
411
lJ. -2
3
+ - (2)3 + (2)3- + ... '1
11=1
8. ~ ru1 Sl &~Lnzyhl~'US ~f:l ru~ O{F 1:h li)jj ~J;filrlJHrl bLul (~1J3'U9 1 sba'U9 2) ::nb J;Lfil13Jti
ms ~s ~~Lnzyts fg nyiHt:J ru~ o.g t!:h ruLm'Umb J<x) = - i + 5 HnJ}m5~ nHtfi ruu;J
u
0
f(x)=-x"+5
f(x) = i +5
5
4 4
3 3
2 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 X X
5 5 5 5 ~
16
'? ';) 0 I eJ ':)
9. ~w.n Sl '~Ulijli:!:Hlti s r;r:Hu 2 ~~:ttl ruLmms

2 "'J.. <J ""
f(y) = y SwHnJHHtfli:SWJt::H~H [0, 1]
tltiH52lb nil '1

u u "
tlum21bnil
U U n
'1 n~nH'l:Hunlm'imt9~bs~ru'}tM
11 I 'W U ._,
6
Sb ~3 ~Sn~nJb~~
11
'1 ~nm~~bti'tflti1hlHJ~f;jbl5
li I <V
mmmsmRr;gr;g~b'J
GV I i.J
'1
0 2 3 4 5 6 X
I !. ~H1./l Sl
n.
n-+
lim (1- 2~) ... (1- n1
.,.~
2)
2. lim ( - n - + _r_l- + ... + _n_J 'i
11-?
.
•= J7;l
4
J,T;2
4
~
4
1?.
_
F;nna1
" b WI ,;;z I
ll-7
.
1lffi
+=
[( q !) + Cj 2( Cj 2 CJ ) + Cj 4( q 3 -- q 2) + ... + q 2(11-1)( q 11 - q11 l)] :::'vn<
b W b U CJ =-
?2 '1
~ ClJ 0 1 eJc.J ~ C\)~ ";) ~

= --
I
13. r;~~J~'l (a11 ) nb1./l'lttflru a 11 l:wrn q;t:---I '1 hlnjlbU~'li:S~'l (a,) mrnrun
11
I 2 +q I
ll_,. += '1
11
2 2 2 2
5
n =I x3+3x5+ ... +(2n+1)-(2n+3) = I.(2p+J)(2p+3)
p=O
n. ~b1./lSl 5 n til H~~~SI:Sn

"'" !:ttl rur;;{j 2
mg;~i1 a + b '1
li (2p+I)(2p+3) li (2p+l) (2p+3)
2. ~b1./lSl lim sll '1

ll~ +oo
2 2 2
~ ~ 0 ••• 2 r r r «J...-.m..;...·~ ... oorooo
15. tR'tflSthl~H"'S~LU
n u
r +-2- + 2
?+ ... +
~ ? n- 1
+ ... uwt
111 '-"
ut••u•n"'"''"'
n
r + 1 ( r + 1) ( r~ + 1)
17
~ cos~
n. 1:2
n=l
(r 2. I(tan~J
n=i
?'i.
1:
11
~
=l
n
2n + 5
'1.15.
11
4"
~
5(-1)
1:-'1
= 1
11
17. tl=i'i:flS MBC 'iH15'i:flS h~'0~£MSb 6 tlnm '1 ft5!:1

\J <I ...;
!J.A' B' C' ttn rurun A', B' sh c
oco, O) t9lG'lJlu P1 tsinli~nJ (Ox) 1 tlnm~uiRru

t~tjtl tru1JU'i5SbHnJ (Oy) ~ tlnmts OP 1 'li~thmiRrn
1:31itLffH1Hfl1:39MH1~'i:flSLM'i5SbHRJ (Ox) G) tlnmts

P 1P2 ttfiruH~rn'i5S'i5Sltlt9'l~H1USt!h
n .;; 'J l.j (t!mti:rlbhll)
u u n
'1
~li~HHtlltStSU'lJlu P tsi9mbqhtLf11115 '1 0 X
18
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646 -1716 )
~Hllhi19d
u
2dl~hfH1h~ci Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646-1716) Ql2 t'itis{hHtH11lnb
GV LJ n mew .._, I
w1 t ~ sb 2&tHci 'tUJ ru &'UTlt:tl 2-@~ t\5 Wl Leibniz &~15j2J4j n hlfiJltfl2 ff1 nb'HllLni lli!]b m~
""' ~ I
nb msu ~ um15 211 M!n s1m t'io

LJ
s t 21 nil
"'
l'H111~1 mri '1
I
19
1
tmhmw G'
I
o ~H1.fl En 61 ~'ii!LY tuHm !:tl tm 1!5 ~ t d HH WJ ru
1'
,. c< y
!UlW1!M : ttl'Hl!UH~tl'\3S y = f(x)
Q} ~ d 0 ':>
mm'\3GV x r;~ti1tiru61tmd61 b.x tEnaH'\3~611
LjlJ U 1 GVL)
w u
':1
~r;s y mLYwrutf:i~
~ d
w
cJ dJ e1
mwwrutl tCx)
w
C)}
tm
G eJ ':1 ~
f(x + b..x) r;mrum1Jti1JrutsH~'R'\3S y
w
riruuhntlt!:t!ru Ay = f(x+b.x)--f(x).,
rsruwJti ~ = f(x+~-f(x) dldrumJti
0
cf
OQ!":J
nl:rulSI:SHStl'\3S
I
y = f(x) c:.Oc:.t':l
SbntrulStS
y
HH.l~ x ., drutt:EJu ~ ~h::tlt'\3~Nll,Olli9w
Y = f(x)
0 dy
GrulG
I
<j
I U C( 0 C)
~ n'i5 En 61m; ffl'i5 ff'ltl

& l.j
H sI 'R'\3 s ., m ru1 n t'\3 t1 ru1 I
~~ ':1 , u cr ~
Ufl'i5 9 W I:S'i5 ~ 61ti g1Jil15 ff'lb H ~ 'R'\3 S dl r; f:i ~ t J
~ 1 ci> d)l X
"' 'R- <j 0 Ax= dx
dx
20
y dy = f'(x)dx 2@~f15bJ!l dy sb dx tm4m itti11Jfru;p:zt'1
"'-!)
dy !\y
0 •
Mmnt : fil ru run At--+ o r; Gn g - ""i\-
1
(X .X
Wlli5 dx = At
r:~m~ dr= Ay r:i:1lru i\y = f(x + llx)- f(x)
f(x + i\x) ""f(x) + dy = j(x) + f' (x)dx

~m~g r:m-nmLli dy r:~t5j~MGnn~~L'i5f'Ulru~~ f(x+tLr:) m~ '1
SW1JSW : tTIH9~t5S y = f(x) 1:fl~tti~t1 r:Gng2r:di~tf15Jbl5 dy Rtl.fl~

mb ti:1lli5 dy = f' (x)dx '1
cl ) ~
0 I
f/JffT1fif.UU 1:
0
t~1:fl~H~~t5~ y
I
= x~ '1 H1 dy nrhntl
W
I
x =1 ~b dx = 0.01 Hs
U
q 2
ut~W: r; thli5 y = f(x) = X
tf:l0l8 f (x)
'
= 2x C:::..!-Q.
S"W dy =f I
(x)dx tw~,[15 x =1 ~_!.:t
S'W dx = 0.01
dy = f'(l)x(0.01) = 2x(O.OI) = 0.02
ttnru x = 1 sb At = o.o1
r:~ms : i\y
2 2
= f(x+l1x)-f(x) = /(1.01) f(l) = (!.01) -1 = 0.0201
i\y--dy = 0.0201-0.02 = 0.0001 '1
WffT1tftfl2: r:Lt52r:d~~ fn5Jrut~t5J~M Gnn!~L'lif'Ul ru!s J1s '1
utflw
w
: mb f(x) = JX ' X = 16 sb i\x = -I
r:Gflg 15 = l6+l1x r:tnru f(x) = JX t~ms j'(x) = - 1-

2JX
dy = f'(x)dx = - 1-dx = --1-(-1) = --0.125

2JX 2JT6
1:\msg
u
Jls""cJ16+dy) = 4-0.125 = 3.875 '1
3
n. 5(3.02) - 3(3.02/ ~. sin46° 'i
21
2.
c.')) 0 c::t, ~ C) 0 I r 0 C:::.

mG~SI:H'l m sb M tf::lrnmmgLf:lU XE I ' m~f'(x)~M &Sl8Till.5U~StHi
a, bE I tf::lrn a<b tf:'iQIS m(b-a)~f(b)-f(a)~M(b a) '1
cJ cf C:, C)) C::.

= f'(x)-m
I
g'(x) tf:'iQIS g'(x):2:0 L?'iU XE I '1 'i:flSSt15Gl g(x) dlH~f:'i'eS&nS&rn I sb
"" "" [a, b]

tnstrn tf:'iQIS g(b)-g(a):2:0 y_ [f(b)-mb]-[f(a)-ma]:2:0t4_
m(b-a)~f(b)-f(a) (1) ~G~tf::li tf:l2jH~f:'i'eS h: x '-7 f(x)-Mx 'i:flStf::l1t~nli

l sb h'(x) = f'(x)- M '1
tf:'iQIS h(b)- h(a) ~ 0 t4_ [f(b)- Mb]- [f(a)- Ma] ~ 0 t4_ f(b)- f(a) ~ M(b- a) (2) '1
m-e (1) sb (2) tf:'i9lmms

--.:>
tti f dlHS?'i'eS'i:flStt:l1t~trn
1
[ tf::lbli~RU
L. XE [ '
m~f'(x)~M r;mgtf:lQIS m(b a)~f(b)-f(a)~M(b-a) '1
ttl rn f(x) = JI+x '1
2. uqpnmGr;mgTilu
' 0 '
xE [ o, 1]
2
1
t?'iQIS 1 + J6x ~ f(x) ~ 1 + 2x '1
1
rufiw :
011
n. r'hlll~fit~H-ets f'(x) thmgLf:lli xE [o, ~]
tf:l'i:fls J<x) = JI+x tf:lms f'<x) = ~

2 , !'CO):::: f'<x):::: 1{D
nn ru f'(O) = ~ , rG) = ~
~msg tJtmgTilti xE [o, ~] tf:'iQIS ~~f'(x)~~ '1
2. t?'i'HlS xE[o, ~], ~~f'(x)~~

"'"il 0 ... 0 ' 1 1
H ~ ~ ~ S-. t\5'e.ffH1 nt rtfl S'i:flS n rul fi tf:'iQIS J6 (x- 0) '.5 f(x)- f(O) ~ 2(x- 0)
n:nru j(O) = 1 ~msg I+ ~x~f(x)~ 1 +~x '1
22
Lf1nf1g : t?J2jJ-H~?l'f3S f RM6'ini5 !R ~t:Hl5 f(x) = sinx '1
R. Rllil6'int'f3H'f3tS~H~?l'f3Sttj1t1
"' I .
f'(x) rhmg xe [o, ~]4 '1
2. tiqp~mrhmgL?Jli xe [o, ~] t?Jms fxs.sinxs.x '1
1UMf19
I,;
II
: t?J§~HS?l<t3S
i.J I
t 'HlSttj1tJtrutHS"H [a, b] '1ttl'HlSGSS~n
<V \.1
M ~tjru
if'(x)jS.M urmg XE [a, b] £2"18 t?llllS~fU'tj.ffHlif(b)-f(a)iS.Mib-al 'j
MLY11l1f1f[!11'i : t?J'HlsH~?J'f3s t 'Hlsttj1tHru 1 rUiruurmgL?Jli xe 1
t?llllS -MS. f'(x) S. M
Utmg ab t?JlllS -M(a-b)S.f(a) f(b)S.M(a-b) (2)
ffl'f3 (I) Sb (2) t?llllS if(b)-f(a)jS.Mib-al '1
mtmtint:
U
t?J§~HS?l'f3S
i.J
t I
'HlSttj1t1tru !R ~tjru f(t) = cost '1 tiirlmmurmg;?Jti
IJl"'-? l.J
x , y E !R t?llllS icosx- cosy! s. lx- yj '1
tufm : t?J'HlS f(t) = cost s12J f'(x) = -sint

t?llllS~tu'f3ffH1 lf'(t)l S.l utm8L?Jli te !R
0 '
~t:HSHHmgl_;i1J x , ye IR t?llllS icosx-cosyl S.ix-yl '1
1f1nf1n
I,; II
: t?J§;i.J t ctlHS?J<t3sRn.n6'itrutHS18
I w
[I, 21 ttjru f(x) = x 3 +2x+l '1
23
c:.J d ~ ~ ~
m f dl~Hlf:i'iHHlltHrutHSlg 'HISH[jH~trutHSlg (a, b)
I
1 w
[a, b] ~
Sb
0 II Q ~
~Slgffisu~s cE (a, b) tinh~u\}tiH[jru f'(c) =o '1
M[.,'l:nWfJI]J7rf : l:f:i~ f(a) = d = f(b) y

Clt::/1 c:.J t
nUUUJJ m f(x) =d ~'i5 X E (a, b 1

f'(c) =0
sb
tSlg f tGHrumSlg [a, b]
f'(x) =0 Lf:ltl x
~
E (a, b) d _ _ ill
:
'
'
I :
'
'
f(a) = f(b)
niM92 f(x) > d ~ti

'
tti X E (a, b) '
'
X
0 a c b
tSlg f(x) 1:llSnhmfim1:ntihh GV
fiu l L~ci x =c t[jltti f(x) 1:llSt[j1tJUJci x = c tf:i(flS f(c) = 0
niM93 ttl f(x)<d ~ti XE (a, b) I:Slg f(x) 1:llSn~~H'i5Jm1:lltihbfiu l
UJci X= c t[jltti f(x) 1:llSt[j1t1UJci x =c l:f:i(flS f'(c) =0 '1
0 I 0 ~ 0 I '")
W'i.JTH:if.fj: tf:i '\j f fHWl ~ 1: [j"] tti f(x) = x- -- 3x + 2 '1

1 C),! ~ ':1 0 cf ~ cJ I~
n. Hiffi'i5~n5 x1 Sb x 2 tSGn.fluTI1n5~itlb1Jil'i5ffibHGjt:i'eS f StlHnJffi'i5~n5 '1
:3. 'i5hlmm1:lls8ss~~ c -erunlimSlg (x 1, x 2 ) ~[jru f'(c) =o iuf:irulSl c '1

~ ~ U U GV U
n. ffitl~n5Gn.f111Llin5~itlh1Jilli~s t sbHnJ )"
(x'x) f(x) = 0 L~1sh i -3x + 2 = 0 tf:i(flS f(x) =/ 3x+ 2

u
X! =l ' x2 = 2 '1 ~msgLAltJffib f(x) Al~HnJ
' "
x) Uiciria8n.f1u CL O) sb (2, O) '1
0 X
Q,J c:p Q,J II
XE (1. 2] t'iJltti j(l) = /(2) = 0 ffi'e~9n5'i59iru

Li n u -1
24
1:?1018 f'(x) = 2x 3
3
f'(x) = 0 r;sm 2x 3 =0 , X = -
2
"b'l:Hli ZE(l,
3 2) '1
Lff'H11g : R. tti2J f(x) = i -- 2x '1 ~RL?ltl c E [0, 2] Gtlbli f'(c) =0 '1

~ 2 I C)
2. l:ti<:~J f(x) = (x 3)(x+ 1) 1RLti'U cE [-1, 3] f:tlbli f'(c) = 0 '1
4.
d5 f dl~8ti'iH~·dltinlirstsH
I GV
[a, b] 1:f181:tlhHru (a, b) &S"H1:f18 cE (a, b)
'i:H15tmb~rs &'tlru f'(c) = f(b)- f(a) '1

u b-a
I I C) I c:t,t 0 ~ Q)
Mfffll1J11rrl1 1'i : 21 S1 r; tl ru fflfi nl'i:Hl ~u rul ts (a, f(a)) 8b (b, f(b)) 1:f18 fU'f§ ill~
l..i C9- "' 1
y = [f(b)-f(a)\x-a)+f(a)
b-a J
mb g(x) = f(x)- y
y
m012 :
g(x) = f(x)-[f(b)---f(a)J(x-a)-f(a)
b a
g'(x) = f(x)-f(b)-f(a)
b-a
0
mmg x =a 1:?1018 g(a) = 0

X C b X
8r;mg x =b 1:?1012 g(b) =o
t1'::lH15 g(a) = g(b) =o nl'f§~ghfug~ru 1:f18G88 cE (a, b) 'i:H15tmb~tsttjru

t_; " u u u
g'(c) = 0 l:tfl ru g'(c) = f'(c) -- [f(b)- f(a)J = 0 sl 2~018 f'(c) = f(b)- f(a)
b-a il b-a
tltit881:f18G88 cE (a, b) 'f§l11Mb~rsttlru f'(c) = f(b)b-af(a) '1

u w w
wtmtftrt: 151rJQJttlt5~~thsbLffl'lHilb f(x) =i Lnci a;b Lf15t5Sbt5~~&[:jru

Fil~fil'h\jbliEJci A(a, a
2 2
) Sb B(b, b ) '1
Gtfw : t dlH~?J'f§smtisbffi~Hd'h~r;ru (a, b) m'f§t¥~159S'l~~'f§uj'f§1:fls

cE (a, h) 'f§Li1Mb~GGtlbli f(b)-f(a) = f'(c) (I)
w b-a
25
f'(c) dlm~rulLO'ltl9hltS'U~~tigL"'b x 0 = c y
f(b) -- fCa) dlt'i:Hinnurnti9hlts~~ CAB)

b-a t "'
Cl) tirrn~m ~~
c:t
(..9-
(AB) ihltiSbtim~uginb
w & l.j
c
e1 o:;::
1:61 f'(x) = 2x 8l '{1 f(c) = 2c
ff'l'i:3 (1) : L"' ~ Sb c = a + b '1

u 2
tjtstsg ti8l~Ug1nb c = a+b ihltisb~~ (AB) '1
u 4 w 2 w "'
lJ1iff16 :
li. t?l§'i f(x) = x2 '1 ~lii?ltl cE (-2, 1) ftjru f'(c) = f(l)-f(- 2 ) '1
u l.j 1+ 2
g(2)- g(~)
2. t?l'{J
!>:
g(x) xl
= X+ - • (l2, 2)
'1 ~nL?l'U c E
el~
twrug(x)= I
1
2
'1
2--
2
5.
eJ Ql Q ':) eJ "J ~C) Q Q Q
tdce n t s gt?Jsb hlnnnt'tlitittn ruts Hs ?11:3 s t tj rumn gb nb t hl tjt:t ntia sb mn.nd n'i:3
I
u· sv w 1 c:t
t
(.9- >.1
C(x) t'i.flimHs?J'tlatsurn~crrunruhlmnbfflidrunhl'i:m:
1 1 "' .n
x ti?J~b
l.j
1
R(x) t'i.flim HS?l'tl

1
atsurn~crn.nU ru hlm
I
ftj rums rim~ rurt hl'i:m:
.n
x n?J1b
wj
P(x) = R(x)-C(x) t'i.flimH~?J'tlatsLrnficrtnnQJftjrurnsnm~rurthl~u: x t~Jb '1
"> "J cl Q Ql Ql d C» ':) Q ":1 tl ':)
nt~tsH~?l'i:3S9lbti~btruH1Lhlrusbm~ x sbnt~mnm1Jru 6.x ts x '1
\J
ti mti'tlnt?l
~
Sib ff11:31:h s n ffli 1=1 n.nm nt'tliti
6VL)
ftn rut 1:t1 ru t'iti
lJ
m~1 mm rnihmnr~ t1:3 sb t d1 t -s GV
26
2f11mtnn: d5LmRdrunruM;uqbmHHthHu~~: x '13]b mbn:nru C(x) tsu
LOlAdrunruhl1UgbmH1rnfihl~~= x+ 1 tLI!l]bmbn:nru C(x+ 1) '1
' h
2'i5'tflttl C(x) = 350+8x-0.2x 2 ""l!lfir:hmstlJb\5
tmns C(lO) :::: 350 + 8 X 10-0.2 X 10
2
:::: 410 ms t~J mr:hLOlAdrun ti5Qb ff1H~ rnfi
I
hl~~: 1o tLI!l]b
::::413.8 mstDmmlmAdrunruQbm~tlrnfi
2
C(ll):::: 350+8X 11-0.2x 11
I
hl~~= ll t13]b
C(ll)-C(JO) = 413.8 mstDm -410 mstDm = 3.8 mstDmr:hLOlA
drunruqbmactrnnhlw~= 1 '13]bittL1!1Jb9 11 '1
1rr'l§jlbt9Jn tfimmgm~ms~slmAdrunruqbm~ctrnnhl~~= 1 tL~b?tt13]b

'91t m'l§1rr~B~bt1J11'1§ ~
tl!l'i:lls C(x) = 350+8x-0.2i ~nr:hmstDm
tfiQlS C'(x) = 8- 0.4x

coo>= s-o.4x w = 4 mstDm
tfiMtbmmmm
n "'-'
c'(lO) =4 'i:llsnt'l§mt'Ulmsb,mAdrunrunbm~ornnhl'i:m:
wl_; L.:i ot .n
I
'L~b'9tl ?t C(ll)-C(!O) = 3.8 '1
tfihlHhl~ C'(lO)=(C(Il)-C(lO)) '1
tfim c'(IO) r:hLmAdrunruuf~'l§hll'i:lltim~ornnhl~a:t13Jb9 11
ttJrltf/1
'IJ
: C'(x) r:h'i01Ad
l.i
run ru'i5tS'l§tfHli'i:llS &it'e'iUt'Ul
6'\ Nl,j
msb'iQlAd
, lJ
run runb <::t
I
m~ornnhl~~:tlmn9 x+ 1 '1 'i:lls2rumunfidrunruuf~"er:hH1Jrmf~uTIHliLOlA

1.1
tfihlHhl~ C'(x)=C(x+l)-C(x) '1
27
n. f:Hl.llSl C(!Ol)-C(JOO) ( LDlAGrunrnqbmJt:lrui'ifUgtJ:t1!1Jb9 !01) '1
~. !Hl..llm C'(lOO) ( gnR8n.mrnuf~'i:3qbmat:lrui'if15}flJ:r;13Jh9 101) '1
tJtfiw :
""
fi. !;?1'\51S C(x) = 500+3x mihQru
!;?1DlS C(IOJ) = 500+3x 101 = 500+303 = 803 msta]ru
C(lOO) = 500+3X 100 = 500+300 = 800 msr;Qru
C(l01) C(lOO) = 803 -· 800 = 3 ms r;Q ru '1
~msg d5u1'tllMW}fla:ftlrumst:lrun'lnSAlHRsfi 100 r;si 101 &Ll=1}HmgLDlA

8runrnw;mfisr;~rji'lu~s 3 msr;Qru '1 '!nssrnmtrnR8runrnqi'lmat:lrunw}fla:r;1!1]i'l
9 101 ~ 3 mstQru '1
2. 'iQlRDrunrnufs'i:3ni'lAl~t:lrunf15i5l~:r;~?1~i'l'9
L.; ~ ~ L.J j Ol
101
1
t?1ffiS C(x) = 500 + 3x mSdJ ru

t?1DlS C'(x) = 3
C'(!OO) = 3 msr;Qru '1

c:l'":: to et e:::; v,.... e1 tQ C:JJc::t>
HS?1'i:3S I:S'iDlfiuruTlli5f15m
1 L.;
dlHS ?1'i:3S rur;s bHt t
6ti ru'lnS {;'[j):11 rul'iDliJ9
G
W{;fU~ Si'l 3
ffiS srnm mru runu1mMt:l ru flO ru rtl rums t:l run r;fi s r; ~rjb I q_r~i'l bmgLDlRG runrnw;u
r;fist:~rji'l 3 msr;Qru '1
[,fJiivg : w'i..flunworunf15}fla:t:Lf5un~J1Jru ms8runruLOlRf15~uf1i'l 1 ~~ fuL'lnu

1
~
"'
t:lrunhl}flj: x
c<; '
!:tfJi'lffl'i:3HE:j?1'i:3St:SLDlnuruTlli5f15iiJ 0
C(x) = 300+24x-0.4x2 +O.lx·'' ?1ndl
"'
msr;Qru '1
n. RM~LrnR8runruw1uqi'lmH~runfu·~·u: 2 r;lf]i'lsi'l 5 q_r~i'l '1
2. ?1rulSl C'(2) Si'l C'(5) '1
?1. r;~ C'(2) si'l C'(5) '!nssrul:lumu ?

u "'
28
5 . 2. um fin ru1u rnuistr
"
I li.
Q.
Uffi ftG llilU rn nHU
:?fl1mtnn: 'i:mJn Mtfl
c:t
S'iHi5
1.1
I
ms ru rh:ns~ s1.1 s 1750 nnrunbY

i.J' et 1.1
ru'&t3"' &ttl rui:llSYru~o
1.1 GV
1
85oo f '1 nbYru~oi:llnJnhltflSGGrur.ns1r.nR~Mruwmt1rmruA-i:lls

et 1.1 .,q_ c:t 1.1 lJ U I
I
R = 1750 X 8500 = 14875000 f
1Lf1R~
lJ
ru1 ru wm R(x) = P x x
U I
tiUU£11
u =
R(x) = Pxx tf:lru P = D(x) '1
muntit-Yj :L~YtJisruA-ww~:m9juUJSu~ru msruA-ww~: 1 tUJ]br;t~

p = D(x) = 100-0.Sx mstiJru tf:lru X ctlti1i:llrulf15i:Jl~:ruA-msnb
rl et
l t3 '1
I
2. i=irulSlLLflR~ru;]ruw1u d5gb 1 t2L~YtJisruA-mswws:~~s 123 tLi=i]b '1
ruiJw :
""
"' ,o
n. H s i=iY S1Lflnu ru1 ru wm
I lJ U I
ti=ii:llS P = D(x) = 100-0.5x mst{Jru

x ctlu1i:llrulW'i:ll~:ruA-msnb 1 f2
rl "'1
ti=i(flS R(x) = Pxx = (100-0.5x)x = 100x-0.5i mst{Jru '1
3. i=irulSl R(l23)
tf:l(flS R(123) = lOOx 123-0.5x 123 2 = 4735.5 mst{)ru '1

~msg d5L~YtJisruA-wws:ms 123 &UJ]bqb 1 f:HmgL~YtJisG~rums
• 0 0
1Lflnurulruwmuss
LJ u 1 1.1
4735500 ~ '1
3
29
fUJiuif : tnbtiUnd runnrtm: t~thmnhH15
LP Gl L.;L.;
ms ruAM'tm: t9i §~H~Gd snbnt~
" lJ eJ "' " GV
1
p = D(x) = 117-~ msdJrunb 1 t[3ibt1:lru X dlGSSnnm:t1:Jrumsdru6istlruRntl

4 "I J lJ " "I
x t[3Jbt1:lru2Jm~H~f:ms8ru;]ruMru R(x) = 94x-o.2i ~ndlmstDru '1
l:l'1018 R(50) = 94x50-0.2x50 2 = 4200 mstDrudlL01RGCl.!JruM~'i501Snnurui4
M}fl~: 50 'Ll'l]b
R(51) = 94x51-0.2x51 2 = 4273.8 mstflru
'J
dl~QIRGM'ruMmmsnf=mruRM'i:m:
L.; u 1 "
51 'Ll'l]b
R(51)-R(50) = 4273.8-4200 = 73.8 ms~:uru dlLQIRGCl.!Jb1501SnnururiM}fl~=
'13]b9 51 '1
tl'lffimgrn~ms ~s r1Lmri8ru;] rut1:l rumsn nu ruriM}fl~: '13]t~9 51 m~~~~Jtl

t9Jn~n:nhtLrn~ ~
' h
&l'l'i::llS R(x) = 94x-0.2x2 mst~Jru
tl'lms R'(x) = 94-0.4xmstDru
R'(50) = 94-20 = 74 mstDru
tl'lMttlntllimm
n ....., R'(50) = 74
1:Ll'l]b9 51 ii R(51)-R(50) '1
tl'lMHM~ R'(50)""R(51)-R(50) '1
30
ttJruflf
u
: R'(x) r:h~QlRG
t_;
ru1 ru'U CS'ij ft:! ru~:fH,:J fi h~~'li tUHli st!~mrhi ru1 ru C!:J ru
u "' ""t_; t_; u
C» I QJ C) 1 0 CJ eJ 1
msnm~runn5~~:tlrHil9 x+ 1 '1 'i:flssrurhLLilntHlJ;}rutit~'ijr:hHUilti~L'ij'li~ruLmn

lJ
0 Q C). eJ • CJ
tiMu ru Mmfflb:tHl..mm'i:flo.n ~run~ rur;t:! rums runr:'i'lit'liru'ij
1 t_; t_;
rubmn '1 lJ
lJ
tf.'Hi5Hft1J R'(x)"" R(x + I)- R(x) '1
wunlieft: ~n~tiL?iil tniluLn~ rnn nJ~~: m9ju1Ji2u~rums~fjt~m mfiruR

u
M~~= 1 r;~4t~Qbri~~ p = D(x) = 46-0.25x msr:uru c1:JruHlLhlti5Sbti1'i:f!MfiL'ij~ffl~
J 1 u
M~~= x r:~Jbmn5H~Hh::ls '1
2. ?iMSlLmRdru;Jrun5~tit't:!rumsnm~ruRn5~~: 31 sb 41 r:151]b '1
?i. ms~snt~(Yftnru?strnRdru;]ruftHlicnsnnururhu~~:tL?i]t~9 31 siltL?i]b9 41 '1
r:uiJm
.., :
ct • 0
n. HS?i'ij2'iQlnuMrun5m
1 t_; u 1
t?i'i:f!S p = D(x) = 46- 0.25x m2'U ru

x r:hti1'l:flMn5'i:fl~:f1:lrumsruR
<f1
t?iQlS R(x) = Pxx = (46-0.25x)x= 46x-0.25i msr:uru '1

2. LmRdru;]rut'!:lrumsnm~ruRN~~: 31 '151]t~sb 41 'L~b
t?i'i:flS R(x) • Dru
= 46x-0.25x2 msr;~
t?iQlS R(31) = 46x31-0.25x31 2 = 1185.75 msr:uru
R(41) = 46x41-0.25 x41 2 = 1465.75 msr:uru
~msg LmRdru;Jruft:Jrumsnm~ruRn5~~= 31 tL?i]b~ 1185750 fSbLmRdru;Jrun
m~ruRN~~= 41 r:~Jb~ 1465750 f
?i. nt~DlttnrucsLmRdru;]ruft:!rumsnm~ruRN1=f1~=tL?i]b9 31 sb 41
t?i'i:f!S R(x) = 46x-0.25i mscuru

t?iQlS R'(x) = 46- 0.5x m£hU ru '1
31
- N1f1~:tu;Jbg 31
ttlt:nS R'(30) = 46-0.5x30 = 31 mstDru

..,
~msg nt~tYt'lfl ru'fsLt:nRBru;) ruff:l rums 'ii nu rurhu~~: qJtlJb9 31 tl 31000 f'1
- N1fl~:tu;Jbg 41
ttlt:nS R'(40) = 46-0.5 x40 = 26 mscuru

~msg r~'f~Lt1t'lflrutsLt:nf'ioru;]ruff:lrut:ns'iim~rurhu~~:tlii]b9 41 ?t 26000 j '1
wR-uH : ~nLt1u~btnbo'fSiornr~N~~:tU5Lt:nni1jrut:ns~tlbmr~&~ P 'Esm~

ruf'itoQ:JN~~= 1 'lii]bmuJrusbtJ1'i:f1Mn~~m~N~~= x clii]bmninmnt'onmru
..S't3li5'J t'lflli5
\.1
.. P = D(x) = 140-0.5x 't3Sn
. , 0ru '1 I
n. NHN~H~tl't3SLt:nn13ru;)lliN~t1 '1
"' ' 0
2. l=Hl11Slnt~TIJftnru&sunf'inru;Jrutf:lrums'iim~ruf'ituW~:tiJi]b9 31 9 36 sb'9 41 '1
5.3. unrithn.nmui~a
cf - t::p
!lrnmm.n: u;m.fl so rur~N~~: tTIJLt:rlN<tJli5TIJtti9 msorun li59nLt:nRN1t1Qb m~

Q Ql I 0 I
I I
drunN~~= X tLtl]b t!:lru~liil't3H~tl't3SLt:nROrullli5N~t1 C(x) = 10800+34x mstDru

tm ru~n't3til s ruf'imm~ mgg rums~mf'icrM ru2Hil't3HStl't3Stt:nf'icrM ruNm
l_j
I
I "'-' "'-' \.1 t_; U U I t_; U I
R(x) = 94x- 0.03x mS 0ru '1 2 ' t~
= 'it:nnGMruNm
' 0
t_; U I
ttlt:nS P(x) = R(x)- C(x)
= (94x- 0.03x 2) - (10800 + 34x)
= -0.03i + 60x- 10800 msdJ ru '1
' 0
: Lt:nnmMQ:JN1t1
P(x) = R(x) C(x)
32
0 1 0 ~ 0 C::::.
mtmnm:
U
M'i.flUfflMdrrHiM'tm:tnbtrub~ru
d"1 .... 1.1
msurunruMmnbm~dru61M'i:m:
I co d"1
I
X 'Ui]b t1j ru~m~»~J:l~SLtnRO run fjj M~'li C(x) =0.002i + 0.72x + 260 msdJ ru ttfi fjj
M'i.f1UfflMtnsruR&um1mM'tm:~rutU1=14b6'lt~
.........,........_,('1 W J P = D(x) = 3-0.00ix mstQru 6V
'1
c< ' 0
2. MHM~»S1=1~21fllnutrul
I t_;
mM~'li '1
~ I
1=1. J:lrul21 P(300) Sb P(375) '1
cui1m
w
:
c< '
n. »S1=1~21tnnurulruMm
I t_;
0
U I
tJ:l't:fJS P = D(x) = 3-0.00ix mstQru

x crm1't:f!MM't:fl~:f1jruruRms
"
tJ:ltnS R(x) = Pxx ' 0ru '1
= (3-0.00lx)x = 3x-0.001x2 mst~
t1=l't:fls C(x) =o.oo2i + o.nx + 260 m2tQ ru

R(x) = 3x-0.001i mstQru
tr:JI fjj P(x) = R(x)- C(x)
tJ:ltnS P(x) = (3x- O.OOlx2) - 2
(0.002x + 0.72x + 260)
= -0.003x 2 + 2.28x- 260 m2' '~0ru '1
2
1=1. tJ:ltnS P(300) = -0.003x300 +2.28x300-260 = 154 mstQru
P(375) = - o.oo3 x 375 2 + 2.28 x 375-260 = 173.125 m8tQ ru '1
tJI - l Q Q tO C\1
msg 9uru1mnutru1 m
I
~rnmu111: 1n~'i.fls runM't:fl~:r»~t1UU61Su~ru t1 m~ runM't:fl~:

GI 1 "'W 1.1 t.; ~ "
U
X 'LJ:l]bftjru~m~»~J:l~S P(x) = -0.2i+24x-180 mstQru

tJ:ltnS P(40) = -0.2x40 2 +24x40-180 = 460 mstQruchLtnROtrulQ)ttirums
~m~ruRM~·u: 40 tL1=l]b
P(41) = -0.2x41 2 +24x41 180 = 467.8 mstQru chLtnROtrulQJttirums~msruR
M1f1~: 41 'LJ:l]b
33
P(41)-P(40) = 467.8-460 = 7.8 mst{Jru dlL01rb:hMQ)t{:jL15Q1SrJfil~rnrifu1fJ~:
1 tt~b~ 'EJ]b9 41 '1
t?lffiLHgmai\12 ~s 'riLfllRthn.n Q] t[:j rnmsn fil~ rnRM1f1~: tUJ]b9 41 m-e~cr-ejlb

t9Jn~ts21b ttm-e ~
t?l'HlS P(x) = - 0.2x 2 + 24x- 180 m2t{J ru

t?JQIS P'(x) = -0.4x+24
P' c40) = -4 x 40 +24 = 8 m2r; Drn
t?JMtbntllimm
n "
P'(40) = 8 'HlSn~-e~ut'Ulrusb1Q1RGtn.nmf[:jrurnsnm~rnfi
cru L.J l.) .......,
M1fl~:tt?JJb941 ~ P(41)-P(40) = 7.8 '1 t?JMHM~ P'(40)=P(41)-P(40) '1
t?Jm P'(40) mtrnfit3tn.nQJuf~-ef[:jrurnsnm~rnfiM1fJ~=tt~b9 41 '1
a:l I oQJ Q ~ I 0 cJ
rnsnm~rnnM'Hl~:brH119
Gl
x+ 1 ?1 P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1 'HlSStum 'iOinmn.nmms-edl
Lj ........, S'\
HLmufL-eut-erntrnficrr:n.nm M~u mrnrunu1'Hln.nd rug:; aruf[:j rnrns rnfift,uDJrn

u • u
0 •
t?JnllilfiMHMa : P'(x)=P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1
0 • 0 c::.. t:::ll 0
mtmcrtu:
II
tnbtsUnd rufiM'Hl~ :mg~mg:;ss-erurnssrun
\,.1 lj
tuMmnb m~d rnnM'Hl~:
01
.c!lo
U 1 ct
Q
01
u 1
X tt?J]bf[:jrn2Jm-eH~?l'SS = 2070+25x+O.li m2t{Jrn tUlti5tflbG[2L15RtuQ)~QJ

C(x)
99L"liQ1S~OIRGMruMmf[:jru§'iffl'SHS?l'SS
IJ L:i i.J U
R(x) = lOOx O.lx m2t{Jru '1
I
2
1
2. ttu]mcrJu P(61)-P(60) Sb P'(60) '1
?J. ih2~sn~~DJfUlru~sLrnficrr:n.nmf[:jrurnsnm~rnfiM1fJ~=tUJ]b9 81 '1
oti'1w :
""
t?l'HlS C(x) • 0rn

= 2070+25x+O.!x2 msn
R(x) = lOOx-O.lx 2 •
mst~ 0rn
34
n:tH15 P(x) = R(x)- C(x)
2 2
= (100x-O.lx )-(2070+25x+O.lx)
= -0.2x2 +75x-2070 msn

' 0
ru '1
2. tLu]mcrJu P(61)-P(60) sb P'(60)
tR'i:fl2 P(x) = - 0.2x + 75x- 2070

2
m2dJ rt5
tROl2 P'(x) = -0.4x+75 mst{)ru
P'(60) = -0.4x60+75 =51 m2r{)rn
2
P(6l) = -0.2x61 +75x61-2070 = 1760.8 mst{)ru
P(60) = -0.2 X 60 + 75 X 60-2070 = 1710 mSt{] ill
P(61)-P(60) = 1760.8-1710 = 50.8 mst{)ru
~msg P(61)-P(60) = 50.8 mst{)ru <P'(60) =51 mst{)ru '1
R. flti;!Llit'i.fl ru 'Estmfith nn Q) ttl rums rl m~ rnrhu1f!~: r~Jt~ 9 81
tR'i:fl2 P'(x) = -0.4x+75 mst{)ru
&ROl2 P'(80) = -0.4(80+75) = 43 mst{)ru
~msg tmfintMQ)ttlrumsnm~ru;hu1f!~:r~Jt~9 81 'i:fl2nti;!Llitmru
43 mst{]ru '1
1f.!Rui1
lj 1!1
: tdltlG~nd
C,
rnflhl'i:fl~:
.n
t~{hmnhnumstirun
l.jl_j II
liHumntl
1.,
filHHUfihl'i:fl~:
.n
X
1
'L~tlttlrn2Jm1Hf~R'i:3~ C(x) = 400+30x-0.2i mst{)ru ttfirutntlGU10l2rt5RbGQ)1Q)

9~bl50l2LOlRGru;Jrt5~ffl'!§H~R'i:3~ R(x) = 54x-0.4i msr{]rn '1
c< ' 0
n. MHnHHSR'i:3SHilntHMmMm
1 W '-' I
'1
~. tnSf::PS61ti;!tyttnrntSUilRG&ME!)ttlruQlSnfilHliRM1f1~:tUJ]t!9 21 stltUJ]b9 41 '1
' 0
5. 4. UTintHl.m tntniJUut gtr

..
tJ/' - C:. Q I 0 Q
:ltntntn..n : ~n'i:3'i.fl2
C, I
o rnfl M'i:fl~:
.n
t~ti~Olhl'i:3 ru
WW II
msurun ruMmntl m~o rnfl M'i:fl~:
.n
I..
x
I 1
'LR]t!ttlrn2Jm'i:3H~R'i:3~ C(x) = 0.02i+100x+2000 mstDru

tROl2 C(x) = C~) = o.02x+100+ 20~0 msruru mLmfinrunru'i:3wJ'i:3\;ltlfilHirn61
I
hl1fJS: 1 t~Jtl') '1

35
t1'1ft91 : d5 C(x) mtlunrh~runrutu;-uqhmHHli~tu1f1~= x 'LI=1]h ts-u
C(x) = C~x) dlLfl1l'h~runru'!3wJ1:3qhmHHli~tu1f1~: 1 t1J1]h") '1
-1 I 0 eJ cJ ';I r:J C!p 1 0
c (x) dlLtnncrrun ru1:3wJ'!3 m~'!3t1:1 ru'i:flsnt~[Yttn rushLtnncrrun ru'ewJ'e

mrurunnm~ru~n'i:3tRS'!3rutlnm '1
n "' IJ
mumiit:
u
'iQ1Riirun
t_;
rutumnb'!3ti5ti5Q1ulH5W'in'!3tii
u n L.:.
Sd ru~ tu'i:m:
.n
1"'
t'ithtnW'etlJ§'i
t_;t_; u tJ 1
1 I
ffl'!3H~f:1'!3S C(x) = 0.125i+20x+ 1000 ~~dlmstDru ~t:iru x dl'l51'i:fln.JHt51f1~=

dru~ms'i
n. Rrt.nSl C(lOO) , C(120) sb C(l50) '1

0 t f! I 0
2. nrul~H~t1'!32Ltnncrrun ru'ewJ'e '1
R. tirulSlLtnRiirunru1:3wJ'!3'i5t~'!3filn.Jrun X= 100 ' X= 120 sb X= 150 '1

tuiim :
N
n. 1=1rulSl C(lOO) , C(120) Sb C(150)

2
tf:1'i:fl2 ccx>=O.l25x +20x+woo mscuru
tf:1Q1S C(100) = 0.125x 100 2 +20x 100+ 1000 = 4250 mscuru
C(120) = 0.125x 1202 +20x 120+ 1000 = 5200 mscuru
C(l50) = 0.125x 150 2 +20x 150+ 1000 = 6812.5 mscuru '1
c< • 0
2. H~f:1'!32LQlncrrunru'!3wJ'!3
2
tf:1'i:flS C(x)=0.125x +20x+1000 mscuru
tf:1Ql2 C(x) = 0.125x + 20 + 1000 ms 'U ru 'i
X
• 0 "'
?1. Lmncr run ru'!3wJ'!3'!5&~'!3
tti'i:fl2 C(x) = 0.125x+20+ 1000
X
mscuru
t1:1ms c'cx) = o.t25- woo m2'U ru
c'< IOO) = o.I25-

1000
2
= o.o25 m8'U ru
100
1000
c'(l20) = 0.125- 2
= 0.055 m8curu
120
1000
c'(I50) = 0.125- 2
= 0.08 m8tDru 'i
150
36 .
dgn l!J t'f!tlJs9 D
Lffifffg : LtnRcrom tiHt51'l5Q~ filHHlirnuw~: 1

X q~4~ mn5Ln~t11sn runf151:fJ~= ~Lli
J 1
'
LOIM~ruma9r:;~s C(x)
"'
= 300+24x--0.4x.+0.1x· 2 3 "' h
r:indlms~~Jru '1
'
n. ?i M Sl C' ( 13) S~ C' ( 15) '1
~- ?iMSl c'c!3) s~ c'os) '1
C:::., eJ 0 1 1 0 ~ eJ
S~M ~t:JrummgUitixe/, m-5.f'(x)-5.M ~Sl8Lr=itiu~St1na, bel ~tlrua<b
t?iOIS m(b-a)-5.f(b)-f(a)-5.M(b-a) '1
.. rr:;2Ja9mHi" t 't:flstti1~Hrn [a, bJ '1 ~ti't:flscr~sfin M tt:JrucrrmgUiti xe [a, bl

, IJ'(x)! $_ M tSl nr:;ms lf(b)- f(a)!:::; Mlb- al '1
~ cr • e:, ~ C» o
"m f dl»Sr:i~Sdl'l5trutHS""Jg
1
[a, b] GV
't:flSttiH~HliutSl8
GV
(a, b) tSH't:flSuSS lJ
c e (a, b) ~rucm~~cr tt:J ru J'(c) = f(b)- f(a) '1

u b-a
• C(x) masr:;13sumRcromruMmn~m~nrunM't:fls:
1 1 ~ ~
x tir:;~~
~
'1
1
0 eJ eJ ":;) eJ ~ ~
om rums13 ru s~umncr om run~ msn run fU't:flj :tJ n

I 1 0
• c '(c) m1mncr
c; "
ttl ru't:flsn mimtn
t_; 6'V c:; ("}
1
fll9 ""
x+ 1 <:II
R C(x+ 1)-C(x) '1 t?ifUHfUj C (x)"'C(X+ 1)-C(x)
,
'1
f15't:fla:tlnm'9
~
x+ 1 ~ R(x+ 1)-R(x) '1 l:?ifUHfUj R'(x)"'R(x+ I)-R(x) '1
P(x) = R(x) C(x)
fU't:flj:tJnfll9
n
""
x+ l ?i
<:II
P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1 ~?ifUHfUS P'(x)""P(x+ 1)-P(x) '1
C(x) = c~x) dlLmRcromru~GJ~q~msnrunf151:fJ~= 1 'Lr:;]~"J '1
37
?0
rurnui
l. H1 dy , D.y , dy-D.y sb dy
D,y
tl'HHlf:l'l§S2lb&Hfl'!§
I l_j
*
2 0
n. )' = X - 3x + 4 tH mg X =3 , .6.x = 0.2
2. y = J12-5x Gtmg x = 2 , D.x = 0.07
2. t1Y'2 ttl~~ thlJru t~'l§jj nn &~L'li tUl ru &s t3 ~ s :n b tLfil'l§
n. J37 2. J65 f:l. V26 m. 3Jf26
b. JsoA u. J79.5 ~. 3J62.3 d. 3,)218.3 '1
3. 'in'i§tD
l_j
so run hl'i:fU: t'ithU!hl'l§
I l.Jt..:i
(1
rums g g ru'iUIRG
t..:i
Ll.ll ru hlm Cl fil~ ru Rhl'Hl~:
lJ lJ U I (1
X t'if:l~b
l_j
tt:1 ru
I 2
2Jm'l§H~f:l'!§S R(x) = 20x-~0 ~nr:h~sdJru tt:1ru o~x~600 '1 tLli'2ttl~~thlJrufus

t\[JS n'&~DJtUl ruts fit ru1 sLmRn ru;] ru tti hl~~: tt:1 rums ru RtL'liL~ ru'Cl 150 tL?lJt~ &94
160 tUiJt~ '1
4. tnbu1_!10 run hl~i: tLtlLU!hl~ t15UISG run t15LQlR hl1'0qb filitl run hl~~: X tUlJt~ tt:1 ru
2Jm'l§H ~?1'1§ s C(x) = 930 + 15x + 0.2x
2
ms tD ru '1 &Lli2 ttl~~ thlJ ru t~'l§jfus t\[12 nt~
DJtUlrutsfitnflsLmRnrunru ttihl~~:tt:1rumstlruntfis'Cl 60 tU1Jt~t94 62 tUiJt~ '1
Q &:::k ~ 0 t eJ I Q
5. hlUlLI'nhltl run hl~~: tH9JuLn su~ ru msu run t15LU!n hl1'li~b 1 t2 hllJltitl run hl~~:
U I
x 'Ui]t~ tt:1ru2Jm'l§H~?1'l§S C(x) = O.li+4x+200 ~nr:hmstDru ttflt15hlUl1.flhlOlS

ggru'iUIRGLl.flru'l§n~m§'iffl'l§HSf:l'l§S
u LJ u "'-"u 1
R(x) = 54x-0.3x2 ~nr:hmstDru '1
et ' 0
n. hlthl~H~f:l'l§SLUinutLl.llQJ P(x)
2. tLti2 ttl~~ thlJ rut~'l§jfus t\flS n'&~DJ tUl ru &s fit ru1 sLmRn t M QJ ttiti"hnM hl~s:
tt1rumsruRtfisn 40 tL?iJt~ t94 44 tL?lJt~ '1
6. ffl'l§fil~hltbnmhlHnw~ms§,tlbm
n ct" tJ
t3ss'i'lir:hr:lru~t:1tsinb91nb'l§ru~ru:ttlru
ul) c:t c; L.Ju
t d'u94
c;
1 1
~2t9jn'Hlsmafiswjb tt:1ru2Jm'l§H~?1'l§S P(t) = I0(40+2d-1600t SlR '1 t1Y'2ttl

~~thlJru t~'l§jtnst\[lsfitnflsLtir:ht1ru~~~b91_!1btSlg tti t tDJLtirun 6 t~ 6.2sljl '1
1 1 lJ
7. mn19Jb~ ru't:fls nbr:h t'~ '1 tLli2 ttli~ thlJru t~'l§j?i Ll.ll 21 n&~1.? tUl ru&s fit ru1 s't:fl:a
1
mru9Jb ttittlru1Ji1Rtt:tl'&~mru9Jb1n'Hl2 tt:1rummhltltDJDJru'Cl 2m t94 2.I5m '1

I U 1 lJ
3.8
';, '\;) 0 I
n. ~nn qpHHS f'(x) mm glf:l'li x E [-·1, 2]
2. 'liblmrtuhmg'if:JU
tn'-' G
xE [-1, 2]
4
1
tf:lQlS 4~x+~:s;Jx+2::;;-
2 x+~2 '1
9. tf:l§jHqf:l'iH~ f RMrinli [o, ~ ) ttiru f(x) = tanx '1 'li~fJ)GtmgLf:JUU~Snn a

"'J.. " 1t b-a b-a
Sw b ttiru O:s;a<b<-
2
tf:lQlS -cos -:s;tanb-tana:s;--zb
2a cos
'1
10. tf:l§jHqm~s f RM~trum~g I '1 'Lutj~'li9aru ( tUHlu) anLf:JUnt~ c Qb

1
tHS'H
GV
1 ttiru J'(c) =o % --.
n. j(x) = i-4x , CE (-2, 2) 2. f(x) = (x-l)(x-2)(x-3) cE (I, 3)
= i-1
2
2X- 3 ,
R. j(x) =X -
x+2
CE (-1, 3) lli. j(x) -X- , CE (-1, 1)
b. f(x) = sin2x , cE (~. ~) u. f(x) = ~-sin~x , cE (-1, 0) '1
11. tf:l§jH~f:l'i§S t RMritruuc~g 1 '1 'Llitj~'li9nt~'i§qJ'i§ ~nEJ'lin'f~ cE (a, h) ttlru

f'(c) = f(b)- f(a) ~
b-a
2
n. j(x) =X CE(-2, 1) 2. f(x) = x(x2 -x-2) , CE (-1, I)
f:l. f(x) = x3 c E (0, I)
12. hltn'iffHudrnnt1H:ll~:m9~u'inSu'i§li5 mscrrunru'ilfiRhlmnb 1 tGhl'itflUdrnnhl'i:m:

G .n i.-Jl.J u l.J .,L.J
1" .n
u 1
x 'L~bttiru~ffl'i§H~f:l'i§S C(x) = 2400+28x+0.02x ~nctlm2dJru '1

2
n. RM~tmficrrunruhl;'liqbm~drnnhl~fU: 10 'L~b 20 'L~bsb 30 'EJ]b '1
2. ihs~sn&~L'littnru&stmficrrunruqbm~drnnhl1fJJ:tLI:l]b9 II 'EJ]b9 21 sb
'L~b'9 31 '1
13. tflbrJ'i§tlfiH1'i§9hl'iSl1lj'i§ru mscrrunruhlmnb 1 t2hl'itf1Utmg,rJ1~9hl'iSl~ljn r;nu
1n 1n li nu 1" l.J .. li IJ"
1
X
ttiru~'iffl'i§HSI:l'i§S
u C(x) = o.oooii+x+465 ~nctlmsrflru ttflrutnbrJ'i§LfiSrufi
1 'J 1!1
mm1m9hl'iSl1lj
"'-' "'-' li n
l unu'fu
IJ · <v
P = D(x) = 4-0.0002x mst{)ru '1
39
m. 618 ~ 2 n'f~t,ti~'lfl ru 'fsunR8 t rw1 QJ ~tj rums r1 filH15R g tDJ2l ~~uJlli'9 3oo1
uJlli'9 3501 shuJlli'9 4001 '1
14. tu'lflt,mtud run tD1;fl~: tt,tit,mw~ ti5QlSG run ti51_,QlR tDitiqt~ filHhlin tD1:r~: X tt,f:iJt~ 2J
&fl'e"H~f:i'e"S C(x) = 480 + 26x- 0.1i ms tD ru '1
0 I c;f t 0 -
n. nrulnH9f:i1381_,Qlnurun ti513GJ13 C(x)
2. f:irul2l1_,QlRGrunti513GJ13ti~~'ij filrurun X= 30 ' X= 50 sb X= 70 '1
15. tu'lflt,mtud run tD1:r~: m ~UlJl Su~ ti5 Ql8G run ti5 tD1liQb Fil~d run tu1:r: X q_~it~ ~tj ru
U I J
§jm-e»9f:i'e"S C(x) = 1080 + 42x + 0.3x ms tD ru2
'1 Rrul~ti1'Hlrul tu1:r~ :ttj rutu'lflt,mtu
Ul~ d rumtl-ej§jt,lllRG run ti513GJ13'Hl8 mnHtiJm'Hlttl 0:::; X:::; 90 '1
u
16. 1_,n'etfl8 d run tD1:r~: t'd5t,mh5~ ti5Ql8G run ti5 tDiti Qb fil~ d run tD1:r~: X tt,f:iit~ §j m-e
l 1 J
HSf:i'e"S
I
C(x) = i+20x+ 1050 mstilru
'J ttllti5~n-etilsruRtnm~mggrums~QlR
U I "'-" "'-" 1J l..j
I
U
~
urulrutum::::~&n'e-HSf:i'e-8
0
1
cl
i.J
R(x)
I
'0 ru
= 140x-0.5x 2 msta '1 nrulnnanm'Hlrwltu'Hla:ttjru
0 '""' "'
.n
"'
'[!i'etfl SlJl~ d runs b ruRr:tl-ej§j1J113tfl s g ~ rumst,QlRG r; rul f!Jctl H~m'Hl ttl 0:::; X:::; 70 '1
1 U I
40
0
unn 'II
0 c::r. ~ 0~ ~ cf ~ ct
n:rl nbd tl n~~H tr:iSb n5fimitlmd ~flltl Sb~Fil'iH1lb~Hlffi'l:H~~Ht5S9l S HSr:i'eS
"' u li' L I I
I
L~ ~ mWI'i:fllJlUL'eg
I
'1 u~tin hll'ijlt'e 'Us h5nJlH to i mr~ sb MtiLmuH ~ ffi'es H M 9l s s
cf~ t!::l 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ C»
H 9ffl'l3 SUit FilWI'i:flUlUL'eg MMJffiU li5i1m WIg tlb Sbti WI S t9'i tth gUt1111JM'l3Fili
I
0 f!l I Qp ~ 1
~uw.m 915 CIJ1 tdJb 1 ttl rug-, n9b sb mHLliLOlMLmu '1
41
1
tnurunl
" I
0 hlnJ1~HG~fflt1Si:Hui:1lmlitf:HH~I=i'iH~ y = Jax + b , a :t 0
e
eJ
ttlSnruln D
0 '
= [2, +oo)
, (2x-4)' 1
y = 2J2x-4 = J2x-4
y'= ~>0 thm& x>2 '1
2x-4
lim J2x- 4
x~+oo
=+ oo
+=
- hlruli:11Ji1ti :~fit~ x 3!Hli

y 0_______,. +oo
y!
n'f~~n1mts y I
GVWu '"'
2 r---
I
X 2 4 I
y 0 2 x' 0 l 2 4 X
! y'
~"
tfHUflf: HSfi~S y
IJ 1
<'
= .Jax+b ttlru a :tO '1
eJ 0 I tJ eJ
.. t t1 s R ru1 n : y '1:fl S s t1H'i5 ax + b <:: 0
m""' a>O , x<::--b

a
D = [-~, + oo)
= (-=, ~]
... b
m a<O x:::;-- D
a
42
<.}<» ~ , a
• twH• y = ---c==
2,./ax + b
<»
nH1Il a>O "" a<O
nH1.fl
j_~
x! a +=
X -oo
)' ' Ili + y'

Yl'o__-
I
+oo Y + 00-------, ol
a>O a<O
x' b 0 X 0 b X
a y' a
y'
wf.f11tint : t\5nJl~Hri~.mr~sl:Hu~LFnlihuHFi'a"S y = f(x) = ,./3x-5
otiJw :
"'
eJ 0 I t:/ cJ 5
• &C:JSnrl.JHi H9f:l'a"StflSSti5FilbliruTl 3x-5 2':0 y_ x2': :3
~msg ttJSRruHHSH9f:l'a"S~ D = [~, +oo ) '1
" 9nH1:!iHtri~Jllrl
<»<» ~
bli'a"61 lim f(x) = lim --13x- 5 = + oo
X-?+oo X-? +oo
43
"1 - ---- y ~ J3x-5
2
00
+
+co
y 0<-------i>
x' 0 X
5 2 3
y'
3
5
X 2 3
y 0 2
n. y = Jsx- 1 ~. y = J2-x '1
2.
cJ 0 1 cf eJ 2
e tt:jSRrtfHi: HSf:'l'e'S'i:flSSt15
1
mrurun X -4x+3?::0
m"" 2
X - 4x + 3 =0 bSl g X =I ' X = 3 '1
X l-oo 3 +oo
2 ! I
x -4x+ 3! + Q +
t?itflS } - 4x + 3?:: 0 d5 x s I 'U x?:: 3 '1

"'
Y, = 2x- 4 = x- 2 'i:flS t\HTTHfl'e x- 2

2
2Ji-4x+3 Jx -4x+3 !:2
Ji - 4x + 3 > 0 8t mg X 3 '1
44
X -oo 2 3 +oo
I ru@n :y = f(x) = Ji-4x+3 = Jcx-2) 2 -1 = lx-21+£(x)

tf:J b15 lim E(x) =0
X -7 ±oo
t~rns f(x) = x -- 2 + £(x) m"' x:::: 3
f(x)=-x+2+£(x) ""
ttix:S:l
X-7
lim f(x)
+oo
= X-7
lim [x-2+£(x)]
+oo
= +oo
lim f(x) = lim [-x+2+£(x)] = +oo '1
tf:Jlru
X-?
lim E(x)
-00
= 0 'US'l~
~
y = -x+2 dlffihll:inntHrn:rlb x-7-= '1
1 u G
:1~
y
I
+=
~o
- ~~ o--;;.
+ +~
+=
n5n.ni3Lnm
U11~'&s y X I 0 3
u i
2 fl1UU n.n"' 2
cf () 2 2
f'.J 0
• J:L:lSnMn:
1
HS~l:iS't:flSSI15
1
Alrurun -2x +lOx-8:2:0
Ql
tti -2x +lOx-8 =0
J:Slg X= 1 , X= 4
1 4 +oo
4 + 4
45
•r '"'w~' t •
<i y , -- - 4x + 10 = 2x + 5 'tflS hlffiHfl'e - 2x + 5
2J-2i+ lOx-8 J-2i+ lOx-8 ~
0
utmg x = -52 tr:Jms y' =o ""
tmrumhlmH1""' + t9l - tsihltl:nb x = 5-
G ~ 2
~msg H~r:J-es'tflsHfim'tfltcrJu 1(D = -2(~r + 10(D-s =
3
{! '1
- fflrlbHtGH'fH1
5 l
4 -t-Y I
X 2 I
y' +
! 3./i I
2
l---
I
I I
III \
!
I
y I i
I
I I l
I I
I I i
0 5 XI
2
1 I
I
I
X =4 tSH y =0 '1
"""'
t:hfltl:l'l: HSti'eS'tflSrltl y
Bl I
"' = Jax 2 +bx+c .,
tt:Hliax 2 +bx+c
"'
nHUl a> 0 LAlmSH~r:l'eS y " "' = Jax 2 + bx + c
tr:JQ1S y = Jax 2 + bx + c = Ja\x +tal+ f(x)

lim f(x)= lim Jai+bx+c- lim Ja\x+ b\=0
x~= x~~ x~~ 2a
46
Ll. <:.: 0 -1--1---l-~._.--+.----:---'--,&<--
. ~----t--'--f-+----'k'-'71'----'---+-----c
:x:
~ ~ r:l Q'l
n Hl.fl a< 0 t s·H ~ Al'iH S H f:Hil.HH'fl S Hl hll.HHH g '1
c. 1 ... 1 u
0 tO Q Q cf 12
= x+ 1 +2.Jx
I ':)
Wf1111it'ij : hln.JlH&GUfiC1ShhlilLAl'iHSH~l=1tHl y -2x+4 '1
oti!m
.., :
cJ 0 •
• ttHmetmi
y' = I+ 2x- 2
2
Jx -2x+4
~ ~ ~
m x ;::: I t sm 2x- 2 ;::: o , y' ;::: o t'Ul tiHti x < 1 &s·H 1 - x > o
2
, Jx -2x+4-2(1-x) -3i+6x
y - - --;::;====~-;::::::::::.====----:::;--
-
2
Jx -2x+4 - Jx -2x+4 2 2 [Jx -2x+4+2(1-x~
tttlti5 I-x>O tS1&.Fil!=1&'tih~OtflS &Ulti5 y' tflShlmltlti
r.s- ~ u
2
-3x +6x= 3x(2-x)
I
X j-oo 0
X= 0 , y' = 0
<' ~
x > 0 , y' > 0 , y ftl H S1 1!115 S til S '1
1_!1 ti X =0 , y' = 0 Sh m nJ ml rJ t fTf +

~ ~
~l:HS& H~l=115S y tflSHtiJmtll&crjtit~ f(O) =5 '1
47
Hl~'e~n: y = x+ 1 +2Ji--2x+4 = x+ I +2J(x-1) +3
2
= X+ I + 2lx- II + E(x) ttJ rn lim E(x)

X -7 ±oo
=0
~ et Ql Cl.l df ~
L:ltHSg
U
~Al'iHSHSt:i'eS'HlSHlfd'efin&HilfibU i':i y
lJ 1 1Uli
= 3x-l Shy= -x+3 '1
(C)
I":' i I I ~Y! I Y/ i i
i"-'l I I I I 1/V
lim (x+ I +2Ji-2x+4) = += i"-.'1--.. I I Ill! I i i
X-7 += 1\J""-, I! I;I i
I f-+J_ ii"-f' )" V I

i A I T
I
i
"'
2 I
lim (x + 1 + 2Jx - 2x + 4) = '
I
I
:
I
I
!'\. Tl!
I
X -7 -oo
I I I "-.'/ I
r ' N
I I I /t 1"'-J
.x' I I I I 0 i !'.:! xi
I I j I I !'\. i
+=
I r I I !T
I
I'\: I
I~-
i
i
I I
I i It
I I I I '
I I I
N
I ii"-1
I I
"
+oo I I I Yl I I i I
I
y = 3x- l
I I
Y=-X+3 "'
n. y = X+ J2x 2 + 1 ~- y = (x-l);;;z;-; '1
d
3. ;t~~fte
rotmtit.f.u:
"
-es1 fd~'HlRtO~
i.t..
t o.n~ rin n.nu
I) 1
A fil~tl rn~ nci tmg tvr msn n.nu M ft:l rn
i.t" 1n 1
tSl
1
Hli~ ~dlih1:!1 tiHbli~S 3km/h am5~ ~ tMHrnRrun~~~dl~t1:!1 tm rn~ s 5km/h '1 tU
u'Hlruri A till B tfit~h 2km ttliruri B till
<:1 """'
c tfit~h
'-11
6km ~n'9mhts M t~-e~§~Hn
e.JU~
6km
M ~~m~ V 2 = 5km/h c
6-x
2km,
= 3km/h
48
"" 6 --X
c ~-
5
t9i C ~ j(x) = J4+i + 6-x
3
nnru x>O m~&tib1~'i:flS r:Uiru 16(x+D R1~'i:flS&'i:l~ 'i
i:lmsg f'(x) 'i:flShlmli:lti x-~ nlitlrnsmntl~-Hd~mn

u ~ u 2
X I0 ~ 6
J'(x) I - p +
d5 x =~ r:s-H 1 'i:flsn&~um5~n '1 ~msg r:t3-ej~~n~w1iaLlir:nru~r;u~n~

M ~611 ""
hlntSl1
ti'i:flli5 -3 km ""rltiMti B 'i
0
~ ~ ~ 2 1
u
Wtmtftrt2:
u
r;~r;{:i rund'Hd'eu rufi:l bli'i:flS nl R £911 r;~th
IJ
r; filS'eu ru 'i m~n
c; 1mfimn~Q
l_j
fi
u
m ~D-eu ru rur;wmrlm
"'
~D-erur:s gr:~rmtl r:s gr:~rns r:ms i:lmmntl r:um-e ~
u /) u u
QR
A
.... _____ _
n. ~Mm'i:fl:ar:msthH~~-e2&s x &'i:lru x m~&smL-e]nmhltsihlru '1
~. ~firit~ X r:t3-ej~tfilS'i:flS'i:fl:aBU~ri 'i
49
2. nt1;1 x t~'ej~tfflS1:flS'Hl:aH~uan
V = _i!_.iJ4rr 2-i
2
24rr
V' = _i!_[2xJ4rr2-x2+xz·
2
(4rr2-x2)']
24rr 2J4rr 2 - i
v 1:f18nt1;1H~m1:f1Ln~ x = 2rrfi
~msg tms1:fls1:fl:atiti~6'1tti x = 2rrfi '1
50
(XY)
t:::p ~ 0 0
= 9m
IQI Q)
r:lcrm:nt:aurn-e
u u
'1 ttil rutlbm BK = 3m , AH = l.Sm sb KH nbl.JH19fi'lb 1 tru
(XY) t~-ej~Lli~~b Al+IB lflS~ijlhl~tl~n '1 QbfiHUltsg t~LM~MS1Lti~1b IH '1

1 u
H
X K y
A
eJ 0 I cJ Ql
tr:lSfiruln: y lflSsrum ax+b::?:O
ttl a>0 , x :2:- ~ , D = [- ~' + oo)

ttl a< 0 , X~-~ , D = (-oo, - ~] '1
• ~
HS~'eS
1
y = Jax2 +bx+c lflS .1 = b 2 -4ac
fiHUl a> 0 '> ~
Lfflti&SH9~'eS y = Jax2 + bx + c "" ""
lflS~·mq-e~n&[Jnm
+ oo LffltitSH9~'eSlflSffi~'e~n&lJn y = .Fa(x +{a)

ttl x-+-oo LffltitSH9~'eSlflSffi~'e~nt[Jn y = -.Fa(x+ ;a) '1
51
? rihmri
0
I. HU-flhl'\:HHHHH'iHHJHSf:ms
I u G I
y = 2x+3-.J4i+x+ 1 '1
"" " "'

2. ~ntE:lH~I:SH~tl'\Hl~hltfil'e
2
n. y = (2x-3)Ji-3x+4 2.. y = Jx 2 + 6x + 5 + X2 + 3 '1
c::r. Q t '\;) ~
3. WnJl~HG~.filb1Sbtui.iLFn1HSH~t113S~btlfil13 §
n. )' = 3x-2+ Jx-1 2. y = x + Jx 2 - 3x + 2 '1
3 = 0 '1
5. ~ "'
ttl~H~tl'eS y
2 rz---:1
= mx+m""+,._fx-+ '1
n. un.fH.i5tHm Rtfl Hl hl'e n £HHH1 ~ b

c.t 1 u G
M
n
nHthl.jfil'li ~ b nli 'ih sb mimu ru sb 13 ti5 '1 1J
2. tti m = 1 hlnJlHtd~.mb1sbtu{1Lm'li c mti5H~t1-es~btrn '1
6. tt12JH9?113S y = J2x(4-x) '1
n. hlnJlH td~.mbl sb tu{1Lfil'li c

~ Q ';I ~ ':) I ~
2. tL'lilfil'li c bl.filnJl61113nt~ m H~.mmsytumtutu'efil~
J2x(4-x) = mx+2./i-5m '1
n. nrt.flnnm m t~-ej2Jtu~fil~ x+J2i+ I= m

0 • "
7.
"'
nrt.nnm-e m t~-ej2J1 tU~fil~ x + J2x + 1 < m
0 • " 2
2.
"'
~ C:::. I '\;) r;(
n. tunJlH td~.mbl sb n5b1Jll1HSH9t1132 '1
2. tlYlJll'li ~nn~~ m t~-ej2J1tu~mansytu J4i+2x+ 1 ~m-x '1
9. ~
tf:l~H9t1132 = f(x) = 2 + 21J 12- 3x2 '1
"'
y X
Q c.\ f "':) c!
n. tunJ1HtG~.filb1Sbtui.iLFn'li c t2H9t113S '1
2. U'1Jltl5'libWR -2~xJ12-3i~4
f:l. n:ll8UMrutu~fili J12-3i = 4-x 1Jaw::llbm~rugdrutstu~filatjlru~fil'lits
""{].: rP l.j
52
r1gn m c'tuijs?J !J
IO. t?12J~Hj?115S y = x + J2x 2 +I 'tfl~Lfil'li C 'i
n. ~mnt'dm;~mnhmu
1 u L
c 'i
" 3"":£:"" ~
2. ffl11"Lfil'li ~nnt~ m tw15J.,;Jt't515fil~ x+ ,.;2x +I =m
R. Ma M~ M~ mm ~ sfsbLmu c
? ~
1Ji b tHUJ!:i r; ~ Lfil'lib i.Hli'tfl ~ ffi'li rq t\5

l 0 C) l
X = 2 'i
I I. ?l'li11"1TI ABCDEFGH 'tfl~~b'Hl.hdb a 'i I If

u l.l ~ w1 G
0 ? ~ 0 J
tlltHl.fl13nrun rtH~ [AB] t'i.Jl ru J tll13bl.fl13
1 "' 1 E F
nrunruc~ [EH] 'i Gb\..fl13 M 151TIHhsinli I
"' 1 l.l
DJ..--- --- c
1db
G
G~?lu'li 'i ~n13'tflru2tid~~tl
e~ 1
ru M 6\1
aH1 1 t9i /
/
/
1
/
J 'i A
I B
53
c::
2
Cll
H~fiHfiLfitfi1DnY11..fi6LU8
11
~r:l rnu1i MnJl ~jtl

u 1
c:. ct eJ Q ~
= sinx
C(
"HS?l'!:Hl f(x) 'HlS2'U 2n: Sbt:hHS?l'i:3SthlhltHS"H!:r:lbliinihlnn ?1 [0, n:]

1 IJ 1 "" l) \j"
u
"HS?l'i:3S"' f(x) = cos2x 'Hl22'li n: .. "' el ""

sbt:hHS?l'i:3S?JtHmnr:lrninihlnn
u "" l)
?1 [0, n:
""
-]
1 \J 1
u
\j" 2
et X c:. e1 e.~ c::., c:b
"HS?l'i:3S f(x)
t
= sin-2 'HlS2'li 4n: sbt:hHS?l'i:3StnHummgtr:lrn;n~hlnJl ?1 [0, 2n:]
u 1 "" L:iu
"HS?l'i:3S<' f(x)
1
= sin-X3 'HlS2'U 6n: ""
u
"' "' ""
Sbt:hHS?l'i:3S?ltHS"H!:r:lbliinihlnJl
1 u
c;,
?1 [0, 3n:]
IN L:iu
0 "' ,.
or; m g H ~ ?J'i:3 sUl tfilM'HlLnOLl:i g
0
~9l'i.JUM"' : f(x) = sin-+

X
sin-X 2'li P "!:S f(x) "" '>
?Jt:htl'Ul?JMmnO'Udn!:S 4n:
2 3 \J 1 1 \J u 1
~ ~ eJ Q c:b
b'Ulnr:sg
1
P = 12n: r;mru f(x) t:hHS?l'i:3Sr:hlhl
1
mmgtr:lbliin~hlnn?J
GV l.j ij'
[0, 6n:] '1
u
0 110 ~ C\ 1 ~ cf
fJJtmtifijl: hlnJlHr:tiUilt1 sb M{1LfilutSH~?l'i:3S y = f(x) = sinx( 1 + cosx) '1
cui'1w: IN
el 0 •
" r;r:lSnruln D = IR
" 2'U
\J
: HS?l'i:3S'HlS2'U
1 \J
P "' = 2n:
ltmg f(x+2n:) = [sin(x+2n:)][l +cos(x+2n:)]
0 •
= sinx(l +cosx) = f(x) mmg~u XE IR '1
".ffH11=i thlhl f "'

t:hH~?l'i:3SthlhltLmg f(-x) = sin(-x)[ 1 + cos(-x)]
u
= -sinx( I + cosx) =- f(x)
54
ttj1t1 y' == [sinx(l + cosx)]' = cosx(l + cosx) + sinx(-sinx)
= COSX +COS 2X- SID
. 2
X= COSX + COS 2X- (1 --COS 2X )
= 2cos 2x + cosx 1 =(cosx + 1)(2cosx --· 1)

L~lixe!R '-Is;cosxs;1 ii2J os;cosx+Is;2 '1 ~msgy'
2cosx-I '1
y
2cosx- I = 0 t 81 g cosx = 21 , x = It3
1t
1 It 3
2cosx-l >0 t8lg cosx>
2 , O<x<3
2 cosx- 1 < 0 rO'"'IOO

·~~ cosx< 1 , J't
3<x<1t
2 1t 0
x' X
' It I
I
X i.o 3 n;l
!
I
y' !2 + 0 0 I
y j 3J3 II
4 ----_o I y'
: 0 ...--------"'
0 Q
mmg x = n; tl!itr'IS y' = o stl y = o '1
• I
l '
!
'
smx( 1 -ti cosxr
I ! I
y'
55
- t\5nni1Lf'ilti : ~tab wi1Lffllitsim~·u ro, nl li~th~nm'!5tHrnb~g~n o tfiQlS
1
Lmmsim~u [-n, n] '1
rh mgLmu ~s ~mr:lJb t9Jn tfiQlS tm ru~ RrnLmu cs ~15 [-n, n] '1

0 I 0 Q &::~, I ':J ef
Wfmtftij2: WRJ1HtG~.fflr:1SbtubL1ll'tHSlHjfi'l5S y = f(x) = 2cosx-cos2x '1
Gtf'Jtv
IN
:
" 0
" tL::l Snruln D
•
= IR
" ~15 : H9fi'l5S"' y = cosx 'i::!lS~ti P1 = 2n , y = cos2x 'i::!lS~.u P2 =n '1
= 2cosx- cos2x = f(x)
tL:J1t~ y'= -2sinx+2sin2x = -2sinx+4sinxcosx = 2sinx(-1+2cosx)
y' = 0 hl'!5'!5b15 2sinx(- 1 + 2cosx) = 0

u
!U'\5'!5u rn sinx = 0 ' - 1 + 2 cosx = 0

o o:;:: "' o:;:: 1t
mmg sinx=O Sl~x=O, x=n Sb-1+2cosx=O Sl~x=
3 '1
- !i5 ffi1 t L:J1 t 1

!JJ
0
mmg O<x<n tfiQlS sinx>O '1 L::ltHS8
u
y' 'i::f1S!Uffi1L::l13 -1+2cosx
E:g u
1 1t
- 1 + 2cosx > 0 cosx>
2 U. 0<x<
3
1
-1 +2cosx<0 cosx < 2 't5 ~<x<rr
"'- 3
I 1t
X I0 3
y'lI 0 + b
HSfi'l5S
1
f 'i::!lSHfim'i::!l t(~)
3
= 2cos~-
3
cos2~3=-?2 .l_ (-l)2 = 2~ '1
'i::!lSHtiJli~'i::!l f(O) = 2cos0-cos2(0) =1 Sb f(n) = 2cosn-cos2rt = -3
56
X
y'
n5Milgnu : ~1JiHoilLFntitS11 LH~·H [0, n] u~thrn ffl'l5t5&'rnl:l~gifFij oy

I
~~rns LFnutm,m~u r-n, nJ '1
t:h mgLFnu 'fs ~utdJl:l t 9] r;rns n:n rui RrnLmu 'f s ~u r-n, nJ '1
Lt1Rug : hlliJlHtG ann sl:l MilLFn'UtSH 9~'!5S §
li. y = sinx + sin2x ~- y = 4cosxcos(x + ~) '1
Wtmfftfj3: hlliJlHtGHlltl ""sl:ltui:lLFnutSH9~'!5S

· " "'
y = sinx+ cosx
sin2x
ru1Jw :
Ill/
cJ 0 I t::»
s rum sin 2x :;t 0
C)
J:L:l s li rLfl r; s y 'tfl s t{ 2x :;t kn
D = IR -{k;, k E Z}
e ~'U
w
HS~'\5S
I
"' y = cosx sl:l y = sinx 'tfl s ~ 'i5
w Pr = 211: sl:l y = sin2x
+ cosx
'tfl s ~ 'i5
w
p2 = 1t '1 1:lmsg
u
HS~'\5S
I
"' y = sinxsn2x 'l:flS~U
w
P = 2n
" Qfi HS ~'!5S "' + cosx

= sinxsin2x "" " "' "'Si:ltMMt9 '1
'!5nbt9
i.J" 1 y '!5Sb'\5SdlHS~'\5S~
1 u
tltHSg
u
t?i
~tl1t~ y' = (sinx_+cosx)' = (sinx+cosx)'sin2x-(sinx+cosx)(sin2x)'

sm2x (sin2x)2
= (cosx- sinx)sin2x- 2(sinx+ cosx)(cos2x)
2
(sin2x)
2 2
( cosx sinx)(2 sinxcosx)- 2( sinx + cosx)( cos x- sin x)
= ~------~~------~~--------~--------~
2
sin 2x
1 2
=- -2 -(cosx sinx)[2sinxcosx-2(sinx+ cosx) ]
sin 2x
= -;-(sinx-- cosx)(2 + sin2x)

sin 2x
tn sinx-cosx = sinx-sin(~ x) = 2cos~sin(x-~) = J2sin(x-~)

i:ltH!:H y'
u
= +J2sin(x- ~)(2sin2x) L?itl X E R ' -1::; sin2x::; 1 ,
sm 2x
2
tUi ru sin 2x > 0 '1
~mag y' 'tllanHJJl~u sin(x-~) '1
sin(x-~) = o ~~stl x-~ = krt, kE z

rt 3rt
trn""' (-rt, rt) , ""
m k = -I , X=-
4
-rt = --4
""
m k=O, x= rt
4
t rn <-rt, rt) fil?it'Utl sin2x 'fa y
3rt
-rt<X<--
4 '
sin(x- ~) < 0
3rt rt rt 3rt
- - <x<-- -rt<x-- <--
4 2 ' 4 4 '
trn"" (-~, 0) ' -~ <x<

2
0 3rt rt rt
- - <x-- <--
4 4 4 ' sin(x-~)<o
..,
trn (o, ~) , sin(x- ~) = 0
0
mmg X=-
rt
4
O<x<
rt
4 '
-~ <x- ~ <0 ,
4 4
sin(x-~)<o
rt rt
-<x<- ,
4 2
rt rt
O<x--<-
4 4
sin(x-~)>o
trn"" (~, rt) sin(x -- ~) > 0
rt rt 3rt
' -<x--<-
4 4 4
58
n: n:
4
+
""
ffitu'i:HHi
1 u
sinx + cosx -1
lim y = lim
+ sin2x
= ---;:----;--:::-
lim sin2x
= -00
X-; -rt X--.+ -1C
X--) -11:
lim y = lim sinx + cosx = +oo

n n sin2x -
X --) -Z X --) -Z
limy = ±oo, limy = ±oo , lim y = +oo

x--70 11:
X--?l .x->rr
f:lfH@8
u
X= -n: , X = -:z:n: , =0 X ,
xl _3n: n: n: n:
1-n: 4 2 o 4 2 n: 1
y' I
I +
b' -
1:
1
1 -
I'I! - .k
\'} +
j!
I +
II
I
I I I, I! I 'I I
II r;:,2 II+ 00 II' + 00 + 00 I + 00 II

y i! -00-----"' --------00, ~00 ' ~J2---- i -00------ !1
X = - 3411: y = -J2 = -1.4 &Ul t15 X = !E4 y = J2 = 1.4

- tlirtn~gnti : tu~unmsim~g c-n:,n:) tmrut1£mgLffllits~mtiJtlt9J~
59
x' X
sinx + cosx
y =
sin2x
n. y = sinx + sin2x
2. y = 4cosxcos(x + ~) '1
60
? 0
ruunri
~ t:::\ , '=' cr 2
1. tUnJl~HG~.ffltl siHuhLAltHS~Hjf:l'HS y = cos x · sin2x '1
Q Q , '=' cr
2. tUnJlH&d~mn sb eublmms~Hjf:l'HS::nb tLAl'H
I n.
2. y
y = 2sinx-3cosx
= 5sinx+ cosx '1
n. y = cos2x- cos3x
2. y=2xcos2x-sinx '1
n. y = 2sinx- sin2x
(")
c. y = cos 2x + xsmx
• '"'
,
Q q I ";) c:f
5. tUnJl~HG~.ffltl sb tDhLAltHS~~ f:l'HS
1- sinx
n. Y = - - -
cosx
2 _ Y = co~x-1 '1
smx
6. ~nm'tfl~S~Sf:l'HS y = sinx nlim~H [0, 2] '1
I 2 + COSX
~ ~ ~
7. tl_YLAltHS y = sin2x-3sinx t!:lHLti..fH15tU'HAl~

~
sin2x-3sinx=0 t'i5-21t~x<21t '1
8. t1:12J~~f:l'HS y = asin2x+ sinx '1 hlfijlH&G~.ffltlBbtD~LAlli rhmg a= 1 '1
9. tf:l§'i~~R'HS y = asinx- cosx- I '1 wnn~tG~.ffltlBbhl~'iAlti rhmg a= 1 '1

u acosx u-· L:.
61
?0
ruunridnn 3 ,.
~ Q I ':1 ci
I. WnJ1H tG~tn£1 sb hlbU1Jti&SH~?mS21b ttffl~
n. y = J3x-5
Q ~ I ':J cf
2. WnJ1H tG ~mn sb wbLffllitSH ~ i=i~S21b ttm~
n. y = 2+Ji-2x-3
2. y = 2 + Js- 2x 2 '1
C). &::::). I '\11 t;f
3. WnJ1HtG~mn sb wbLmmsH~f:i~S21b ttm~
n. y = 2x-I-J3x-5
2.y=x+1-J4-i'1
~ Co\ 1 ':1 t:l
4. WnJ1H&Gitnn sb wbtmmsH~f:i~S21b ttm~
n. y = f(x) = sinx + 2sin~
2_ y = f(x) = cosx- 1 '1

2cosx + 1
5. MnJ1H&G~tn£1SbhlciLffllitSH~i=i~S y = f(x) = ./3sinx+ cosx '1
6. ti=i2JH~f:i~S y = - 2x + mJi + 1 '1

~ Q 0
=4
I
n. hlnJ1H&n~mnsbwbLfflli mmg m '1
2. ~nnt~~ m t~~,§msi=i~smsnt~mm
~ u 1 ~ w
'1
62
ARCHIMEDES ( 287- 212 1HHi.
1
M)
filHHUl S1 ffitl '~Lfflrn'i:ns &~15RWil ~15n?i filHHUl S1 ~~Lnf{P~S fg n1!ti stl'i:n~ &s
hlnl~
u
'1 filblintidlMfilbli
1
EUDOXE (406- 359 158
1
ti. hl) stl ARCHIMEDES ( 287-212
15St1.
1
hl) Q1S&~u1cr~·mtt~15rutttlrutd?i~ft1rn'i:f1SdltlltH1UHfilMt~15it1MSltt~Un9n
LJ c:u .: 1 eJ .: u· '1
t si &~15 hl~1 ~JSl 17 JOHA.t,'NES KEPLER ( 1571-1630) stl BONAVENTURA
CAVALIERI ( 1598- 1647) Q1S'U ma blit:flfi1 hl~ S'J ts s t1515S ruffib tnifilbliff1151Ut1~tfilM
li 1
u
fntl '1 &ttl ru~~dl fil~tiM S1 tt11 &1 sb ffitl t~Lfflrndl~crn ~LffiM[!t941 QJ t9i~n
Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz ( 1646 - 1716 ) Stl Newton ( 1642 - 1727 ) Q1 S tim bli M ml M
'fj ~
0 0 •
ffitlt~Lfflrnnn.n~ '1
&si M ~ ~ ~J g 19 AUGUSTINLOUISCAUCHY(1789-l847)Q1S'limrns~~Mml dl
'fj 11 ~
IC!:II c.~ o o 1\l cr eJ 1 Ql
8t15~St15ffitl&~'ifilblinrul~tSHSt1~8~11Ht1blidl'Utbli1JtSlg [a, b] '1
~ 1 u w
Qtld~msg tm6nJlf~trnLn~91 ffitlt~Lfflrn~sRn.nri stlrntlt~Lfflrnfin.nri '1

1
63
1
0 0 "
HlblfitfilnlfiOJlii
0 I Q (I 0 QJC» ~ ':1 CJ
o nrulns ru~s ruffib tnumum~rn~n~:sd rn~ni:~Lni{Jlu~HnM tnb

':I 0 0 1
o tinLnnrut~Lni{Jlffl~Hlb tnunrnn ru1 n
o ~ ru1 Sl 'fdUnlm'fs
4 "" .., tfj rn~ ru1~ t L:il ru&~H
w· tdntit\ u Fnb Hniffith6
tt 1
tu ti Sl
4
~ ru.H
X= a Sb X =b
i.rJ e Gfit!~:~, n;,; ~ fi

0 0 •
1.
1.1. fin.f!S1t~Uiv.J1mttlthlionmn~tmn.ninw
U
Fnu c sbHniffi1hlituin{sbutSl8
u tW
[0, 1] tL:ilrutunt:HSlasgdl n
6\1 6V
=4 t:HSlHM'J
IN'-'11
u
r:nsb~MSlffl~drnun'fdUn11nmHFnrultnbtfjrnTintsi2lbtUFn~UFnu
"' u 4 w· 1 c (m9
u
1) '1
" .., .. 0 1 1
tmuntHSl8
6V
[0, 1] dlUSt:HSl8&tuffl&L:ilt15&i'Uurulu
w c::; 1...) 1 (N .....
Xo = 0 ' X!= 4- ' x2 = 2- '
s4 = f(xo)b.x + f(xl)b.x + f(xz)lix + f(x3)b.x
= t<O)flx + t(i)b.x + tG)b.x + t(£)b.x
6,4
~msg S4 = 1.2I875 1t1 nt'eH5
ovL.;
~tfl ru2 m SutS
n
h~unfiln~rl
w· "' n'i6V5i1 ~tl ru2 rul1:;: &ttl ruum'i5
I) &
c mb y = j(x) = i + 1 sbiinJHlli~MLnfsbm~·H ro, tJ '1

u
0.75
0.5
0.25
1 X
0
""
mg2
u
y = f(x) = i+ 1 sb'i:flsumli c '1 ~rul2lnt-e1'i5~tnru&s&nungn~tln'i5i1~tlru2o.nttt~ru

Nl.J c::; \J' ct GV S
UAl'i5 c SbHn~ffitlhlhl~n~SbtHSlg
u 1W GU
[0, I] trt!ru~untHSlHSgltl n 6\1
= 4 tHSlHhl'J
""*'
6V
u
msb
"'
~o.nSl m-en ru'i5ncnun9nun
U iJ, I
tmo.n ~nb ~tl rulint si ~b nlium'i5 c (Um9 2)
&
'1
= 4I , x 2 = 21 ,
0
tmunm~n
"
[0, I] m~sm~H~[ltrtlru&DJun.flu x 0
"" ..
=o , x1
x 3 =-3 , x 4 = I " " - "" ;;!!.

'1 ~'i5&1btSLHSlgnuf:!'et'i5']R Lix =1-0
- =-1 '1
4 t_; GVU lJ 4 4
t~hli1untAlrultnb'i5Sttlru'i:flsggb Lix = .!___2 =!4 sbmrunrutQbm f(x 1) ,
I II 4 n "'
f(x 2 ) , f(x 3 ) Sb f(x 4 ) '1 !:lru'i5i'itStdUn9nuntAlrultnbiJb'i5S

U iJ. I
& lJ
= tG),ix + tG),ix + !(~),ix + f( I )Lix
= [(~Y +I J(~) + [GY + IJG) + [(~Y +I JG) + [(1) 1(D

2
+I
= .!220 25 ! = 17 + 20 + 25 + 32 = 94 = 1 46875
64+64+64+2 64 64 .
tlmsg s4 = 1.46875 dlnt-e~littnrunliM'Uscr'fs&nur;gnt'!:ln'i5i1ttlru2o.nttt~ruum'i5

U GVl_; £'l & 'i.J' "' 6V 1:;:
2 ~ !4_ ~ ~Qp ~
C ff'lw!,.Q.
y = f(x) = x +1
C) I
SwHnJffilit1ihlLndSwm~g [0, I] '1

u
65
QJ 0 I 2
LHSH [0, I] &Ulli5fHl.JHitt:llli5 y = f(x) = x + 1
GV
~H~'i::f121JTI'li (C) '1 !=H1Jl2lnt~'[YtUlru~s&qLnlijlt~n~~
ttl ru ~Htg t t:ll ruLm'li cc) stl HnJ Hlli ~ wUl ~s tim ~-H u
[0, 1] tt:llru&'tintHSlg&sgdl n 6\1
=4 LHSlHfd'JfflStl
G\1 -..fl c:lj
u
m93
.
1 1 3 Cl " .. c:ll
Xo = 0, XJ =4 ' Xz =2 ' x3 =4 ' x4 = l '1 Lm1tltsm~·u~tiS~li5'Jt'i
1-0 ~
L1x = = 41 "" "
'1 t?it~tuntun&~ cl, Cz, c 3, c 4 ttlblidlnt~nn.!Jibli&Stit~'HS~li5'J
Cl " '> ..
l 1 2 2 3 3
0 1
+4 1 c-4+4 3 4+4 5 4+ 7
C I = -2- =8 ' 2 - - 8 ' C3 = -2- =8 ' C4 = -2- =8
t?itu~tin&filllilfntl'i5S[tlru'i:f1S9'9tl L1x = l-O =!4 sbmrunrut{Jtlffl
1 u "' "'
j(c 1) , j(c 2 ) , j(c 3) Stl j(c4) Obli\1Rtstq1_!1ijlti~tfilllil&'ntlmtlt2lg~
s4 = f(cl)Llx + f(cz)Llx + f(c3)L1x + j(c4)L1x
= t(DL1x + t(DL1x + 1(~).:1x + tG)Llx
= [GY + ~JG) + [(~Y + J(j) + [(~Y + J(j) + [GY + J(D 1 1 1
= ~ ]]_ ~ ~ = 65 + 73 + 89 + 113 = 340 = 1.328125

256 + 256 + 256 + 256 256 256
~m s g s4 = 1.328125 dl n &~L'li &'Ul ru &s 'fq1_!11ijlt s~~ ttl ru~ LtQ t t:ll ruLfil'li mtl
2 Q
= f(x) = x
C) I Ql il::p
y + 1 stl~nJffi'li~tuUl~stlm~g [O, l] '1

u
3
o • C» QIQI ~ 2 dl- X
MfflfJJ : 1Jlt591f:S y = x + 1 ?i F(x) = '3 + x + C fE:JruCe/R
tl=l(flS F( I)- F(O) = ~ = 1.3333
66
y ly(x)l
y
x' b X X a X
y'
eJ t OeJ Q1 QJ 0
- tf:H8nHbfi
n
[a, b] r:h n 8WllnthlFnttJJ tl5hlfi8M8
..,,.. " 1
I
""'
a=x0 <x 1 <x2< ... <xn r<X 11 = b twru ax= Xi-xi-l =b-a
- (i=0,l,2,3, ... ,n)
n
I!
= L f(xk) · ax
k =I
S" moruuntfHnfilfltS8fitfilrultnbttlrn'i:flS9'9b
U <: l:, \.J. I
ax sbmrunru
n
f(xk) ts1trn
[a, b] '1
II
tti n--7 + oo tsmo f.151Jn It<xk). ax '3ntf!lfncr~sRn.n~ s ~ruttl rnm t~LntJl

eJ I C) k= 1 I C» I
tdn'i5b~MttJJru1fil'i5fflb
"' Ia
6V L:,
f HnHf1'lihlhl
U I
USlfirtm
.,:
X= a sb X= b
tlmsg
U
lim
n--?+oo
sn = s '1
mb M mt~ljitptsim~Ht~Jtmh c : y = f(x) sbHnJffi'ih~MttlrnLn{sb

u
&?lOIS ax· f(x) < !lS <ax· f(x +ax)

y
C : y = f(x)
x' X
y'
AS
~ f(x) < ~ <f(x+~)
mr:1H1.m ~ 2nt94nn o mms lim f(x + !:lx) = f(x)

~x--->0
EjLHS8
u
lim
~x--->0
~
LU-
= f(x) 'U S'(x) = f(x)
"'-
S'(x) = f(x) ffiSa rum S(x) m1Jli59~1Jruls f(x)
tU F(x) m1Jli59~1JtllCS f(x) ung S(x) = F(x) + c ' c E R

0 ~
mmgx=a, S(a)=O tUltllO=F(a)+c ~c=-F(a)
tt:ltnS S(x) = F(x)- F(a)

tux tL'Utyruri a t94 b tSlg
1.1
s = F(b)-F(a) ml~LiiftlltsltH~8t2Jtfilb c : y = f(x) SbHnJHlU~tuLfi~Sb

u
XE[a,b]'i
Ejmsg
U
lim S11
n-?+oo
= s = F(b)-F(a) tt:lRMG'imbctrur;jn
F(b) F(a) = lf(x)dx t'Ulim HlbtfiLfilruRru-tG'iri a t94 b "tS y = f(x) '1
a
§wHim : f m~H~t:l-eamtinlim~g [a, bl '1
{t(x)dx = F(b)-F(a) t'Ulim HlbtnLfilruRru-tG'iri a t94 b "tS y = f(x) '1

a
68
2Mttnruf2Hfilb
S U
c mb f HnHnlit\Jtu
U I
'i5Slr1ru.H
4
X= a sb
"'
x =b nMS'lr:tn ru
0 '
f = [F(x)];,I = F(b)- F(a)

>
S = f(x)dx '1
a
nJffTU'ifi! 1 : r; ttl ru 'Lli s

0 '0 """'
ru-es" ru :n b r rn"" r:i o.n Sl 1 = fl/ 2
dx '1
1 1
tuf.1w:
611
Jx dx = [£]
0
2
3 0
=!3 '1
0
nJ'lJTJfifi! 2:
I 0 \:1 "? eJ
~nt~Lnf{PtSI:~n1!~2C1.QI:ttlru1:2Jtfilb
I eJ
c :y = x1 HnJffili~tu
CJ I ~
'i5S"Jr1ru5~ X= J Sb X= e '1
4
tujw: s = J( xdx
1
= [1nlxll = lne-lnl = 1 bnm&~Lnf{P'1
e "
2.
2.1. tgLfi~~HUJii:iHUtmumil~9tiUB RttJrorirqru y
8wumrlrurr c:;
4 f(x)=4-i
LfillifflbH~r:i'eS y = f(x) = 4-i SbHnJffiU~tu

-2 2
Ul{sbm~·H [-2, 21 '1
u
thm8Lr:ili xE [-2, 21 , f(x) = 4 i~o rS"Jg
(~Lnf{P A = [/(x)dx = [
2
2
(4- x )dx
8 8 32
= 4x2--+8--
3 3
=-
3
bnm~~Lnf{P '1
0 I ~ t;l' ~ Ql
= f(x) ::;;o
I I
MfflnJ: mtr:i'i:flSH~r:i'eS y sbctlmrnm~g [a, b] tSl8Ulli

xE [a, b] , -f(x)'?.O '1 tr:iQlS~~Lnf{P2C1.Qtttlt15Lfil'i5GnbH~r:it3S y = f(x) SbHfij
ffili~tuLS'l~sbm~g
u
[a, bJ ~s= -fa
J(x)dx '1
69/
0 2 3 6
___,------.--.--------~--~x
-I --------------------
[2, 6] '1 t~'[SiW s &'tlrnLn~r:HUlSl~t:rH~ -2

u
= Jx-2
= -~ (-Jx-2)dx
y
S
= ~ JX - 2dx = ~ (X- 2) z(X- 2) dx

1
~ h:):·J [2(x~2)lJ:=
=~(4~-0)=16
~msg 't~Lf;W s = 136 i:lnmt~LnW '1
s = -f,J<x)dx
S = f
a
f(x)dx
X
a 0
Y = f(x)
70
y
WtmtftSj : tHlil Sl ~gg;~~ LLQ ntl 115Lfflti mb
4
n~ti'l3s y = 4-x2 sbih1fH1th~tuUi1sbut[l8
u
[-2, 3] '1
2 cJ
ruffm : mb y = 4 x
f
Lfilti c mn»nJ
= Jf_ (4 - x 2 )dx - J ( 4 - x 2 )dx

3
S
-2 2
= [4x- x3]2
3 -2
[4x- ~]3
3 2
-6 -------------------
8 8 27 8
= 8--+8---12+-+8-- = 13
3 3 3 3
~msg ~gLn~ s = 13 tlnm~gLn~ '1

[JIRuD:
n. tiMSl~aunrmcsfanutiftlrn2n.nti:tlruumtimbnSti'l3S
c: \.!" "* "" a 1
y = i+3x+2
sbHnJHl'ih~tuLMsbtH[lg [-3, OJ '1
u
~- tiMSltd~ngn'fsfdntiiittlru2n.nti:tlruumtimbnsti'l3s y = x+
_2_ sbHm
c:G \.!" "* "" s 1 2 it
H1litlitu~n1sbmSlg
I f..j 611
r-1, 3J '1
u
71
iinJ x'ox
2 2 2 2
A2 = J0 g(x)dx = Jo xdx = [~Jo = 2
A2 = 2 bnm!~Lnftr '1
tSU A 1 - A 2 = Fa f(x)dx fa g(x)dx = 23° 2 = 134 = A
~msg A= foucx)-g(x)]dx = s>(x)dx- J>(x)dx = ~4 bnmt~Lnftr '1
mgt91 : tli t s~ g th~H~f:l'tisttnhrum~g [a, b] tsmtf:101St~LnfU1tsi

m~d'2Jcm~ m~~~f:l'asm~ni Ann~n:nru s = f a
ucx)-g(x)Jdx &t~rn
f(x);::: g(x) '1
&tl1.,fi1'Uff1~ f s~ g 1.,'Uhl~~Lnti X= a s~ X= b tSH tf:lQ1St~1J1fU1tSt~n~ti

ttlrntsitit~'Ht2J&fi1~m~n~~ S = r[g(x)-f(x)]dx , ttlrn f(x)5.g(x) '1
a
Y = g(x)
s y = g(x)
a X
b
""'Y = f(x)
'US1~
<I
d: y=x+2 '1
72
2
x + 2x =x +2
x~
0
+x-2 =0
X= J , X= -2
rhmgU11J xE [-2, 11 tf.'itnsl~Lf11{Jlt1:Hm~n.n6i

tt:llru P stl d '1
S = f}(x+2)-(i+2x)]dx
l 2 3 l 9
= J (2-x-i)dx = [2x-~-~]
-2 2 3 -2
=-
2
~msg s = ~ bnm'~Lf'li{Jl '1
d : y = x- 1 15Sl~n.m
..;
x = o sb x = 2 '1
y
y =x 2
-3x+ 2
(x-l)(x-3) =0 X
X = 1, X = 3
A = Il (x 2 - 4x + 3 )dx + I2 (- x 2 + 4x- 3 )dx

0 1
3
= [~- 2i + 3x 1l 3
+ [- ~ + 2x
2
- 3x l2
= G- 2 + 3) + [(- ~ + s- 6)- (- ~ + 2 _ 3 )J = 2
73
wnug:
n. tHl.flSltd1n9ntsfdntil:1tE:Jru~n.ntt:llti5H'il'i.HilobHS?1'eS
& l.J i.J • "' GV I;! l.J 1
y = x3 sob
y = x2 + 1 ...
~rum~g [-I, IJ '1
.. c~u;!tfl : t mH~?1-esmtisob1~'i:fls~ o trnm~g [a, bJ '1 &~Ln!tfl~bl.Qt!:tlruf~J

tfflob c mob f HnnfltlMM
i.:t 1
tiSl~ru5~
&
X =a sob X = b
fin.n~t!:tlti5 S = £t(x)dx = [ F(x)J: = F(b)-F(a) '1

.. mHS?1'iH~ y = f(x) thmrumsu [a, b] &Slgi:d1nfmtstdntibtE:iru~n.nt!:tlru
Q1 cf I Q1 '\;) ':) e) t cJ
I l.J i.J. "'

<v & <SV S
r~Jtfflob HnJffitl~M ti~t'iru5~ X= a sob X= b
fin.n~t!:tlru s = {t<x)dx tu f(x)?.O ~ s = -{t<x)dx tu f(x)-5,0 '1

a a
Q Q c' I Qt cJ ':I
., m f sob g thHS?1<esthmrumSlg
1 6V
[a, b] tE:iruf(x)?.g(x) &Slg&?iOlS&d&
Ln~tptsitit~guntj mobH~?1<eSmob'elm~~ru5~ X= a sob X= b
fin.n~t!:tlti5 s = r[f(x)-g(x)]dx '1

a
" tULffltiff1obH~?1'e~ f sob g '[YM~[11ft1 X =a sob X= b &Slg&?10'1St~Ln!tf1ts4

m~HUnTimob'el~?i s = l[g(x)-f(x)Jdx tE:Jrug(x)?.f(x) '1
a
74
? 0
ruunri
1. ntHiH Lli s ru't3 stiHHl.f1 Sl ffitH n Lfll ru :n t:a LAl't3 :

n. fa 3xdx 2. ( 4xdx f:i. s: i dx lli. s: (i- 5x)dx tl. r
i dx '1
2. f:irt.nSlnt~Luflnru&sl~Ln1Jlt'tlru2LtQ£L:rlli5LAltHntl y = f(x) StlHnJ x'ox nlim~g

[a, b] "'"'
twru :
2
ttlru [a, b] = [-3, 2] , n = 5
eJ
n. f(x) = 9-x
1 eJ
2.f(x)=- ttlru[a,b]=[-1,3] ,n=4'1
x+2
3. Rrul Sl '~Ln1Jl2 Ll.Q &L:rl li5Lflltiffltl H~f:i't3 stl HnJffith~ hlt rnm~g t'tl ru ~ s
n. f(x) = x 2 twru
"'..,
xE [1, 3]
2 eJ
2. f(x) = x +2x-3 ttlru xE [1, 3]
R. f(x) = 2-i tt:Jru XE [-3, -2)
lli. f(x) = 2 X 3+ 1 eJ
ttJ ru X E (0, 2] '1
? CJ cr o e»
4. r:; rt.n Sl t~ UiltJl'tl ru2 LtQ tL:rl ruLmu mtl »~ f:i't3 s 91tl m
n. j(x) = x 2 +2 Si:J g(x) =X , XE (2, 5]

2
2. j(x) = X
~
Si:J g(x) = X3 , X E (0, 1)
R. f(x) = )2x + 1 Si:J g(x) = 3x + 2 , X E [0, 2]
lli. j(x) =ex l Si:J g(x) = X , XE [J, 4) '1
5. f:irulSlt~Ln1Jl2LtQtL:rlli5t2J&AltlmtlH~R't3S X= l stl y = x-2 '1

':) t) cl c::.
6. f:irt.n21t~Ln9Jl2Ll.QtL:rlrut2JtflltlmtlH~f:i't3S y = f(x) stl y = g(x) = )2-x
stl x'ox '1
7. f:irulS1tG~n9n2rt.n&L:rlli5t2HAlhfflbHSf:i't3S
" eJ "'
y = f(x) = 1
- ""
sb y = g(x) =e.0 7X
~c,u· s u 1 x+l
Si:J XE (0, 4] '1
75
Col 0 ,.,
marqrunfiilLUtf il!J
Ul
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t:{illL1LY1rn lJJ l Lru eru J:l~ P~ Stru ~ f1LH1h!~ W t~ru ~g ~ SL!J~Lru ¥Y tt,L1YU5 ru Sl ~LR •
l = lf
0 11
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(~ u
I"
rn~:J~Lru¥ q =x !;{~ v =x wu~L.Sn
I .j:l, I ':f l'l I" I .j:l, C'-. I
ru~f1lJH!d~ (x)J = tC ~Rt!SH!;{illL1L.Y1rn ~:I Lru eru }:!~ Pl Slru~f1LH1h!~Wtp
rugg~sUJ~~tnYU51\Jsl~Lf1gLS:J [q 'v] gLSHJU5lf1L,tlrnl£1l SLRPt J ~Rt!SH~}l ..
nquygJhaJ
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"" " " .. p "" ~
mu~t.Smt.SHJ!-Sl -/ = l nLY1slt:{~,imLP (v)7 !;{ill 1-. ~<v LPLRn~ ·e.;
E
1-. s =x !;{~ o =x mu
n
I" ""
~LSP.,gLSW!-Sl (z + .x)~ = (x)J ·w
~ c r (>
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"
E
:Un~n'l
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1. n. f:Hl.fl211:fl~t~f1Jrun151~~RruHhn~ti~~ru~~f!]HnJ x'ox t~&gu;£Ulf[:jru~o.gntlt15
Lff115 ff'ltlH~l!i'i§~ y = 2x+ 1 Hfij x'ox 15~6ibilll stl
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X= 1 X= 3 '1
2. R rul211:fl~ t~ f\1 run151 ~ ~R nn6im~ til~ ru~~ f)] HnJ x' ox &~ &gu;£Ulf[:j ru~ 0-Q t Etlru
l4
Lff115ff1'WH~l!i'i§~ y = x
"' 2
+1 HnJ
<)
x'ox 15~6ibli5~ x
'
=0 ~tl x
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=3 '1
R. R rul211:fl~ t~ h5 rnn151 ~ 61 Rnn6im~ ti ~ Brud~ mHn1 x' ox t ~ tdUn!fn ftj ru ~ rul5ll t Etlru
u n IJ 1 "-' li "' \.J"
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Lff115 ff'ltlH~l!i'i§~ y = -vx- 3 HnJ <)
x'ox 15~6ibilll
'
X = 4 tm X =9 '1
"';t C» .:::. o , C:ll e o~ c:.1

~- l!i rul211:fl~ &~ h5u runm 1nn rulnLfl~ ma ruth mHn1 x'ox
n 1 '-" li IJ
Lff115ff1tlH~l!i'i§~"' f(x) = x 2 -2x+3 ~tl

"' g(x) = 9-x '1
3. GtmgH~l!i'i§~ F(x) = [sinrttdt '1 l!irul21

1 1
n. F(-1) ~- F'(O) lli. F"(x) '1
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Rrul6itttlli5 A(x) = ~ (4-? )dt '1
C'"':J C» ct c:» Ql
-n. l!irul21 A dlH~l!i'i§~t~

1
x '1 tnUff115ff1tlH~l!i'i§~
1
A 'i:fl~fd"effl~Hlfd'i§tlntEjfi15W
1 u "-!).
?
5. R rul21 F'(x) tU
n. F(x) = [+
X
2
(4t + 1 )dt ~- F(x) = r
-X
t dt
3
= (nx /tdt
2 1
R. F(x) lli. F(x) = Jx 2 dx
2 t
tl. F(x) = J: 3
sintdt ti. F(x) = r

sinx 2
1
- d t '1
+t
6. n. 15~(!Jtfl&U f(t) dlH~l!i'i§Sthlfd t~·H F(x) = [f(t)dt Ll=iU xeiR dlH~l!i'e~

a
7. Hnt0lg~fd~fdn!fnm~ggru~firuti1n!fm6i13~~ 1200 tfttlrmbo tG'i§tl '1 fd~fdn!fmn1

"' 1n uu\.J" u L:iu u 'J "''"' n uu\.J"l_ju
m~ rur\15 ~ 2J~ n rur\ nru t EtlruHLmto ~ s tl x m&~ 15 ~uti~ fi ruti'{!1'!3n Ej ru ttfi rum1J
88
I 0 I 0';) '\:) I
~916inrt.n6iti:!lru I(x) = 1200 40x '1 ~rt.nm13wJ13L'limt~tsm~~916i '1 ~rt.nm13wJ13
~um~d~s~drnRti.HfUn!fn
L,; "' n uui.J'
d5ti.5~ti.5n9n13ruumu~d
n uui.J'w
6V <V
300 t{Jrn '1
I ""
8. n. G
v
~n.n mmt'H:lms~fil'liff'h':HiS~13s
1
y
ll
"
li
"'
= x3
-3 +-
4x
t1 x = 1 &94 x =3
~. 2'li'Hlffi f(x) = 2!ce'+e-x) '1 um~d'liHnHUti:!ltsus;tlnn.nn
4 lJ if 1
B tmru1hshumu
mh f Uitlthli]u A(a, f(a)) f1:Jrn a>O '1 'TI1]uwJuLuf~h&s~~~ AB shLuf~h
w~S~fil'Uff'lh
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f tslfHGflg'tjGfl~ru5~
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X = 0 Sh X= a '1
u
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9. ~nt~LR£Ul s tst'1t1:Jbli'HlSfil r '1
? 0
ruunrifinn 4 "'
1. ~ n.n mffih tnLm rn21 h 'Lm13 t s g
n. ~(4-i)(2+x)"dx ~. r6 x 2-6x+ 8 dx X
L
~. IIo 2 x2
x -x-2
dx m. r x:rxldx
h. I: cosmxcosnxdx (m, n E IN) u. JI _x_dx

o 1 + 3x
2
~. I1t
2
0
sin2x dx
3 + cos 2x
d. I: 1t
2
x cos 2 xdx '1
2. ~n.nm
n.
fe
1t
0
-at t
cos2-dt
2
(a :t= 0) ~. r I
sin(n:1nx) dx
X
-.!ffl6 X 2 r.----z
f e-x + e' +
j
~. m.
0
2 2
2
dx
f (4-x
0 --./1-x-)dx
h. I~ dx
2
J4-x
3
1 2 22
~.J (x+a)dx
0
(a> 0) 2 2x dx '1
x -x+ 1
3. ~n.n m'tfl:.l ti.5u rns;u1 ~ nR

n
n.n ~rns ~~~ rnd11 "-"
mnn~if
n
x'ox ~s h~4 f1:J rn~ n.ns t i:!l ru~mfinmh
L.J
~S~13S"' f(x)
1
= x+6 "'Sh g(x) =X 2 tbli(HGflg
""
6V
XE [-2, 3] '1
C»' e»e ';)\;) c::r. cr r:::;---:
u n ~ 4 s
Q
4. ~n.nm'Hl:.lfUrnnm~s;nn.nnrnstlhJrntsto~n.nti:!lruum.nnmh~s~13s
1
y
0 1
= "'3-x
ShHnJ x'ox , (-1::; x::; 2) ~1 ~HCU. x'ox '1
89
5. Rrul Sl"dl~Hdu runu11nR
n
rul6'h:ndhB ru8 sw8 360° il~ mHnnm5
li
h5 wls ld 2ruls t til ru & 1 ......, 1 .;
c! 2
0:::::,
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x' S~HnJ x'ox 'XE [··1, J]
7. Rrul Sl"dl~ wu runu11nRrul

n
~ms ti~ 3 ruil1 mHnf
li & 1 ......,
x'ox ls ttl.; ~t:i ru2 ruls t til tiJH'ilRtHil~
L.:.
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I
2 "'
Sbg(x)=x trummgxE[O, C>l
N
J] '1
8. RrulSl"dl2WtUnU1~nRrul~msrh·Bru8ss
u n & w
180° il~mHnfli
1 ......,
x'ox tstdt1::lru2rulttilru
.; s
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unmHnbHGjR~S f(x) = 8 --X 2 "'
s~ g(x) = X~ 1
'1
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10. RrulSlt~1Ji£U1t!::lru2o.gttilruLmum~HGjR~S y = sin 3 x sb y = cos3 x tsim~u
1t ., 51t
X= -
4
Sb X= -
4
'1
11. RMSlt~Ln£Ulf'[:jru20-QtttlruLmu C 1
y= sin3x, (O::S;x::S;rt) '1
12. ri8GiJLfflU y = sin2x 8~ y = cosx t!::lru Q::S;x::S;rt '1

0 ~ 0
n. ~nnHHtil
u
tsurultsfuwmsum'i.Hnb
l_j 1
ts g '1 &
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13. c thLmumb f(x) = In(x+ 1) 8~ l mu~~ths~ c t[:jru"tflst~f:iMLmli9w
b~s~ ~ '1
LRlli c , z 8bHnJHHttlts '1
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2. ~n'f~Ln£Ul s t[:jru2CL.QtttlruLmli c 15~~ t

15. mb c dlLmu y = xex , t! 8b l 2 mu~~th
iQJ t II
n. ~nw~mm~nug /1 , 12 '1
2. ~n'f~Ln£Ul s t[:jru2CL.QtttlruLmu c 8~ti~~tizt[:jru"tf1stsifjbMru;p9 1 '1

1
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z I ""
0
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1
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0tf:::t lt)o
h g 0 {ttl
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l
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l l
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11
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0 'Ufi1Mt15Q11il.fiiil~'i:3th~dl
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hl{§fil~~ td~{1 ~hlibli
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~n.nmttj1t~9 1 y' H:ihlHhlH1lmR9sb~tlb y ab y' '1

\.1
y = ex- 3 si ~ y' =c
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y +3 = xy'
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X X ""- X X
92
.
tcllt! ttl ri n5{§ nu '1

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tJ &1 ,
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"" u n w'II U
o • o cr 3x o , c:v o • o
fl1UT1titf1:
U
t?i'tflS»S?i'eS
I
y = ke- nrt.nntru IR mmg~mmsstHi
W U
Q
k '1
hlHhl~hl{§rn~~tdicithl1ill ttlill'tf!S y
t.J
= ke- 3x r:hmi§rurn9i '1
"" u
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~ -3x
tU~ttJ : y = ke Sl ~ y' = -3ke - = -3y
t f:iQ1S y' + 3y = 0 r:h hli§ ffl~ ~ td~ ci thlJ ru ttl ill'tf!S » 9 ?i'e Sy = ke -Jx r:h 13&~ ru~ t9i
runfJtr:
t..l Gl
'Utll mm» S?i-es
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U
mm cJn c;
X
n. H9?i'eS y
"'
= Ke - 2 ""
hl'effl~ 2y
,+y =0
2. H9?i'eS"' y = 5tan5x ""
hl'effl~ y'- y 2 = 25 '1
2. ~G~~t,~w~imsiufieG~jreil5t:1iSft 1
2 .1. ruthiltffifHJUiti ~~ = JCx)

3 97tn 11111"'
eJ IQI Ql 0 Ql () 1
mtl x(t) r:ht3'tflti5ttlru p ltlhl9&13mrlt3rult3

~ t
0 ¢U ......,
tsitru»m»hl~ru:tnru
u t '1
n. hlHhl~hl{§rn~~,d~cifMJru t~-ej1=irt.nSlt3~rumcrtJ~ru:tnru r '1

I
2. f:irulSlt3'tflrumfl:lru p mcJ9»cJ~ru:tnru t ttlt~:itltlmts42rt.n:tnru t = 0

"' N
t = 3 Sl9 . '1
93
p
X
0 A
n. dj x(t) ctl13'glti5fn~1:Hl5 P ~w9qb~ru:tbHli t tSHtru~s&sm~~H'159mfd

~61 P ~x'(t) '1
"'I
tt::hrutru~EtSH~Sb a tsmt?'i"QlS x'(t) =a tL:.ib\5 x'(t) ctltL:.i1t~&s x(t)
~ , M dx
M~filJ x (t) =a ffiuMHMaw1 - =a
dt
3 ~ ~ dx
tw~J?lru1Sl13'glti5m x(t) Qh~ru:tnru t t?l1_!i~n:tHLnflti5M~fil~ -d =a
1 U f
dx o~ o ~ o " ~
dt =a Sl'\j dx = adt tthti5JnffibtnLfilrutrnH~mb 2 tSM'efil~
t?'i"QlS : dx J = J adt
x(t) = at+ c
t?'i'i.:flS x(t) = at+ c

r;tir;sir;nru t = o ttfiru P 'i:flSu'glru 2m mtg'iifirn o 'i:flssrum t = o, x =2
&Slgtfi"QlS x(O) = a(O)+c ttnru x(O) =2 tSlg c =2
dx
L:.imsg
u
x(t) = at+2 Ql ':t Ql eJ
ctlumti5~ti5t8M~fil~~tdab&MJb15 -d =a
., 1.1
Ql " •
t
nbn~rul
'1
Q)
(t=O,x=2) ""
ttit=3 tSUx(3)=3a+2'1
" M~fila x'(t) =a t'UlirtlM~filJ~td~b~MJb15rutnti9 1 ~L:.ib\5'i:f1S91Jb~r;gj

dy = f(x)
dx
.. Hsr:m@
1
x(t) = at+c t'Ulimm~ru9t9i&sM~fil~~r;nHHM~ru
6V u t.l
x'(t) =a
cr ~ e» ~~
"HS?'i~S x(t)
I
= at+2 N 1.1
':t
ctlm~ti5~ti5tSM~filanbn~rul (t=O, x=2)
«
t::.'l}
tu11Gl
I
m~rutltMMtSM~fil~~td~b~M~b\5rutnti9 1 ffl~b\5n~rult~~ x(O) =2

"" t.l 9 9
~mJutr:fUUU1IDN1§m~~tnftH'NJru'i:fiEH~~ci ~~ = f(x)
" MHMa dy
dx
= f(x) ctl dy = f(x)dx
"~nffibtnLfilrnH~mbna: Jdy= f!Cx)dx t{y= fJ(x)dx+c, cctl~~sr;tl~
94
dgn tt t'f:ft{jsg 9
• Hi'tH{jru~thHtHil'i:Hlin2rtSH~'i3
6V B i;l
y(x0 ) =Yo ~run x0 Sb Yo t94dShlnbtH~ru
\JCO GV
1
!H94
u
W9l "'.!!
\J
m run c = Yo- F(x 0 )
0 1 0
nJtmtif!iJ
otiJw : till
y' = 2x ii§~ dy = 2x
x2 + 1 tJ dx x2 + I
dy = - 22x
-dx
X +I
2
I =I =I d(~ +I+I)= ln(i+l)+c

2
dy 2
x dx
X +I X
2 ~ rY4'=' .:::» ~
L:Jmsg
u
y = ln(x + l)+c ctltH'i3ru9t:rltShl'i3fflHL:lrn c ctlusst)jH1JTl'i3runms 'i
"' u
eJ 0
\J \J
n. y' = 6i + 4x + 5
.... ....
n. srumnrr
!lfl11.fJtM 1: ~nhl{jm~2tdh1fhlJrn'fslf:Htnu~l:l~51 o fL:Jrn o ctlf:lrun~ru
\J I
y' = ~ mhl{jm~2td~tifhl1rn'fs~f:ln.nHbcion o
y tJ l..J\J () b.
• hl~fflHSHfluhlHhl~ctl dy = - ~ 'i5 /Y = -x
dx y""dx
hl~ffl~ yix = -x ctlnJ{jff1~2td~tifn5Jb1Hthhti9 1 tL:lrnH1uf~MHG~(f12 '1
t;f' Ql Ql II I eJ ":) f C'l
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\J
t1tfm : y = ex+ I sl 2J y' = c
y = xy' +I
95
y-1 = xy' ~ xy'-y = -1 ctltU~AlJ~tt:fiiH'MJf.l5CSUinnm~~ y =ex+ 1
\J
""'
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1
- - · ddy
y- 1 X
= lX mM~m~~u:l~~~Mtrnrn!:hti9
eJ
1 t'E:lrnffiutmn~Hl:l~ms
~
'1
§wgsw: M~ma~ta~~t'MJrnrn!:hti9 1 t'E:lrnffiutf!JnHtl:l~ms mM~AlJ
t'E:lrntunrunM~rnam:ns&~L-e~~t9i g(y) ~~ = f(x) '1

\J
3. nuJmitl:uunnrutJmt g(y) ~~ = J<x)

t!:hgLnJltl5tU'eAl~
""'
y' = X 2y 3
tUfW : y' = il ffiutUHtUJctl ~ dy = x2
y dx
_!_ dy = i i1 §1 dy =i dx
l dx tJ /
tqffi~tfiLAlrntruH~il~n~ts d~ = x 2dx tf:lQlS
y
Jd; = j/dx
y
o a
- -1 = -x
1 3
+c (c ctluSStdHlm'etl5fiQlS)
1.1 1.1
2/ 3
2 3 2 2
3x y + 2cy + 1 =0
~ 2i/ + 6c/ + 3 = 0 mm~ru~t9its tU~Al~~td~~ ttUJffi y' = x 2l '1
tneufl : t~-ej t!:h g1f5ltl5 t\5~ Al~~ td~ ~ ~ tUJ f.l5 rn !:hUg 1 ~E:l ffiffiu tQJ fiH td JQlS
&?llJil :
IJ
- MHM~M~Al~2Jt9ictln~ g(y) ~~ = f(x)

tqffi~tfiunrncruH~il~ 2 tuJus~HtdJ x
J g(y)dy = J f(x)dx G(y) = F(x) + c (c

o
ctluSStdHliTl'etl5fiQlS)
1.1 1.1
a
c'
ttlrn G(y) ctlLn~9~tSH~f:l'e~ g(y) s~ F(x)
C» Q}c.J "':,
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Wtmzftf.f : Ill'
fi~thrun-etU~Al~~~tUAl"e
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1
fi. dy = 2x(y + 1) 2. dy =~ +~ R. dy = ln(xy) '115. ddxy = ex+ Y '1

dx y dx x y dx
t!:hg1nnruM~AlifE:lrnffiut'mnHtd~ms
Li ~
m-ernn2nJH~-e
9 Ill
y(2) =o '1
96
r:uiim :
*"
dy 2x(y + 1) MHMHJJ _L_ dy = 2x
n. dx = y y+ 1 dx
dy )' X
~- - =- +- -!§ GHflu ~m m-m:H m s
dx x y "'-.!>
~- dy = ln(xy)
dx
lli dy = ex+y ffiuMHM~w'
....... dy X
- = e ·e
l'
· dx dx
e-.v dy =ex rtlM{Jnu~l:lbliffiu~mnHtd~QlS
dx "'-.!>
• n:iHH\fli1Hu{Jnu dy = 2x(y+l)
G dx y
tr:lQlS _Y_ dy = 2x
y+ I dx
1 + 1-1
)
y+l
dy = 2xdx
1
( 1 - y+l
- -)dy = 2xdx
.
J (1 + y ! 1)dy = J 2xdx
a
-e-y = ex+ c (c
o
rtlcrsstdHUTI'i:HlinOlS)
lJ lJ
L11Rug1: Qtlum.m't3M{Jnu:niHLfn't3 tfiM{Jma1.m~8ffiu~£!JnHtG~ms ?

I
n. y' =3+y
97
atnmum: ijbnL'l:1ti5H~~SHfH1lt?'i1:flSt~Utfilb (C) mbH9?l'l:1S y = f(x) '1
1 1
0 eJ r C» tJ t::::Jl eJ 0 e1 ~
tH1Jlts
1
M 'etiJtf:Hlil:flSffi'i.HtH\5
w 1
x tsbl56'itblit2Hfilb
u (C) '1 ffib H dltstrunrutnbtS M
C;\lc.l IQ ~ 0 tnc:p tO Q C) tC»
truHlllffi1HtHusb P dltsrtnts~'iHtHl~tlbtiSlntigsb (C) Unbtsrtnts M sbHlllffitinHu '1
tt 1 1 t._; /) .:1 1 li 1
C)J Ql 0 I C:. "':) I
n. tnntlrun:Jrtnrunt9ti1:flStsrtnts P ? ?'irtnSlt'l:l?'irtn~Olti9nHStiSl6'i MP
ct 9 S I 1 t._; <:1
1
C» eJ 0 ct C» "':) C»
nbi'Urtnt!::lbl51:flStsrtnts
c::t; 1
P '1 9lmtihlmm
......._, lO .......,
HS~'eS
1
f dltst'etiJtSM'efil~
GV
1
~r:tl~~fMJbli y' +ay = 0 '1
2. r:~nb
ct
nH11l run ftl ru t~OIS lnjj(x)j = -ax+ c
1
~. 9lmtihlmm HS~'eS
t
f Rrtn~r:ru IR nnru f(x)
........., lJ1 .......,
= Ae-ax
dlm~rutsnJ~fil~~r:tl~~tMJbli y'+ay =o '1
ti:fltiJ M(x, f(x)) 2b P(x0 , 0)

r;sng YM-YP = f(x)
XM-XP X-Xo
lc:), ':) I c:::1J

t'l:1~rtflfQ1ti9hltStiSl6'i (MP) ~ f'(x)
1 t._; 4
t?'iOIS j'(x) = f(x) = f(x) (k dluss~n)

X- Xo k W
~msg
X
f'(x) = f!Cx) '1
r:i:flru f'(x) = f!Cx) r:sng j'(x)-ff(x) = 0 dlhl~fil~~r:tl~~thlJbli

~msg f(x) ttlm~rutshl~fil~~r:tli~thlJbli y' +ay =0 ttlru a=- k '1
2. r:mru f'(x) = -k1J(x) r;sng f'(x) = l 15 f'(x) =-a

f(x) k "" f(x)
ti:flru J j'g?dx = Inif(x)i sb J (-adx) = -ax+c r:ti a dlu~strH '1
tlmsg
u
Inif(x)i = -ax+c nbn~Mttlbliftit~bHb~
ct L..; n
PH r:u~
1
98
ln/j(x)/ = --ax+ c
/J(x)/ = e-ax--c
j(x) = ±ec. e -ax
f(x) = Ae-ax (A= ±e')
L:Jmsg
U
f(x) = Ae -ax mm@ru ruh:: tu@rn~~ to~i:HtuHli
U
y' + ay =0
•
""
hl'Bfil~ y' +ay =0 'i:L:lblitnEHlhl'Bfil~
-' "" "" '
j(x) 1
= TJ(x) '-'.., 1
l:wbli a=- k tulll.ll
t.....-1 .-+,
tu@rn~~tol~ftu~rurn~:smruL:tJti9
u 1 m~w.nto~H15ftus
1 u u
( Hb9 2 thlhlS~) 'i m@rug~:flilstu@rn~dl HS1 1='i'BS y = Ae-"" 'i

"' .... u u "" u
3. nuJuti:fl:LMtlHUtffm y' +ay =o

dy '::~"'" dy
tr:lffitihlHhl~ :
dx "'
.-!
- = -ay m-e-.mmnHtl.lHf:'itnS -
y
= -adx
tgffibtf1LrnrutrnH~mb 2 J d; = f-adx
ln/y/ = -ax+ c
ax+c
IyI = e
c -ax
y = ±e · e
115n A = ±ec : y = Ae-ax 0

(A dluSStGHt/Tl'BI15ntnS)
w w
~
y = Ae-ax mud§rugtflilstu@rn~~to~~ftu'irurntsmruL:tJti9 1 t-er:lo.nto~

"" u u 1
Hb9 2 thlhlS~ 'i

"' .... u eJ
, c.~ cr t:::!} ~
ffl'Bblin2rul y(O)
B Ia
= -1 , y(O) = 1 , y(1) = I mtui1t2HfilbfflbHSI='i'BSU&'BI15S'BI15'J 'i
W 'Lt 1 ru w
99
y'+y=O
dy = -y 'i5 dy = -dx
dx "'- y
ln\y\ = -x+c
s::
" m1Hl5Q2rl.Q y(O) = -1 .. -1 = Ae 0 Sl:&j 0
A = -1
y =-e-x t:hm~ru~tnuu'&stu1§ms y'+y = o m1Hlin2M y(O) = -1 '1
•• B 12
" m-e ruQ2 n.g y(O) =1 :

1 = Ae0 , A = 1
m-eruQ2rt.Q y(O) = I '1
" m-erun2M
B 9
y(I) =
1
1 = Ae- , A = e
m-e run2
3
M12 y(l) =I '1
r.,ulruH 1: n:1HLti.flrutu@m~~tctHH'tuJru- y' + 2y = o m-eruQ2bl.Q y(3) = -2 '1

~
r.,unuH2:
d ';) C» eJ eJ d
~nHEJR"-esm~ruts tu-ems 3/ + 6y = o ttl rut2Jtml::lml::lHEJR"'eS
.., ' 0
m-erutsgmtlm-euMu
r;v 1
(-4, 2) '1
gu1§m~~tctHHtu~runhs&Hrut:rn59
u I t-eR"MtrH
1
Hl::l9
F1
2 2tuntus~
1 u lJ
mtu1§ms~t:Jru
Q t:::), ct'';)
't:f1Sdll::l9t9i
u
y'+ay = p(x) , a t:huSStd~
1.1
sl::l p(x) t:hHSR"'eStS
1
X '1
100
fi. nuJmih:uultl.iruthili y' + ay = p(x)
~unmmn: "' t?i'i:llsn.mr=m
"" y'---3y = 3x+2 (E) '1
I. Arul ~~nO~ sCi 5i a stl b t~-ej~H 9?i'e sg Arul ~till IR n:fH15 g(x) = ax+ b
mm-@ruilttutu'fs
GV
(E) '1
"tSM'efil~
"" (E) '1
g(x) = ax+b il§J g'(x) =a
g'(x)-3g(x) = 3x+2
a 3(ax+b) = 3x+2
-3ax+a-3b = 3x+2 t?immrns: -3a =3 o~

Sl~1 a= -1 , b = 1
""' { a- 3b =2 u
2. tiirl mm
lJl ..........,
f =h +g mm~rugu url'fs (E)
6\1
t{j h dltH~IDtSM~fil~ y' 3y = 0 &Slg h'- 3h = 0

""
-ejltl t9Jn g mm~ru'Es (E) t?itnS g'- 3g = 3x + 2
'i5nhl'e.Alb1HtlStlHtl:
U A A
h'+g'-3(h+g) = 3x+2
Y. (h+g)'-3(h+g) = 3x+2
n:nru f = h+g tSlg f-3! = 3x+2
!:W&sg
U
f = h+g dltH~ti59t94tSM~fil~
GV U
(E) '1
3. &trl gLn.nrutu~ r=m y'- 3y =o

0
dy ~ dy·
-
dx
= 3y Sl~1
u
-
y
= 3dx
lnjyj = 3x+c
y = ±e3 x..-c
. '
= ±e" · e·"'
101
0' .::» ~'>;) ~ Q C»Q '>;) C\1
MfilfJJ: b'i5 h ltltH'i:1l1HSn5'!:Hfl~
N
y'+ay =0 Stl g ltltH'i:1l1Hltn5n5'i:1t1HSn5'i:1fil~
ru U
y'+ay = p(x) (SlH?10lS: f(x) = h(x)+g(x) ti1Gd~ru9rsilsnJ~fil~

GV U
y'+ay = p(x) ~
• tfj'i:1jttll 8Lti..flf11n5~fil~~ td~~ thlJ DHlit s fH b1.hnti9 I m~MtG~@ s~~tn5 s
y' + ay = p(x) , p(x) *0 tt1U'i~

u
:
QJ r.r4.., t:IJ c:lJ cf

= p(x) = Yc+Yp
C)e)
- tH'i:1fi19ttni:Sn5'i:1fil~
GV U
y'+ay l:i'HS?1'i:1S
1
y l:wru: y ~
cullw:
IIIII
" n:tHLn.nrunJ~fil~ y'- 2y = o

0
d)' ~ dy
-
dx
= 2ySl~1-
u y
= 2dx
lnjyj = 2x+ c
2x c
Yc = Ae (A = ±e )
y' P = 2ax + b
2 2
(E) : 2ax + b- 2ax - 2bx- 2c = 8x - 8x
2
- 2ax + (2a- 2b)x + b- 2c = 8x 2 - 8x
-2a =8 a= -4
j
2a-2b = -8
b -2c =0
~
{
b
c
=0
=0
Yp = -4x 2
~msg m~ru~tvl&snJ~fill (£) ~ y = Yc+Yp :I y = Aix-4x
2
1 '1
102
3. ~m.m :tMUJfUtrfili y' + ay = p(x) mtfifitrtttmnrruG88tta
lf lf
cr ~ e» u , e1 .....
2fTIU'JUU1: tR''i:flSti515fn~~ttHbi:ti5Jlli y'+2y = 3e--'"' (E) '1
fl. H'iGt~tl5!H9ils tU~fn~ )' + 2y 1

=0 (E
1
) '1
"' u
~- ffi,'jHS~'i5B
I
f Rrulshtflru f(x) = e- 2xg(x) '1 R'MSl f'(x) dlHSR''i§~ns
I
g(x) Sb g 1 (x) '1 R'MSl g (X)

1
ttl f(x) dlutiruls (E) '1
R'. 9lFIJH1 g(x) JG f(x) t~15j2J f(x) dlutirulstU~fn~ (E) '1
orfJw :
fill
n. "" "
~ nut'i5liHS "" m~ Y + 2y = o
tU'i5
1
(E')
"'
-d)' = -2y
dx
il2J dy
y
= -2dx
lnjyj = -2x+c
2x+c
y = ±e
y = Ae-2x
2. R'MSl f'(x) Sb g (x)
1
f(x) = e -2x g(x)

,
f (x) = - 2e-2x g(x) + e -2x g (x) 1
1
f (x) + 2f(x) = 3e-3x
-2 r ,
-2e
-2x
g(x) + e · g (x) + 2e
-2x
g(x) = 3e-3 ·r
e-2x g '( x ) = J e-3x
1 3e-Jx -x
g (x) = --=2:; = 3e '1
e
R'. ttflru g (X) = 3e-x tSlg g(x) =
1
J 3e-xdx = -3e-x + c
ttflru f(x) dlm~ruls (E) mrurun g (x)
G\J
1
= 3e-x tSlg
f(x) = e -2x g(x)
103
f(x) = e-2t· g(x) '1
.......4~
e»
tH'i:Hi59tl:fJ!:!Hu1:Hfl~
"" u
C» 1
y +2y =0 c:P
l:i f(x) = Ae-.2r '1
1aufl,11f!l,11I21GUStrJt : tfh~jn:iHLMliHo~m~ yl + ay = p(x) (E) , p(x) *o

JIJ
u:rut?ilf~ :
u
- H'itH~ru~t9it!:Ht5~fil~ y' +ay = 0 ?i y = Ae-ax
r:!
- fifHH'i:Hi5 y
..
t:»
GIJ
= Ae-a., ' 0
d!Ht5132Std~ A
lJ
0
lJ
t!:llti5H2?1'l52
1
A(x)
1
-
"'
tly = A(x)e-ax 17lm~ny 1
mrun Swy ..SwShlfiwhl'l5filly
y "'._, 1 ._, "' , +ay = p(x)
"" lJ lJ ..
1
y = A(x)e-ax
(E) A 1 (x)e-ax_aA(x)e-ax+aA(x)e-ax = p(x)

A 1 (x)e-ax = p(x)
A'(x) = eax p(x)
A(x) = J 0
e xp(x)dx + c
~msg y = e-ax[J eaxp(x)dx + c]
.,ti:lru Yc = ce -ax.,.._,
· Sw Yp = e-axf
·
ax
e · p(x)dx '1
n. )' + y 1
= 2ex
2. )' + 2 )'
1
= X2
l:i. y' + y = cosx + sinx '1
104
;.;eeHuasens~mu~ s~= es G\S'i re~eo~'tj~'in;
db ""' ""' "'" ..,
3. ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~n
3.1. mtt~8gilfiffigJ1
I
2fl1muu1 : Hn~
..
gnnn~Mms
u· n
MtiHHill
n
mm
"'
13 s s hlfl riHs
IJ u
nnHf!61~ 91tl Mn'i:3H1~d
" --lli
ru
1
I U
qu9i ff!Yi ru: 'n ruftHmLliLmtJ '1 ttl tlbm WJ~s ls nmH'unhUJ ClJ' s g M1f11:f1Lnsi:lcr~ ~
trulr.iH'tHlHs4Mrn '1 fflb N 0 dlcrSStrulttHSWlHfi61~9JNfi'i:3t!:Hli1:flS&s42rul:teHU
U IJ & U I 1 --1
'3 cJ c'':)
=0
0 II I
t '1 ~n13SSI:rult!5t1:Hlihlrunb2rul:&tlru
1J & U <:<
t dlHStl'i:3StS t '1
I
I
N mcrss"fMtiHsnn~trm~9'1Mn'i:3 &r.:lru&s4Mrnnb3rul:ttlru t
IJ " u 1 tlI .... ..I
&ttl ru &ru~ St S FiWtl &'tint rul ru hl1:fl1:fl'l61 Sb cr SSt rul ru &'tl rut s4 hl rn& S1 gttlffi13 hl~ £hl~:
e.lj " u t_; IJ " u
dN = -kN ttlrudlM~Al~'2trl~i1tM'Irurutnti9 1 '1

dt tJ
dN o~ dN
-dt = -kN S1~1
u N
- = -kdt
lniNI =-kt+c
INI = e-kr+c
k 0 ~
N = Ae-·r ( run A = ±e') A dl13SS£GH1.ffi'i:3t!5fi01S
IJ IJ
N(t) = Ae
-kt
ffl'i:3run2rul£~'i:3 N(O) = N 0 t?'i01S N0 = Ae-k(O) sl§'i A= N 0
B Ia U
N(t) = N 0e
-kt
tlmsg
U
ts42M:ttlru t nn~m61&s~91Mn13ts4MrntMrucrss
I tJ --1 & U IJ
I
Noe-kr '1
(J1trug : Al~~filtlffl'i:3~~~9Jl01SRrulfi2Jtill~m u11:flrulAl1JS C-14 ts4MrnQb

1
G1bnn&tlrurumGm?l~bt~sb
tJ u ....., u ....
15% &su11:flrulAltJS
u
1:flSdl~ubts4ttlrut~'i:3trillmti
u
'1
u
ttl tlb13flhlGl
~·
~ ru:& t1 ruttl rucr su s Al'US
u
c -14 (j ruts4 Mrn m RnruTl
n
ru crsu s Al'US
u
c 14
ttl ru'tfls mru?l ~1Jb ~LtJ'tflruldl 5600 sfl '1 t?'itlb t9J61m tJ11:flrul Q tSAl'US
u
C-14
1:fls ts4nbG1bnn tcllbmfiM~Ala ddQ = -kQ '1
"l~u 4j.; t
..
nb2rul:ttlru t '1
I
tJ nn~
tl. tl ru1 S1 roruI tsmb U
n rill ..,_,
m '1
u
105
3.2. U~tnsg1lJUf9J1
I
m't:HnHn9
"'
n tni
n
~f:i rnt9u r:ii m tf:l15 s ffiu'Ulumsm1H9
u .v
~Un ~ ~i1m~'Ulu n'9 ntlls
t
u
~ c/ II f:) Ql II ~ ~ f:::l Q:l ~ I
!1HH1.flffltl'e
1 <n u
rut1j r.l5ffiu'Ult5Lf1S
u
'tJbS
1 n
t9"Ht5 tmb run n tr:ll ru n tUnt rulffltl
<n
9 ntSl g13 SUndl n
Hmnm n smsan tllimm Humo rum ~s w&; Mffltl m fl516113ru

'-'I "!.1
tutlltll1fn t9"lsb ti rn
'-' I I In
U I
1j n~ nb M61I rulffltl
tn
~ 61Sb
"
M61 rulffltlm W'edH:ll
SWct
sd~ mg£Sl g '1 nnu
1 ......., r.J'
1
ts Htflit:ll nnliunm
lfl e.J'
R
I
jtJfJmns &~rnmsunun.nrun:tlru : ddT= -k(T-M) ftlrn T dlM61rulffltl~n, M

1 'i': t l<n "!
mid&;1 ru1 m tl'edH:1u
!Wet
In
d~ m,
1 '-'
k m t'eR"I ru1 tutlltllUn sb t m ~ ru: t n rn '1
or o Cl C$ ~ Ql Qt ClJ
!Jtnmtn.n: stlnttlrntR&9tJShtrnnmmtluHnstllStunrulffltl
1 ....., L.n 1 <n
12ooc '1 tf:lrun
0 I l ~ C» C;» QJ
stsg'entllnnbusu-erutllstUnrulmn
1J tct ~ lJ1
28°C '1 tR"tmmm ........,
3 Sl9tumru-entunrulffltl 1 lfl
1
smRtsi 8ooc '1

""
n. Humorum~swnMmn~
I I
- lJl
ddT
t
-=» QJ 0 Q C»
ttll ruHumo rum
1
ts gtutlltllunsb ti rntl n~ nb tUn1 Mmn s sb tun1 ru1mn In In
u1 tmrntUd~ m tSl gtr:1ms tu-i§m~~ tti~~ ftu1rn :

1 "" u
- dT = k(T-M) ffl'er.l5n2rult~'e T(O) = T 0 = 120oc
dt s s
t tl1 ru Mnrulffltl M
1 In
= 28°C tSl g tf:llflS
dT
-
dt
= -k(T 28) , T(O) = 120 '1
2. M61rultflnsnh2M:&nrn
1 et In
t
1
dT dT
dt = -k(T- 28) u_ T_
28
= -kdt
In!T-281 = -kt+c
T-28 = ±e kt+c = Ae-kr (A= ±ec)
T(t) = Ae-kt + 28
106
b1::1Hi5 T(O) = 120 r;Slg 120 = Ae-k(O) + 28
A= 92
T(t) = 92e ··kl + 28
80 = 92e -k( 3) + 28
-3k 52 13
e = 92 = 23
13
-3k = In- 'i5 k = !1 11
3 n23
= 0.19
23 "'"
30 = 92e -O.l 91 + 28
e -O.I 91 = 3_ = 0 02173
92 .
-0.19t = ln(0.02173) = -3.829
t = 20 8l g 9 ~ 8l g '1
V
ruHuB•• : 'iHH t1 ru mm t94 tBfil~ w.nnHi
I t.:,
nn'1hn~
l_j
ti nnmt'i.fl'iH15&'n~
&IJ
...._,
tsinbusti
& "' C:
U U I
&'t:!ru'i:flS~nrulfiltl
I lfl
28°C '1 filt'i.fl&'t:!rur;'9umrh:tlfi&'n~'i:flS~nrulfilt1
& I lfl
80°C '1 15 81'9
tHilti5'iHi
t.:,
~nI rulfiltl
lfl
filt'i.flm
& I
r; s4 48°C '1 filf:'i.fl& &'t:! ru trulnH!iffiu'i.fltiQlS@
l. U
s 2~H1Sln'i:flrt
U
u
mrr~r;s4~nrulfilt1
I lfl
40°C '1 t~mfi~n~H~m't5Sls8l'9t9Qm9umfiffiu'i.fltifilt'i.flt:ns
l_j I'-' U &
?
u
3.3. ii9t~~!lilfifigJ1
I
f/1 C:::. OQJ 0 .Ql ':I 1 .Ql
ilfl1tn1M : ttHunnHt1ntMstsmmMgQlntn~nb'i:HH1:lls'iH15 '1 mb N(t) dl

i.t" n
I
"'
I
ru:J ct w
ef"::: 0 I ~ () c:!i (I t;::p 0 I ~
HS1=113Sts
I
r dlussmntnat:!ru'i:flsts42M:tt1ru
IJ
t (t 1=1ndlt'i:flb) '1 tl=1t:!bmr;ssmntnJ
IJ
r;?tsr;gjb 10% Q"b 1 tffib '1

I
0 '
n. ummmmmg~J:1ti t
lfl " ' t.:.
N(t+ 1)-N(t) = O.IN(t)
107
n. &L:ll runswStnrhn1'!:fls N(t) tsi tint! t ttfi rutRStnS 10% ntl ~
I tint!
I
tSl&'BtiJ£HiltiJ'Bf'iUSSQlrhn1'!:fls
w L..; w
N(t+ 1) = N(t)+J!}_N(t)
100
~msg N(t+ 1)-N(t) = 0.1N(t) '1
2. tL:iltU N'(t) = lim N(l + 1) Njt)

t--?0 t+1-t
N'(t) = O.IN(t) dlM~fil~~trHiHMJb15
~~ = O.JN sl2j d: = O.Idt

lniNI = 0.1t + c
N(t) = Ae0.It
tL:llru N(O) = N 0 = 104 r;::ng
104 = AeO.I(OJ s12J A = 10 4
N(t) = 104 e 0.Ir
t = 3 : N(3) = 104 e0·3 = 13498 tnrhn1 '1
[.;uliuH: t?i~tlm Rtruis'fsn~smRtn1M'i:fl'i:f11JiStln~smRtn1f1:1ruR~tl'!:fls '1

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109
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3
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l='i. y = sinx+ cosx , y' + y = 2cosx ill. y = x + lnx , xy' y =I lnx '1
110
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112
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(y'-ay)'-~(y'-ay) = y"-5y'+6y '1
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tfflli5 (y'-ay)'-~(y'-ay) = y"-5y'+6y tSUt?l!1l[!JlflS
a+~ =5 st~ a~ =6
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d'hmntl z = y'- 2y ( y_ z = y'- 3y) t S"H tu~m~ y"- 5y' + 6y =o ffiu tun tuH:h
Z'- 3Z = 0 ( y_ Z'- 2Z = 0) '1
tuE:lmsg
~ u
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y"-5y'+6y =0
~ ""
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""
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2
A + b/.. + c = 0 (A E ({;) '1
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= 2Z
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z
lniZI = 2x + c
lzl = e2x+c ~:;::

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bW rn C! = ±ec )
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IJ
y' + 4y =0 t~QIS dy = -4y

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dy
y
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y = Cze -4x ( "
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IJ
115
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r ..,._,.., 0 -4x l': , -4x -4x
• ,., o '"' y = c2 x e
( )
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2 (x)e - 4c 2 (x)e
1
C
2
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c
1
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= Jc 1e 6x dx = 6cl e 6x + A = Be 6x + A
c 2 ( x)
v., r 0
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0
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y = Ae-4x +Be 2x
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Ql 0 Q. l"'f'4 Ql Q:l Q. ~
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1J
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tt:Jru A sb B mf3sstdH1..ffi't3115RtnS '1
IJ IJ
thft£11: t-i5hl{§fmfi5mrn 2
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ffi't3blin2Mt~'t3
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y(ln2) = I2
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118
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'-' I
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~msg 1:H~t159t91~Shl~ffl~ (E) ~ y = Axe-x+Be-x ttH15 A Sb B
u 6V u
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dluSSt0Hl.Jll13t15nQlS '1
!J !J
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~ = 2~Aln2 + 2~B
2
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- ~ = ~A - ~A In 2 - ~ B
2 2 2 2
-1 = A-Ain2-B (ii)
(i) Sb (ii) : { Aln2+B =I o§ {A= 0

S1 U B = I
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"" "' " ft513ffl~
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Sb
U GV B lil
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y"+by'+cy = o '1 tiblmmd5

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er C» ~ '> c::t. C»
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ls (E) ~u9lm~nm~ru9tvlts
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N N •II
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tJ Ql 0 2 0 OS ~
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"" ,-,4 '> ""
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tttlru A1 = a-i~ sh Az = a+i~
y = A e(a-ip)x + B e(a+iP)x
ff'l'e um-e S51 Euler : e ix = COSX + lStnX

..
e-ix = cosx isinx
mms y = Aea\cos~x-isin~x)+Beax(cos~x+isin~x)
y = (A+ B)eo:xcos~x + i(B- A)eo:xsin~x dlm~rutS:l (E)
ttiffiUQ"lS : Yt = eaxcos~x Sh y 2 = eo:xsin~x dlm~rutmrutS (E)
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u "" u
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tJfl:IW
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: tu13m~ tumrnts
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tH~t159tm'fs (E) '?i y = e-x(Ccosx + Dsinx) '1

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flj{~f!:
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I IJ I U U IJ
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.,
hl'i§fil~ (E) HluhlHhl~dl: (y'-y)'+(y'-y) = 2x
mh z = y' - y : Z' + z = 2x ( 1)
tq'litL'i§'li~ru~~S&tl~ A : Z = A(x)e-x =::} Z' = A'(x)e-x

IJ
A'(x)e-x = 2x Y. A'(x) = 2xex
A(x) = J2xe-xdx = 2(x-1)e''+B

t:Jutsg Z
u
= [2(x 1)ex+B]e-x = 2(x-1)+Be-x
&L:fltliZ=y'-y: y' y=2(x-I)+Be-x (2)
X
Ctt
M'i§fil~ y'- y =o Ql
'tfl2ut~ru y = Ce
tq'litL'i§'li~ru~~Sttl~ C : y = C(x)ex , y' = C'(x)e'' + C(x)ex
IJ
C'(x)ex = 2(x-1) +Be-x

C'(x) = 2(x-l)e -x +Be -2x
C(x) = 2J(x l)e-xdx+Bfe- xdx=
2
-2xe-x-~e- 2 x+C 1
( C2 = ~)
122
cr c::!.f e.» u • v
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n. miHHlf:113S
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n. m"" <p(x) t:htH13f55tS tSH tf:'IOIS <p"(x) <p(x) = 2x
""
tl:llru <p(x) = -2x tmg <p'(x) = -2 , <p"(x) =0
<p"(x)-<p(x) = 0-(-2x) = 2x
[jfH28 <p(x) = -2x "" " (E) '1
t:htH13f55tS
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2
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f:'l. f = g + <P il2J f' = g' + <P' , f' = g" + <p"
f'(x)- f(x) = (g" + <p")(x)- (g + <p)(x) = g"(x)- g(x) + <p"(x)- <p(x)

~ ~QJ? II II
tw1ru g(x) J...J1tH~f55tS y y = 0 tmg g (x)-g(x) = 0
<p(x) t:hm~ruts
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123
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- ftubH1tH~t15rltnHi.r@swt'Htus mb tftl t15 Yp tEl hl~fil~ y" +by'+ cy = p(x)

~ "" uu
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tftlru Yp = ai + bx + c tf!'iOIS : y'P = 2ax + b , y"P = 2a
y"P-2y'p-3Yp = 2a-2(2ax+b)-3(ax 2 +bx+c)

tf!'it(lS: 2a-4ax-2b-3ax2 -3bx-3c = 6x2 -x
2
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(-3a) =6
4a + 3b =I
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l:lmsg yp = 10 r:hcrmrumtututs
2x 2 + 3x--- ""' "' " (E) '1
U 3 GV
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Yc = Ae-x +Be 3x '1
124
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_, 3, 2 I0
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y " - 2 y ' - 3y = A e -x + 98 e Jx - 4 + 2A e -x - 68 e Jx + 8 x- 6 - 3A e-x - 38 e Jx + 6 x 2 - 9 x + 10
Y"- 2)I' -3 )I = 6X 2 -X -·
tlmsg m-!5ru9tvl~s ~ 2 10
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n. ""
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li
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1 "1 ""
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1
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d2
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0 " """
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it).-.
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1 U l.i
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1 1
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= kS iJ §;i.J 1 x 9·8 = 49
mg k = mg
s = 0.20 N .m
2
d x k
-+-x
dtz m
=0
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11
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c:P
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&L:J1g1t\.fl11JfO{§ffl~
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126
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s 0.61
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127
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""
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1. ~~tl!f 6'\m H~ ?11:3S f mm~ ruts eu{5 ffl~~ td~ti thlJ ru ttl ru t?12Jts4 ~tl ~ :
Fi. f(x) = (2x + l)e -x , y" + 2y' + y =0
2. f(x) = e-xsinx , y" + 2y' + 2y =0
?1. f(x) = Aex+Bxex , y"-2y'+y = 0 ttlru A stl B ctlG~StdHun~rufims '1
Fi. 2y"-3y'+y = 0
2. -4y"+7y'+2y=0
128
!:i. y"- 2y' =0
'155. y"- 3y' + 3y =0
b. 2y" + 3y'- 2y = 0
cr. y"- 3y' + y = o '1

3. QbnHl1is'i;1ru'J~btgn'tj t!:i2J f ctu-t~f:i'tjSRM~tru IR '1 ~ntu~m~~to~~HtuJru
1
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u u 1
f t:hut~ru6V
-2x
n. f(x) = (x + l)e
2. f(x) = 2e-x + 3e 3x
!:i. f(x) = (2cos3x- 3sin3x)ex '1
4. tf:tl gLnnrutu~fil~~ tt:HiHtuJru'i:fls ruQ2 t1lJ t~'tj
n. y"- y =0 , y(O) =I , y'(O) = -2

2. y"- 2y' + 3y =0 , y(O) =2 , y'(O) =1
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ffi'l§l'li'l§S
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m. tfiHntUtl~'l§ruJgtmntiSlsmstGrn?
.. w .. .. 1--1 100 0.20
500 0.05
(X-4), ... '1
E[f(X)] = L[f(x) x P(X =x)] '1
.,
!Jf17fJUM : E(lOX) = 'L[lOxx P(X =x)]
2
E(X ) = 'L[x 2 x P(X =x)]
E(X-4) = L[(x-4)xP(X=x)] '1
0
141
MU171if1J: X thHtU~ttH:iSJ ttlill'8l8 X 1 2 3
t;f Qf
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X = 1' 2, 3 '1 1'!1 M Sl
n. E(5X) 1'!1. E(5X+3) '1
oci1w:1/N
li. E(5X) = :E[5x x P(X = x)]
= (5xl)(0.1)+(5x2)(0.6)+(5x3)(0.3) =II
tlmsg
u
E(5X) = 11 '1
2
2. E(X ) = r.i x P(X = x)
2 2
= 1 (0.1)+2 (0.6)+3\0.3) = 5.2
2
1:113&88 E(X
u
) = 5.2 '1
?1. E(5X+3) = 1:[(5x+3)xP(X=x)]

= (5x 1 +3)(0.1)+(5x2+3)(0.6)+(5x3+3)(0.3)
= 0.8 + 7.8 + 5.4 = 14
1:!tHSg
u
E(5X + 3) = 14 '1
3. rnnnn:
8
C) 0
1. E(a) =a t1:!rn a thBSStd~
u
C) 0
2. E(aX) = aE(X) ttlrn a thBSStd~
u
3. E(aX+b) = aE(X)+b ttlrn a 2b b r:hUSStd~

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4. E[f 1(X) + hCX)] = E[f 1(X)] + E[/ 2 (X)] t1:! ill / 1 2b ! 2 r:hH9?113St8 X '1
MlJ11Wf1f[pl'f :
l. E(a) = :E[a x P(X = x)]
= a:EP(X = x) = a Btl U5 :EP(X = x) = 1 '1
2. E(aX) = :Eax x P(X =x)

142
= aL,xxP(X=x) = aE(X) tl:hru L,xxP(X=x) = E(X) '1
3. E(aX +b) = L,[(ax +b) x P(X = x)]

= Laxx P(X = x) + L,bx P(X = x)
= aL,x x P(X =x) + bLP(X =x) = aE(X) + b '1
4. E(f 1(X) + f 2 (X)] = L,{[f 1(x) + f 2x] x P(X = x)}
= L/ 1(x) X P(X =x) + L,f2(x) X P(X = x)

= E(f 1(X)] + E[f2 (X)]
i':H:Hsg
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E[f 1(X) + f 2(X)] = E[f 1(X)] + E(f2(X)] '1
X I 2 3
cf IQI 0
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I I
P(X =x) tHmg X= 1' 2, 3 '1
P(X =x) 0.2 0.3 0.5
n. l=iMS'l £(3)
2. 5E(X) + 2
2
l=i. E(X +4) '1
., :
t1Ii1t!!
n. £(3) =3
2. ~1JilLn1~n E(X) tlis
u
E(X) = L,xx P(X =x) = 1(0.2) + 2(0.3) + 3(0.5) = 2.3
5E(X) + 2 = 5(2.3) + 2 = 13.5 '1
2
l=i. E(X + 4) = E(X 2) + £(4)
2 2
tn £(4) = 4 Sb E(X ) = L,x xP(X=x) = 12 (0.2)+2 2 (0.3)+3 2 (0.5) = 5.9
!::Wtsg
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2
= 9.9 '1
LuRug : Htd~tcrtlSJ x 'i:flSH~l=i'l§Stllh~tntymu P(X =O) = o.o5 ,

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P(X = l) = 0.45 Sb P(X =2) = 0.5 '1 l=iMS'l
n. 11 = E(X) 2
l=i. E(5X +2X-3) '1
143
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n. mnlilfliMti~
2
t3£mg'lJtrulhttHHtyncit~~1nf1Snt~13~1§t~~h !l Sbfl~Jcit~~h cr
2 2
cr2 = I.f(X- !l) H513S&Sgffit:HuH!U~ctl cr2 = I.fX - !12 '1
I.f u n I.f
3. mnt9~tHJ
§mgsm : h~Jci&s~Hd~tG~SJf:tlri x mbtf:tlru var(X) fiM~tf:tlru
Var(X) = E(X -11/ t~rn !l = E(X) '1 cr = Jvar(X) turlffi~ruln!Ucif:tl

!i'l
'1
Var(X) = E(X- !l) 2 = E(X 2 - 2!lX + !l 2)

2
= E(X 2 ) - 2!lE(X) + E(!l 2 ) = E(X 2 ) - 2!1 2 + 112 = E(X
2
)- 11
2 2
Var(X) = E(X )- 11 2 fu.tlru !l = E(X) tS'"U !1 = E\X)
.
Var(X) = E(X 2) - E 2(X) I'1
tJf \;) I 0 tl tJ
tJ97UUM : HtGHtH:lSJtilti X HlS'iHn.flhttinTI50lli ~t;ghmn~:n~tun13 '1

U I
X 2 3 4 5
P(X =x) 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1
n. Var(X)
~
ttilrutTI5ali13~ Var(X) = E(X- !l) 2
2. Var(X) ttilrut1Um13S Var(X)
Li u n
= E(X 2 )-E2(X) '1
culm :
N
tJ:lUIS !l = E(K) = I.x x P(X =x)

= 1(0.1)+2(0.3)+3(0.2)+4(0.3)+5(0.1) = 3
tr:iOlS Var(X) = E(X- 3) 2 = I.(x- 3) 2 x P(X =x)

= 4(0.1)+1(0.3)+0(0.2)+1(0.3)+4(0.1) = 1.4
[:Jmsg Var(X) = 1.4 '1
u
144
2. ~tl~1ri~Hi E(X
2
)
u lju
2
E(X ) = Li P(X = x)
= 1(0.1)+4(0.3)+9(0.2)+16(0.3)+25(0.1) = 10.4
r~ms Var(X) = E(X 2 ) -11 2 = 10.4-3 2 = 1.4
!:jtHsg Var(X)
u
= 1.4 '1
l. Var(a) = 0 ttlru a r:hUSStG~

u
2. Var(aX) = a 2 Var(X)
3. Var(aX+b) = a Var(X)
2
ttlru a ~h b r:hG~StG~ '1
MlJ:fl t!J'Uf{/1 fi :
1. Var(a) = E(i)- E 2(a) = a 2 - [E(a)]
2
2 2
= a -a =0 tt11 ru E(a) = a '1
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= iE(X 2 )-[aE(X)] 2 = a 2E(X 2 )-a 2E 2(X) = i[E(X 2 )-E2(X)]
2
=a Var(X) '1
3. Var(aX +b) = E(aX + b/- E 2(aX +b)

2 2 2 2
=E(aX +2abX+b)-[E(aX+b)]
2 2 2 2
= a E(X ) + 2abE(X) + b - [aE(X) + b]
= a 2E(X 2 ) + 2abE(X) + b2 - 2 2
a E (X)- 2abE(X)- b
2
2 2 2 2
= a E(X )-a E (X) = i[E(X 2 )-E2(X)]
= a 2 Var(X) '1
145
0 " 0 ':1 1!1 0 cJ 1!1
Wf.mlr1tJ: X thHtGHt:HH~Jtt:lillH1S1HMbttin1_?LflU ~tHnnb21iHLfn'!§ :
u
X 10 20 30
P(X = x) 0.1 0.6 0.3
l!lMSl Var(2X + 3) '1
GtiJm:
<Ill
&l!llflS Var(2X + 3) = 2 2 Var(X) = 4Var(X) (1)
Var(X) = E(X 2) - 2
E (X)
E(X) = 'LxxP(X=x) = 10(0.1)+20(0.6)+30(0.3) = 22

2
E(X ) = z.i x P(X =x) = 100(0.1) + 400(0.6) + 900(0.3) = 520
&l!lQlS Var(X) = 520- (22) 2 = 36
til'!§ (1) tl!llflS Var(2X+3) = 4Var(X) = 4x36 = 144
t:ltHS8
u
Var(2X + 3) = 144 '1
'luifuif:
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twru •
z = 1, 2, 3, ... ,n '1
ttl X dlHtd~tut1SJ!:hU &Ulli5 a Sb b ltl~~Gl&d~ tSl&t?itrlS
1. E(a) =a
2. E(aX) = aE(X)
3. E(aX+b)=aE(X)+b '1
"h~JtitSHtd~tut1SJ!:hU X fflbt!:hru Var(X) Aru1ilttllli5 Var(X) = E(X -1-d

tt1ru 1-l = E(X) '1 cr = Jvar(x) n.flirfl~rulntutitll
.,
.. ruQM:tGlh~Jti
ttl X dlHtd~tut1SJ!:hU tUlli5 a Sb b dl~~Std~ &S"Ht?itrlS
1. Var(a) = 0
2. Var(X) = ivar(X)
3. Var(aX +b) = a2var(X) '1
147
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':) r cf IQI 0
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u
r = 0, 1, 2, 3 '1 t1ill1Slnt13 c Wt1MUfil'liMMHiltitltillltl&'tin~'lilfl'li '1
"" u u liu
':) I cf I Ql
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u
X -3 -2 -I 0
P(X =x) 0.1 0.25 0.3 0.15 d
2. P(-3:S:X<O) t1. P(X>-1)
lli. P(-1 <X< 1) b. ~n

u
'1
3. Htd~ttitlSJfflri X 'Hl2H9t113Stl~~tnt?Lflti P(X =x) fitmg x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 &'tlru

u
X 5 6 7 8 9
3 2 l 2 3
P(X =x) 1 11 11 11 11
':) ct ' Ql
4. HtGHLitlSJ X 'Hl2H9t113Stlti~tnl?Lfl'li
u X 1 2 3
0
P(X=x) litm& x= 1, 2, 3 '1 fiill'ISl
P(X =x) 0.1 0.4 0.5
n. E(X)
2
2. E(X )
2
t1. E(2X + 3X- 5)
lli. Var(X) '1
5. t1 illl SlOSS
u
tlb &'tl ru Mb"'f139nrtl
~ 1
Sb r:tlH9'ib
~ ~
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N'
t rl ru run tfitlflg filRri ~
148
6. d5 X dl~Hd~ttH:lSJ~ci" ~~&'tlrnmQJtrH1.Hf:HQ18U'flUifJnl{JlR"
1 1
tl~ ~~nLTimTI2j&~ rnmntl2ltaun~

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X 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1
P(X = x) y
6 6 5 5 6
fi f.l.fl m : n. "
6H~ y ~- E(X) 'li5. Var(X) tl. Var( 4X) '1
':J I r:f I ¢::» Q
7. H&GHtitlSJ~ti X "tflSH~fi~StliHq~nl_YQl'U P(X = x) = kx mmg x = I, 2, 3, 4, 5

u
stl P(X=x) = k(lO-x) Gtmg X= 6, 7, 8, 9 '1 l=if.l.flSl:
2. E(X)
l=i. Var(X) lli. E(2X- 3) tl. Var(2X-3) '1
8. &siQhtYHli'\3rn"tfls~r~lli1Lm.n~ 3 sh~riMM 4 '1 tfimlirun~ 2 t~rnttitlSJ

1
( naillmtittflrn@s~Rlrlrn~QJ) '1 tti x dlHtd~tutlSJ" 8~s~rJM1J1Um&'tlrn

mums , '1 l=if.l.flSl :
9. &l=it13M&1Mm~ndlLn~'\3ti5"tflS~ 3 SlR ttiQJrl~~MJlYM 6 mRsh~~MJlfo 5 mri '1

1 I
q ~ 0 ~
m X dlHtGHtitlSJ" u~s~~n5JLMQhLn~" '1 l=if.l.flS"l

1 I
n. E(X) l=i. Var(X) ill. l=irulntUtl~tS

n
0
X '1 ' "
X I 2 3 4 5
P(X =x) 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.15 0.05
149
2
0 sS sS
UiDnill6fii5fi1
d
tnun.niJ
G"
i
0 ~ CLfl SlL'i50l'i5t~HHGH~m X tSltl &'CLnb &'un~~ m

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0 ~CLnSlM~13~rul61Sbh~JtHs~Hct~ X
o ~CLnSlnt"e tfN
x &'tHl5tRnt9ibmnrrm5mbm
\.J ........, ........, '1
1.
fJ fnf.n UU1"' 2 : Qbffl~ntnnmmgLmli9Jn!ijlfi~ru t~'i:flsuCLnbu~~mmtrn~ 5 '1

1 1
f:JuuCLnbtSln~m"
u
tdl~tlru" drut911mt~m" 'i5ntlru" '1 ~ ~
1
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e u
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u
150
1.2. GJltit~mistumu
v
~fTitn!M J: tfitQI8FilR~ruftHli@sn\htflrirn
U -1 H
FilRffiS~2~~?i~2
1 1
H sb T '1
tymti&t:irnsiuo~ms:rJbnJlrn&~sb ~ ctimtQI8FilR&Slg 4 t:ib ~HHtnSli._,tiOitift:irnsb

u u
0
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'-'1 u
QQ Q ~ ..s
tfir!SnH~rn" FilHum~2 H " dlt~...~~f:'iwtl5
u "'1
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(HHTT) , (HTTH) , (TTHH) , (THTH) , (HTHT) Sb (THHT)

o .., c:~~ o o 4x3 ..,
uSSnHlJHS8t'idluSStiS'i
u u tr C(4, 2)
= = 6 nHtn '1
......
t ttl run~ n.n s~u ru")ffiS'itiQiti t n5.....m ""
L.;
u
tfiQIS P( tu~QIS~2 H ~~t:ib ) = C(4, 2)xGYGY = 6xGYGY = 2~ '1
tjmsg ~ti01tittjrnsbmm~2 H ~~tjbtnrntflt018Fnfi~rucrss 4 tjbtt'dsb 8

2
'1
u L.;
u
'-'1 u u ... 7
:lfTitntnn 2: tritlbmt,tiOititt:irnhlnlJ~fit,li&lJbdlutn~t=inlin~9J1t~sb o.75 '1
u
fiMSli._,tiOitittjrnhlnlJ~rut,n~ffiSQI 10 SlRi._,ti&lJbdlutn~t'iMn~9Jlnlihl~ 5 SlR '1
U I
tfii._,n~run" hlhlJi._,ti&lJtldlutn~t=inlin19J1, dltdlf:'loru

u
mtl s mu;~ FilHul tt:i rn hl hlJi._,li&lJtldlucr~ ~fi n1i r~19J1

F Ui ~FnHui tt:i rn hl hlJi._,tifijtl@ sdlutn~fi n1ir~19J1
tfiQIS P(S) = 0.75 il2J P(F) = 1 -0.75 = 0.25
tti X dl~Ht:Htul:lSJtl:lrndl" cr~ShlhlJtl:lrni._,ti9JtldlUtn~fiMn19J1" tfiQIS
i._,tiOiti ft:i rn hl n5J'Q59Jtldlu tn ~riM r~1 9Jl&
u
ru hl~ 5 Sl fifin.n~httl ru P(X > 5) '1
P(X>5)=P(X=6)+P(X = 1)+P(X = 8)+P(X = 9)+P(X = 10)

d ~ ~
m~m~SHSt'i~SI:lti hltfl'itiQitiCSH&d~ X: P(X
u 1'1 1 1 L.;
I
= x) = C(n, x) x pxqn-x ,
"
u
X= 0, 1, 2, ... ,10
151
6 4
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7 3
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3
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9
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10 0
= 0.0563
P(X>5) = 0.1460+0.2503+0.2816+0.1877+0.0563 = 0.9219
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156
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= 0.1074
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5 5
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~msg 1_Yttnru 99.73% ~sg:nROru;Jru1Ym~iltlHn5mn5Ln'!3ljn~smn~

1
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= (55, 65)
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ttllru 11 = 1000 ~h a= 100
&?!QlS z = 790-1001000 = _ 2. IO
P(-2.10<Z<O) = 0.4821
~----7~9~0~10~0~0--------~x
~ms g l.YOl'U &'tl rn t@ wt1 wrnsl.Yms
u ----------------------z
-2.10 0
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165
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trn~tsg't:flssrum P(O 1::1rn' 1.43) = 0.4236
:unuunn.,. : m"" z ctuw3as

" N(O, 1) '1 R"MSl
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~. P(IZI > 1.43) '1
cullw :
1811
n. P(IZI < 1.43) = P( -1.43 < z < 1.43)

= 0.4236 + 0.4236 ( t~ rn ffUlb )
= 0.8472
t1msg
u
P(JZI < 1.43) = 0.8472 '1
~. P(IZI > 1.43) t t1'lli5 IZI > 1.43 t Sl g z > 1.43 u. z < -1.43
tR'QlS P(JZJ < 1.43) = P(Z > 1.43) + P(Z < -1.43)
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t1msg
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Wtmtftfl: ttl X ctlmrH'fs N(lO, 25) '1 R'MS1D5Lil'U

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n. P(X > 12)
~. P(X<6)
R'. P(6 <X< 12) '1
16~
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n. ttiUi~tHrntlHtdHlilHfHU X ~tflidlHtdHl.mihoh~~ttl Z '1

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ttl X dlHtd~tS N(JO, 25) ~tlrn !l = 10 Stl 2
a = 25 t{ a= 5
ttlQlS Z = X- 10
5
p(X > 12 ) = p(X / 0 > 12 ; 10)
= P(Z > 0.4) tmru x- 10 =z

5
= 0.5 - 0.1554 = 0.3446
tlmsg
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P(X > 12) = 0.3446 '1
2 _ P(X< 6 ) = p(X~10<6~10)
= P(Z<-0.8) = 0.5-0.2881 = 0.2119
tlmsg
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P(X<6) =0.2119 '1
ti. P( 6 <X< 12 ) = p(6 ~ 10 <X~ 10 < 12; 10)
= P( -0.8 < Z < 0.4) = 0.2881 + 0.1554 = 0.4435

t~msg
u
P(6 < x < 12) = 0.4435 '1
n. P(48<X<54) 2. ?(52< X< 55) ti. P(IX -501 < J8) '1
n. P(0.25 < z < 1.75) 2. P(-0.70 < Z < 1.86) ti. P(-1.4<Z<-0.6) '1
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2. P(Z >a) = 0.7357 '1
167
0.9693
n. n:n ru P(Z < 1.87) = 0.5 + 0.4693
P(Z < 1.87) = 0.9693
l:ltHS8
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a = 1.87
2. P(Z >a) = 0.7357

t £31 ru P(Z > -0.63) = 0.5 + 0.2357
= 0.7357
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!Jfl7tntnn 2: " "" X

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ctli-HGHS .
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0 •
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t1=1rns P(x -;oo < 106 ~ 100) = 0 .8849
p(z < ~) = 0.8849
t£31 ru P(Z < 1.2) = 0.5 + 0.8849 ( ff'l'i:Hilrltl )
= 0.8849
tl=iQIS ~
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1.2
=5
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" 2 .. !.4
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~
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168
80 -
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ll) = 0.0113 mw!.o. 80 - ll
-cr- =a
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0
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u li1
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80
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"'" cr
tl"jlbt!tJ~ P(X>30) = 0.9713
p(x ~ ll > 30~ ll) = o.9713
mh 30cr-ll = b
&r:1Q1S P(Z >b) = 0.9713
tf:h t15 P(Z > -1.9) = 0.5 + 0.4713 ( um:nb M)
li1
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30
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"'" cr
imtl"hl~ffU (1) Sb (2) tr:1Q1Sl_?rl~fU~ffU
80 11
2 28
; = · (1) {80-!l = 2.28cr (l)
{ 30 ~ ll = -1.9 (2) Y. 30 -!l = -1.9 (2)
80 -!l = 2.28cr (1) .. b

{ -30 + ll = 1.9cr (2) 1Jn (I) s (2) &r:1Q1S
50= 4.18cr sl~ cr = 11.96

- 30 + ll = 1.9cr s1 ~ !l = l.9cr + 30
= 1.9(11.96) + 30
= 52.72
tlmsg
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f1=52.72Sb cr= 11.96 '1
'\:) Q 0 t
P(X>50) = 0.4960 '1 r:1rulSl~ttl"tl"U1tl"

N ~
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fi1
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.. 'tflst~Ln~Llittnrn 95% tst~Ln~mbHt'J ~ntsitLfil'gt2Jtfili:lrul~'ihrum~u

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.. 'tflst~Ln~Llittnrn 99.73% tst~Ln~mi:!Ht'J ~ntsitLfn'gt2J&fni:IWJ~'ihrum~g
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420 tlrul
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3. X H&tiHOf::lSJtS '1 tirul Sl
n. P(X > 305) 2. P(X < 291)
ti. P(X < 312) lli. P(X > 286) '1
4. d5 X dlHtd~tS N(lOO, 80) '1tirulSl
n. P(85 <X< 112) 2. P(l05 <X< 115)
170
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5. dj X ctl~HG~tS N(JOO, 36) Sb P(X<a) = 0.8907 '1 ?irulSlfit'l§ 6V

a '1
n. P(Z >a) = 0.3632 g_ P(Z <a) = 0.0793 '1
n. P(O < Z < 1.73) 2. P(-2.05 < Z < 0)
¥:1. P(-0.89<2<-0.16) '155. P(IZI < 1.78)
b. P(IZI > 0.75) '1
8. dj X ctlHtG~tS N(!l, 25) Sb P(X < 27.5) = 0.3085
ctlHtG~tS N(!l, o-
2
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? rumuiiiqn 6
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u
P(X=2)=0.55 '1 ?irulSl:
2
n. E(X )
2. Var(X)
2
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171
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n. it x t 2. t XU ?1. txt '1
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l> 7 7
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7 7 7
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1 -2 3 -2 3 l
3 1 -2
611~291'UlHln21btrn t?itu&brmfimm uxt = -(txit) Sb txt= 0 '1

n "'""
Lulluu: t?12J it = J2 i + J3 J+ 2k sb t = -i + J '1 fJHLu]m8Ju lit X tl sb

ltx itl '1
175
2,
n. " X V
U 7 = -( 7V 7
X U)
7
2. ux(v+w)
7-7
= (uxv)+(uxw)
77 7-7
7-7-77-7
lli. UX0 0 XU 0 = =
b. ux
" u
" = 0-7
7 7 ~ ~ 7 ...
tf:if:f1S: UXV = (u 2v3-u 3v 2)t-(UIV3-u3vl)j+(u1Vz-UzVI)k Sb
~
7
v xu
"
= (v 2u3 - v3u 2 )1-
7, 7
(v 1u 3 - v 3 u 1 )J + (v 1u 2 - v 2 u 1 )k
0
7 7 7
Sl ~
:;:::
U X V = -( V7 X U) '1
o:;:: 7 7 -7 7, ~
Sl~ ux(v+w) = [u 2(v 3 +w 3)-u 3(v 2 +w 2)]z-[u 1(v 3 +w 3)-u 3(v 1 +w 1)]J
7
+[u 1(v 2 +w 2)-u2(v 1 +w 1)]k '1
7 7 7
= (cu 2v3 - cu 3v 2)i- (cu 1v 3 - cu 3v 1)j + (cu 1v 2 - cu 2v 1)k
7 7 '
=(cu)xv'1
176
'"' ~ ~ --?
wtH!H
u
uXu=0'1
2. I~ x tl = l~l·ltl sine
lli. I~ X tl = t~trftllmrdtytru9Jtfil'l:1t~HlHuthrn1u9~ t sb t '1

u
b. ~It X tl = t~E1ftlla1t'd~tfilrultt:irun5~trn1u9~ u sb t '1
177
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(uxv)·u =0 oli:
Sl~'i uxv
iJ
' ""
HHinrt.mblH9i2b
uu
7
v '1
2. 1~1-ltlsine = l~lltiJI- cos2 e

~ 7 2 ~ 7
~1 171
= 1u · v
timo
- ft
1 (u·v) (
G o
(u·v)
cose = cl~l-ltl) )
= JI~I IW- c~ · t) 2
2
= ltx tl '1
~- tf;hiDTIHbli9JLfiltHui1trn1u9~ t sb t ~Uiru e m~n'lb & sb t tSlg

u
t~QlS :
- RnnHstytrn9JLfill5 t~ ltJ. sine
u
- &~Ln ftll'&Sty t bli£0Lfill5 s = l&lltl sine = lk X tl '1

u
178
?mn:
7 ~ ~ ~ ~7<::. 7 ~7
k =iXj , i = j X k Si:! j = k Xi '1
c:uflm: nnru ~x] = l~ll~sin8k

IN
(8 r:h~~t9ii::!n:llru~cr9~
I~ '1..1 I
~ si::! h
I
n:ll ru ti HHirHlm
U U
'""
rnsi::! t
j tf:'lOlS 0 = 1t-2 n.n"" ru 7i sil j7 r:h ~~mHtlnm
"" d
I
ts-u
tf:'\OlS 1~1 =1 ' I~ = 1 si::! sin~ = 1 s12J

t 7 1711 ~ 1t 7 0 ~ 7 7 7
ixj = i jlsin k S"l~ ixj = k '1
2
7 t ~
v=2i+3j'1
t ? 7
7 7
j k
i 7 ? 7
ux v = 1 -4 1 =-3i+2j+llk
2 3 0
n:llru l~xtl = J(-3) 2 +2 2 +11 2 = Jl34 tS"lgtf:10lS~cr9~tlnffltf;JrnHHinrunoh94

I U U
C(2, 4, 7) si::! D(5, 0, 6) r:hL'tHill9JLffl'i3 amnt~Ln!{JltS~tbli9JLffl'etSg '1

u u
179
f1IgtJJ : !:l:h tti1diHill'i:Hfl~8tHHffl blJl b8 g ff113189 H:JG2liH1 ffl13
fill t_:; "' I I U l:,
I
-7 ~ ~7 .. ----7 7 ~7 0-7----7
AB=-3i+4j+k SbDC=-3i+4j+k m2jAB=DC
-7 "' ----7
~m22 8~tmMt22tilLtHru9JLffl131:[:lJ;u'i:fls AB stl AD ctl~tlctlti '1
<)
U I
.. D----7, 7
13Jlb r;g 61 AD = -2j + 6k
7 7 7
-7 ----7 i j k 7 7 7
ABxAD =
-3 4 1 = 26i+l8j+6k
0 -2 6
ntibms ~~E1ftll~SL'iHru9JLffl13i?f :/A.B x A"D/ = JI036"" 32.19 b nm~~E'~ftll '1

u
wnuH:
n. bl=l~UGn.fj8 A(l, 1, 1) ' B(2, 0, 3) sb C(-1, 2, 0) !:slfjbrutn '1
I
jil~~LilftllL~!:fflblJl ABC '1
2. tiblmttl86lr:mM~L:iru'i:flsRrJru'i6lciGM8
lfl "-" I U t_:; I
A(S, 2, O) , B(2, 6, 1) ,
C(2, 4, 7) sb D(5, 0, 6) ctlL1Hbl59JLffl'B Jmn?~Lf1ftll?SL'Ubbl59JLffl13!:Sl2 '1

u u
4,
r:li Q ctlGM8
I
m·t.Hsn'l:llb ~
P ~:mg-J-J~
U
" 0 -7
f:8n1;f1b Fmmg8n.fj8 Pl=l
0 0 c:l> 1-71 ,_..,. -71
M = PQxF '1
r:sunliH'i~GM8
t.l- t_:; I
P L:i8'liirlmnbm
U lfl "-""' U
'1 jn-Jik~
U
I
~ 0 0 0 0
r:Sn'i:flbr:sgmmHjblJlG
6V 1
P mrurun13I
180
~ 7 ;.
i j k
--7 ~ -7 ~
M = PQxF = 0! J3 = -25i
2 2
0 0 -50
ihHHs
u
P ntmg P ~ jA}j = 25Nm ( mns-
~1
~<JH1)
w '1
u
.,. ...
5.1. sumsm
5.2. t9~U9 1
;. 7 -7
tS"Hu·(vxw)= v1 v2 v3 '1
wr Wz w3
d51u9~
I
k, t sb tb ~Sts-inbtit1~n'et15
ct GV 1.1
tS"Ht:HtHHWlGi'e8tS1G9~
I W I
t, t sb tb
I 1
m-ernEfltr ~ctl't:fl~~'iHJ1_Ytblitl~tl61~1:H1Hui1trn t, t sb tb '1 ~msg trubmstj~ti9
~G:nb &Lf'il'e :
< un.nnt~1m1HHlif!ln.ncr~gcau1n9~)
I
't:fl~ v WhlL'litruri~tin~!:lruMi1trn1u9~ k, t sb tt ~: v = lt·ctxit)l

;. 7 -7 I
Sb't:fl~ w Whltnun~Hn~ : w = 1
u. (~X w) mssrum t15n't:fl~WhlLmrurlttin
~Gnsb 6 '1
181
M(;1:f1l11fi qp ri : n:n ru 'f ~ Ln l{ll Ul61 = It x it/ sb 7
vxw
-7
Rr~ Mlli MLY 1: ru 11 &'li61 ftj rumstl'n 118 ~:run ru &'nb lli n5
1n9~
1
txit tl'ntru1o9~ 1
t ftjruffltlt~ru t· tS'H'i:fl2
I C:.VcJU d1 0 1 ~
mMLYtrur~m5Hi v = (nr!M) x (t~Lnl{l1Ul61)
V= ~~·lit X it/
v= Itt· . ct· x it)/ '1
~ ~. ~
0 I 0
f7J1.mfif!il: ~n'i:fl2mMLmrumli6ltf;jru'i:fls u
I C»e/lf cJ
= 3t-5J+k7 v
7 ~
= 2j-2k
7 3!..
... w
~
-7
w = 3i + jt + k7 dll_Eltldlti
'
'1
1
3 -5 1
2 -2 0 2 0 2
V= 02-2 =3 -(-5) +(!) =3(4)+5(6)+1(-6)=36'1
1 1 3 1 3 I
3 1
..
Mfi1f7J
'
:
7
u, v
7
M61ntlu~f6ltl'ru
~ c:; u 6V
'1
wnuu :~ n'i:fl2Lm ruri fli61 ftj ru'i:flsl_Eltlmli &, t

1
stl it ~u~tl tLffltl'

1
n. u7 = "·~,.
1+ 1
77-7 77
v =j +k , w =i+k
2. u
7
= (1, 7
3, 1) ' v = (0, 5, 5) ' w
-7
= (4, 0, 4) '1
7 7-7 77 7-7
2. ux(v+w) = (uxv)+(uxw)
7 7 7 7 7
~.
7
c(uxv)
7
= (cu)xv
7 7
= ux(cv)
7 7
lli. UX 0 =0X U =0
7
tJ. 7
U XU
7
=0
182
~- It xtl = ltl-ltl sine
'li5. It. t/ = C~Lfi!ij1HHJLmru9JLAl~t~HlHuatrn1u9~

u
~ stl t '1
b. ~/txt/= t~Lf1!ijlHHJ1]itilltlfltt:1rutUatrn1m~~ t Sb t '1
"tr:l'i:flS1u9~ &, t Sh it t~Qbb1hn '1 ~ru9MG1J3tS &, t Sb it ffl~rut:rlU~ctl

I I
0 0
77-7
uSSbHHE:1runtlflritt:rlli5
1.1
C:.el '
u·(vxw) '1
7 7 -7
&Sl3u·(vxw)= v 1 v2 v3 '1
w 1 w 2 w3
• 'i:fl~ v mn1LmruCiftin&t1rutUcitrn1cr9~ t, t st~ it ~

w = I"u. (~X w)
-7 I
7
v = It. ct X it)/ Sb'i:fl~ w HHlhnLffltHn~ :
? ruunri
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
n. jx i ~- ixj r:l. jxk lli. k X j b. ixk u. kx i '1
:nbtLAl~tsg :
n. t = (2, -3, 1) , t = c1, -2, 1)
~- t = (-!, 1, 2) ' t = (0, l, 0)
7 7
r:l. u = (12, -3, 0) ' v = (-2, 5, 0)
7 7
lli. u = (-10, 0, 6) ' v = (7, 0, 0)
!..?
w. u =7 77
i +j +k ' v
7
= 2!"-~"
+ J- k
? 7 7 7 7 77
u. u = j + 6k ' v = i- 2} + k '1
183
ii~ ruis~ru'121b &Lf1l'i§:
ii. k = (4, -3.5, 7) ' t = (-1, 8, 4)
2. ~ = (-8, -6, 4) ' t = (10, -12, -2)

-? ~ ~ 7 7 1~ 3~ I 7
?1. u = - 3z + 2]- 5k v = -l--j+-k
2 4 10
1~ ~
= ?/ ' v = 21 + 6]
-? 27 7
ill. u '1
4. ~iit~Lii!U'l[YWHiiJLfil'i5ti:Hli'tflS,cr9 i ~ sb t th~bmtiQb iii ruis~ru")21b tLfil'i5 t s g

U I I
-? ~ 7 ~ 7
ii. u =J ' v = j +k
-? )> ?. 7 7 )> 7
2. u = i + j + k ' v =j +k
?1. k = (3, 2, -1) ' t = (1, 2, 3)
ill. k = (2, -1, 0) ' t = (-1, 2, 0) '1
s. '~bt!1cimun.f1u21b tLfil'i§ mfi~ runHJLtitn59~Lfil'i§ amiit~Lii!U'l :

ii. (1, 1, 1) ' (2, 3, 4) ' (6, 5, 2) ' (7, 7, 5)
2. (2, -1, 1) , (5, 1, 4) , (0, I, 1) , (3, 3, 4) '1

":) 1::1 eJ 0
6. :1 nt~U"WLn t fil n.n n:l ru'tfls ii ~ ru ~cr21b tLfil'i5
ii. (0, 0, 0) ' (1, 2, 3) ' (-3, 0, 0)
2. (2, -3, 4) , (0, 1, 2) ' (-1, 2, 0)
?1. (1, 3, 5) ' (3, 3, 0) ' (-2, 0, 5)
ill. (l' 2, 0) ' (-2, 1' 0) ' (0, 0, 0) '1
7. :iii k. ctx it) iibii~MS'i5f1J")21bt~fil'i5tsg

.. u L:.
1
7. 7 ~
ii.
-?
u = l ' v =J ' w
--?
= k7
2. u
7
= (1, 1' 1) ' t = (2, l, 0)
'
--?
w = (0, 0, I)
-?
?1. u = (2, 0, 1)
'
t = (0, --?
3, 0) ' w = (0, 0, I)
7 --?
ill. ~ = (2, 0, 0)
'
v = (1, 1, 1) '. w = (0, 2, 2) '1
184
8. tf:tHiH~UtHl.HH1.1l11113dsti111fl
t_; I t_; I
~ FiiHlh.n
co
11BH1.1l
U
Sl'Hl~HH
l._;
rnn tUn ttl rnms111fl~
I
~. t
I I
sb it dl~bdlu~mnb&Lf1113 :
I
~ ~~ ~ ~* ""* ~7
Fi. u = l +1 v = j +k ' w = i +k
~- ""* = (4, 0, 4) '1

u~ = (1, 3, 1) ' v7 = (0, 5, 5) ' w
Fi. (0, 0, 0) '(3, 0, 0) '(0, 5, l) '(3, 5, I) '(2, 0, 5) I (5, 0, 5) I
(2, 5, 6) ' (5, 5, 6)
2. (0, 0, 0) I 1, 1, 0 ' (1, 0, 2) ' (0, I, 1) ' (2, l, 2) , (1, 1, 3) '
( 1 2, 1)
1 1 (2, 2, 3) '1
185
~~ c d
Hfiffifiifitiffifi0Df651
111 In! 111
. 'Ill
, Q , 0
1. s~iuas~e~ere~
1.1. umrinwmm
Q c:&
L
I
tsi Qb~~ tl='i q!Jt1H] MLmt59 tu ML'i:ll'liR ru1 ~

1
tu~mm S1
&
~ u&ru1 nt s1 nb
c;
I
rnm t!=it'iti~cr9~ l_j 1
I Cl I 0 l ,Q.I t
Lfilti 9 tu tu Lffiti n M 6i tu "i:3 111 ~ 'i5 ~ 6i '1
tl=i2Jti~~ L ffl~ffl"i:3U'11lti P(x 0 , y 0 , z0 )
ti:irnutum9'isb~u9~
1
t = (a, b, c) ( f:lunbm)
u c; u
'1
1 X
--7 ""7 °"' "--7 7

ti:ilti5 PQ LMtiSb v tSl8ffiSti~Sb16i t ti:lrn PQ =tv '1
s12Jtl=iQlS x=x0 +at, y=y0 +bt, z=z 0 +ct ~ { : : : : : : : (tER)

z = z0 + ct
Q) Q Q t::tJ ,Q.1 0 1 ,Q.1 c::),l t:::IJ ":)
m a,
I
b Sb c ~MblfUS'i tU1ti5tti5b'i5Ql6i t bltu"i:3ffl~ t!=iQlSM"i:3fflHJ8tS'i5Sl6i L

I U U ISV &
1
x-x0 y- Yo z-z
-a- = -b- = -c-0 '1
186
1Jtgtt9 :
• ~f.'l'tflS'liSl~
"'
L 1Hi5Utum94s~1cr9~
u 1
t= (a, b, c) &tflli5Fn~m·t:H~ruw
1
P(x0 , y 0 , z0 ) tSl Ht!i1mttiu1ft1nlsu~n (L) ~
X = x 0 +at , y = Yo+ bt , Z = Zo + ct ~ 1: :=::: :: tE R

z z0 + ct
.. tTI a, b S~ c ~turltuSHSlHife~ffi!RitS'liSl~ L ...
s " ~ : x- x0 = y- Yo = z- z0 '1
1 uti -r "' a c
Wf1T1titftl: H1tu~Fn~fh'htitn s~ tu~mwds'liSl~ L

u ~ "'
c1, -2, 4) tUiruLtum94s~1cr9~ t = c2, 4, -4) '1
orgm : t~-ej~ntu~m~fh'htitnts'li~~ L trutu19~~uttrus x 0 =1 , Yo = -2
X = I + 2t ' y = - 2 + 4t l z = 4- 4t ( 1)
~t:iltmhn~ t rl (I) tf.'lQlStu~Fn~m: x-l = Y+ 2 = z-4 '1

~ 2 4 -4
WfJT1titft2:
U
~nn5~Fn~fh'htitnt215Sl~&f:lrnm~m-ecrrulu
.:; I
A(-2, I, 0) s~
B(I, 3, 5) '1
orgm: ~t:ilti5'li~~Fn~·m"e A(-2, I, 0) Stl B(l, 3, 5) t~m1uG~Lfiltl'9tutS
'liSl~tf:lrnm~m-e A s~ B ~ t = AB = (1-(-2), 3-1,5-0) = (3, 2, 5)

"'
t:::iJ t::J1 C) II dt
t'Ul rntu-em~mm-enf.'l x = -2 + 3t
tl tl
, y = I+ 2t , z = 5t '1
~ ~
n. A(O, 0, 0) "" ... 7
Sw u = (1, 2, 3) ~. B(-2, o, 3)
"'
s~ u
7 7
= 2i+4j-2k
f.'l. C(I, o, I) s~'liSl~tf:lrn'tflstu'i§m~ x = 3t+3 , y = -2t+5 , z = t-7 '1
"'
187
1.2. ytigilrum
I
tf:i~!Jti (a) \jtl5 Stlthu-p:; P(x0 , y 0 , z0 ) tS!JtiU::lg !:Ulru (a) ~ntlStl,GtJ~
h = (a, b, c) ~i:H15Ud~1G9HuS1
I I U t.J
'1 1u9~
1
h tsg tUlim1n9nuuffinftsuti
1 GV
(a) '1
HiUOrulG
L.:. 1
Q(x, y, z) tsuci (a) t?JQIS
""
?Q Hamrunrustl
u u
h '1
--7 "' 7 7 --7 o:;::
t?iQIStHli?irulMI:rt5~tltl PQ
1 n
CJ <::V
Stl n R : n · PQ = 0 Sl~H?JQIS
t.l
a(x-x0 )+b(y-y0 )+c(z-z0 ) =0 tUlimMtfffitMdmtsuti (a) '1

1'1 ""
7 ' QJ
n =(a, b, c) tEl'H!Jti&Slg'i:flS!U'i:1filH1JiHll a(x-x0 )+b(y-y0 )+c(z-z0 )
l
=0 (I) '1
U:hrurJSlfi (1) t?JQIS ax+by+cz+d = 0 t:htu~i11~9t94tsutitS1g( ~l::lru

G\} u ""
d = -(ax0 + by0 + cz0 ) ) '1
stl cc-2, 1, 4) '1
---7
AB = (0-2, 4-1, 1-l) = (-2, 3, 0)
--7
AC = (-2-2, 1-1, 4-1) = (-4, 0, 3)
~ ,. ,.
---7--7 ijk,.,. 7
t?iQISABxAC= _
230 =9i+6j+12k
-4 0 3
~ --7 -7 fC} I I 0 eJ
tttlru ABxAC:;tO J:Slg'i:flst5tll:i'i'i:1tl5?ifiiilfiffl'i:1GrulG
G\}u 1
A, B, C n:lrt5'HlS
~n9~M~ffiru
1
h = (9, 6, 12) '1 l::lmsg
u
tu~mmti~i::lrum~m'i:1nMn
"" 1
A(2, 1, 1) ri
a(x- x 0 ) + b(y- y 0 ) + c(z- z0 ) =0
9(x-2)+6(y-1)+12(z-1) = 0
9x+6y+ 12z-36 = 0 ~ 3x+2y+4z-12 = 0 '1
runun: ~ntu~rnmti~i::lrt5Rrul~tttlruOrulG A(3, 2, -1) ' B(l, -1, 3) stl

li 1'1 "" 1
C(3, -2, 4) '1
188
1.a. thnwutifit
I .I
tt5 a 1 Sb a 2 dl~J:5~HOJh~ tSlg~J:5iJb~~

""~ -7 "' -7 'll
Hltidl~hUt5'li~ YL'liM~~ '1 t'i5~139~ dl~ti9~
' <) <)
nl sb n2
n.rm5mHsuci 6V
a 1 sh a 2 ,SlgiJ1 e n'lh1ti9~
1
0 • 0
flitmfif.ft
u
:
n. ~niJ~tJb'lii:5
1
(a 1) : x-2y+z 6\J
= o Sb'i5l:5 fAI
a1 : 2x+3y-2z =0
( tf:Hi5n cos53 · 55° = 0.5941)
r:uiJm:
w
• -7
n. ttt~ru1ti9Hl.fl~ihb'l.Hs'i5ti
1 GV
a1 : x-2y+z = o 1=1 n 1 = (1, -2, 1)
"' • -7 .
sb a 2 : 2x+3y-2z =0 1=1 n2 = (2, 3, -2)
I~ ·~I l-61 6
cose = ~~~~ = J6Jfj = ,ff02 = 0.59409
~
tw1ru a1 : x-2y+z =0 3~
.-,w a2 : 2x+3y-2z =0
tr:1QIS a1 : -2x+4y-2z =0 (1) (r:1M~hsb
1 A
<-2))
a2 : 2x + 3 y - 2z =0 (2)
189
(J.l
. 8z .. z
.x- -+z= 0 ux=-
7 "" 7
mtl t = ~ tSl8t1':1tflSM~nm:nhf'l§n~ :X= t ' y = 4t sb z = 7t
fil'Btu~rmih'hf'i§ntS8 mmmms t
~
=(I, 4, 7) m1u9J1tflti9tu'fsuSl~ L
1 w ~
'1
fil'B2!ll'lflHliitsg tf:'iffimn1u9~Lmli9tu'fsu~&i L ~u~htLFn'B:
n:ilru1u9HlJUffirutS'titi
I GV
a 1 : x-2y+z = 0 ~-;I = (1, -2, 1)
a2 : 2x+3y-2z =0 "'" -7
f:1 n 2 = (2, 3, -2)
~ l> 7
7-7-7 ijk l> l> 7
u=n 1 xn 2 = 1 _2 1 =i+4j+7k '1
2 3 -2
t:::i;J I el 0 I 0
n. ~ntu'Bmmbn::lrnnn.nntl:ilrucrn.ncr A(3,
GV 1
2, 4) , B(-3, -7, -8)
Sb C(O, 1, 3) '1
2. ~ntu~m~ih'hf'l§n sbtu~fil~~g'fsu~&i L fr:lrndlL'UM~~tlbyti (J.l sb (1.2

1
(J.! : 3x-y+2z = 0 sb (1.2 : 6x 2y+4z+4 = 0 '1
z
2.
tl!l2JGnf1u'ti~ P(xl, yl, Zj) sb

Q(xz, Yz, Zz) ( ~u~'ti) '1
c;:p Q) Ql (}
fil'B1J ~'tii:Hl filf:'i~ tf:'itflS

PQ
2
= PR 2 + RQ 2 (1)
190
WfJT1tir.ft: utf1115~tlbOMu P(2, -1, 3) sb Q(l, 0, -2) ~
U "' I
2 2 2
d= J(1-2)+(0+1)+(-2-3)
= JJ + 1 + 25 = J27 = 3./3 '1
rvnvifn : ~nutflru~nbncrn.nmnbtUm~
u "' 1
n. P(2, -1, 3) , Q(-4, 7, 5)
2. M(l, -2, 3) , Q(2, 1, 0)
f:i. R(-2, 3, 1) , S(O, -4, 4) '1
e) 9 0 c:b 0 0'? 0 z
thlufi
IJ lA
C(x0 , y 0 , z0 ) ffl r f:irt"Hi5MtS13Mu
I I
eJ QJO c:p 0
P(x, y, z) tt:lrutflSutfll15tO~ r nun.nusb c '1 ttrl11513Mu
"' I 1
WfJT1tir.ft:
u
~nru1§mHu~trltSthltt:lrutflSOMu
n IJ 1
A(2, 2, 0) sb B(O, 0, 2)
mcrn.nuubhlb21btsHb~G6'i
1 1 n o.
'1
tSlg&f:i...,.,SnH~ttrltSGfithl~ ( 2 +2 0 ' 2
+0
0 + 2) = (l ' 1' I)
41 u " IJ 2 , 2
fflt~
0
<1-
r =
J(2-1) 2 +(2-1) 2 +(0-1) 2 = r;:;
"'3
l':Jmsgru1§m~thlRM~ttrl115
u
2 2
s:cx-1) +(y-!) +(z-1)
I)
2
3 '1
~ u- 2 2 2
f1t'8t1J:
N
tl:lltl.Hhl iJ
S: x +y +z -4x+4y-4z+4 =0
hl'i§'i:Hli
u
2
(x -4x+4)+(l+4y+4)+(/-4z+4)-8 =0
2 2 2
hl'i§'i§ill
u
(x-2) +(y+2) +(z 2) =8
0
S
t:lmsg
u
nHHl:lltSwn
u a
C(2, -2, 2) Sbffl
Q
r = 2-.J2M '1
2 2 2
x + y + z - 2x + 6y + 8z + 1 =0 '1
2. u.1§1f't't1
iJ
s 'i§tl.Hsinbn'i'i§tiJH~nruuihru
u tJ Li u <¢
'1 nHHl:lltsmbHtdtstlnmtdn
u a
1 1
dlGss~d'l:ns
u Cll-
ttf1ruf't't1iJ S tS&tht91Sbti~ Gil
xoy , yoz sb zox Utm
3.
u~ru D atlbGnfju Q Sb1,!~ a ~dl'[?f'~b ~

n
tGlHb~f'nbf't:Jrumti~Grulu Q 'i§nti~ a ( t:lmti) '1
n Cll- 1 "" u u
tti P dlGrulu'i§runbti~
1 1J q 6V
1
ts·utrubHlmnu'Hlru Cl Q' }D
tl:llruttiuwrnru&nb~u9~
(J 1
?Q trn~n9~nn~irHli
1
~ '1
cJ '=> 0 eJ c:b Ql 0 p
'i'i.H~
l.J
b tsuw..m rutnb ts & ?ldlu'l:nrunu
.,
nnu I a
Q 'i§nti~ a
6\J
'1 IN!I = D
y_ 1?!2 .~1 = tJ . 1~1
192
rur:Jug:
f..j
G'Hlrunonnr;
G'l Cl 1
Q Hfi'Uti o: &t:!ruonnr;
6\J 1
Q ii!Hsintl'Uti o: finnfi
C1i 6V
tt:tlti5D = ~1~h~ &'t:!ru P dlGllijmsighyti sh h m1G9~nn~ihrn'fsyt1 '1
Mf:riiD: C~1:1j5ncrllijms4Qhyt1 ax+by+cz+d =0 (a;.:O) &R(li12J y = 0 Sh

I U
z = 0 tSHtRO'lStuihm ax+d = 0 sl§1Q'1Scrru1G

U I
(- ~.
a
0, o) Mntsinh'Ub
" "l GV
ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 '1

0 tO QlO l""r4 I
Wtmtif!il: ~nG'Hlti5t1Gru1G Q(l, 5, -4) t::r1'lih o: : 3x-y+2z = 6 '1

U o- I 6V
rui!m: IN
tt:nrutu~mmti
GU
o:: 3x-y+2z =6 t21gnf5hms1r;9~nn~ffirn
I
h = (3, -1, 2) ttflti5t~~'i~ncrnnmsinh'i5b

eJ 1 et 6\1
ni5h§1u y = 0 sh z = 0 tSlaruhms
I
M~fil~ 3x = 6 s12J x = 2 '1
t:!msg
U
tRQ'lScrnflG
I
P(2, 0, 0) tsinb'Ub o: t?lQ'lS
c; <V
I
~
PQ = (1 - 2, 5-0, -4- 0)
= (-1, 5, -4)
m~tj ~'i59 truhQ'lSG~ti5ncrllijG Q t94yti o: ?i

D = I?Q-hl = 1(-1, 5, -4)·(3, -1, 2)1
ihi J9 +I -f-4
-- 1- 3 - 5 - 81 -
- - 16 '1
./14 ./14
m~1'9M'U~tG'Hlruncrnnm94'Uti
Li n et 1 ""
truh~fmfinnfiG'Hlrunonnr;
et 1
Q(x0 , y0 , z0 ) t94'Uti
sv
ja(x- x 0 ) + b(y- y0 ) + c(z- Zo)l ~ ~
.., "\J1
.....,
o: : ax+ by+ cz + d = 0 t J;J d15 D = !.----=---;::::::=====-----=:.....:
2 2
1
Ji+b +c
D = jax0 + by0 + cz 0 + dj
Ja 2
+b 2 +c 2
o: 2 : 6x-2y+4z+4 =0
193
ruiw: W
t~'t3"\~nu'i::flru~tlbtii1~~
eJ el
13S~tibtl=l'i£1~
1 U GV l..j
u
~'iO tut1 tuUMti (x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) tsinbtit1'913ru tt.h 1:15§1u a: 1:3x-y+2z-6 =0
l.J 1 '*1 u 6\J
(2, 0, 0)
y = 0 Sb z= 0 tS'HnllbtrlS •.
(x 0 , y 0 , z0 ) = (2, 0, 0) ttflti5ti~tJ't3nttllb1J11Rrul~
u D
t't3l=irul
1
a =6 ' b = -2 ' c =4 sb d =4 tsitii1 6\J .
•
D = !ax0 + by0 + cz0 + d!

Ja 2
+b 2 +c2
LuHuH :
fl. ~nti'i::f11:15~Grulti A(O, 0, 0) t9itii1 a: : 2x+3y+z = 12 '1
"' 1 6V
~0 '
2. ~nti'i~fll:15tlt1Cl.Jlti Q(l, 2, 3) t9i~b a: : 2x-y+z = 4 '1
R. ~nti~ti5~tlb~i1~~Lhl'li~ ~i:lru 0:1 : x-3y+4z = 10 sb~ti
a:2 : x-3y+4z=6 '1
19Mu9:
l,j n
ti'i::flti5~Grulti
..
Q t9itiS1~
1 .:
L nb~hn Rn.n~ht.hru
,
D = li'Qx&l
Ittl
~i:lru it m1r;&\~,r:nti9M'EstiS1~
1 l.J .:
L sb P mun.nr;tsitru'i5S1~
1 .:
L '1
tiSl~ L ( i:lmti) '1

.: u u ' D = I?QI sine
&Slg D = li'Qisine ~i:lru e m.J~nb I
U Sb PQ '1 L
p
trubr:ns luii?QI sine = Itt ?QI = I?Q ttl
X X
nlib 9l mr:ns D = I?QI sine = I?Q X ul '1

~ I~
0 ' 0 ~ 0
fl.1tmfifit : ~nu'i::flrutlurulti Q(3, -1, 4)
16 "' 1
x = -2 + 3t . y = -2t sb z = 1 + 4t '1
194
cuilw: N
&t:iHU (L) 'i:fiGH15~filJ X= -2+3t ' y = -2t sh z = 1 +4t ~Slg L
'i:fls1n9l"Lmli9hl tt = (3, -2, 4) '1 ~[j'Bjl"nG'lJltlbsl&,{hJ~ii L r:ruhL61~ run r =o

u
., 0
tSlaruhmmmsnMn
1 --..!)
P(-2, o, t) '1
---7
{j\1b88 PQ = (3-(-2), -1 4, 4-0) = (5, -1, 3)
u
~ ~ 7
., ---7 7 i j k ~ ~ 7
tSlgr:ruhmsr:Hlif:irulPQxu =
5 _ 1 3 = 2i llj-7k = (2, -II, -7)
3 -2 4
m'B~9~ug
01 l.i n
r:ruh"'"'Stl'i:flru
Ll' .,
D = I?Qxtl
1&1
= JT74
Ji9 = /6~2.25 '1
wnf1H:
A(lo, 3, -2) shuSlii L : x = 4t-2 , y = 3 , z = -t+l '1

"' x-1
~. Jn\1'i:flt15JtlhUSlii Ll : X= ~ = ~ shuSlii L2 : --=-1 = y - 4 =z+ 1 'i
., "' 2 3 "'
f:i. Jntl'i:fltlJJtlhuSlii
., "'
Ll : X = 3t ' y = - t+2 ' z = t- 1 shu~ii
L2 : x = 4s + I , y = s 2 , z = - 3s- 3 '1
~ <:b
v = (a, b, c) f:i x = x 0 +at , y = Yo+ bt , z = z 0 + ct
x = x 0 +at
~ Y = Yo + bt (t E R)
{
z = z0 + ct
"" ,
G hl'BfilJl;jg tSUSl61, L
"". x-xo
f:i • - - = Y-Yo = -
z-zo
- '1
~ "' a c
• hl~filHlJ~ E:tl tS1,1iH'tj rnmiim'BG'lJltl P(x0 , y 0 , z0 ) sh'i:fls1n9J rwll"ihru
7 <:b
n=(a,b,c) f:ia(x x 0 )+b(y y 0 )+c(z-z0 )=0'1
lh1 ·hzl
cose = lhdlh2l
195
c u'\;flli5~t1t!Grup:; P(xl, Yt· Zt) sb Q(xz, Yz· Zz) r;siQbnhn~
I
2 2 2
d = J(xz-Xl) +(yz-Yt) +(z2-zl) '1
0
nri:hm~tir::htSf~~Si C(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) nl r ~ :(x-x0 /+(y-y 0 ) 2 +(z-z0 ) 2 = r2 '1
0 "" rrl"
hl'i:Hil~~tl:f'ItSt~:
"- 2 2 2
x +y +z -2x0 x-2y 0 y-2z 0 z+k = 0, k = x02 +y02 +z02 -r 2 '1
0
u'i:flrurhhWlu
<:I 1
Q t94'i5ti
6\.1
a ttlrunMu 1
Q {5sr:sinb'i5ti
c; G\.1
a RM~r:r::hru
I
D = IP"Q.hl 'i5 D = jaxo+byo+czo+dl ttlru p mriMutsinb'Uti sb h m

7
1 1
n "'- Ja+b+c
2 2 2 I "'1 611
1u9~M~ihrt.Hstiti
I GV
'1
0
u'\;f1rutitillilu Q t94'i5~~ L gt~nhnfiM~tr::hru D = 11~~~1 ttlru ~ m1u9~
LOlli9tutSti~~ L sb p mtirt!lutsinliti~~ L '1
?.. rurnui
1. ~ n tu~m~m'hf~Si st~ tu~ m1~ds'U ~~ttl rum~ m13ti rt!lu r:t.ll ruLtu'i5st~1u9~Lmli9 tu
1
7
n. A(O, 0, 0) ' u = (1, 2, 3)
;;3, B(O, 0, 0) , ~ = (-2, ~· 1)

7 7 7 7
?'i. C(-2, 0, 3) ' u = (2i+4j-2k)
7
ill. D(-2, 0, 3) , u = 6i7 + 3j7
b. P(l, 0, 1), x=3+3t, y=5-2t, z=-7+t
ti Q(-3, 5, 4) , x-l = +l = z-3 '1
2 ' ~nhl~ffl~fu'ht~Si Sb hl~ffl~ti8 ttl bl5ffl~ffl13tl~nMu21b tUffl13

GV 1
2 2 I)
n. A(5, -3, 2) , B ( -
3, l' 1
;;3. P(l, 0, 1) , Q(l, 3, -2) '1
n. m~m13tirt!lu A(2, 3, 4) tt.ll ruuom94sb~ti xoz Sb~ti yoz '1
2. m~m13ti Mu 1
P(2, 3, 4) tt.ll rufnb r;94sb'i5ti 3x + 2y- z = 6
611
'1
196
Q) II II cJ II ':1 I
4. H1M1HilHilm1HibS't5~'H1 L ~G:rlhltffl'e:
n. 't5 ~ 61
•
L fil61 fil13G b1.f1 G t'Ul ruLMm tf' 1 s h ~ G g ~ v
• 0 "" ""'"" ";l " 7
= 4i-
7 7
k
(i). (2, 3, 0) (ii). (-6, 3, 2) (iii). (2, I, 0) (iv). (6, 3, -2) 'i
2. 15~~ L fil~fil13~bl.f1G ttflti5LMmflish1G9~ t = (2, 2, 1)
(i). (4, I, -2) (ii). (~, ~' -

11
4
) (iii). (2, 3, 4) 'i
~. 'USl~
4
L dl~'t5Mmtlh't5i1rJH:iG:nhtUfil13:
l..i I) U IN
a1 : x-3y+4z = 10 3J..
... w a2 : 2x-y+z+ 1 = 0 'i
a1 : 3x + 2y- z =7 : 5x+ y z =4 'i
7
D(O, 0, 0) n = - 3!7. + 2k7 E(O, 0, 6) X = 1- t , )I = 2 + t , Z = 4- 2t
x-1 z+3 'i
F(3,2,2) T=y+2=-=3
6. ~n M~mmi1 ~L:Hlifil~fil'e~MGtlG:nh tUfil13

"" 1 u
n. A(O, 0, 0) , B(l, 2, 3) Sh C(-2, 3, 3)
2. A(!, 2, -3) , B(2, 3, 1) Sh C(O, -2, -1)
n A(1, 2, 3) , B(3, 2, I) Sh C(-1, -2, 2)
lli. A(2, 0, 0) ShLM'Ub&1Sh1Ji1 yoz
h. A(l, 2, 3) Sh1JU15t&1Sh1Ji1 xoz 'i
7. ~nM13mm-tHtlrnnM61ttnru't5Sl61
C)}
6V
•cJ o ·
"'
• x-1
-
-2
= y-4 = z
C:\
sh --=- =--=-
x
-3
y 2
=-=-
z
4
1
-1
2
'i
~J.lt ~ X y-4
Ql I cJ 0
8. ~nM13filmhttlblinM61&ttlti5GMG A(2, 2, 1) Sw'USln - = -
GV
I 0
1 4 2 -1
=z 'i
0 c:J 0 Q) I
9. ~ n'e1 &tl rn~A\..l

t g~h t ttl ru'Uh
GVU
i:l G :n h tUfil13
1
n. 5x-3y+z = 4 x+4y+7z =1
2. 3x+y-4z = 3 , -9x-3y+ 12z = 4
~. x-3y+6z = 4 5x+y-z = 4 'i
10. ~ n M~m~m·h~-J61ts't5Sl ~m Mm tlh't5i1 i:lG:nh tUfil13

"' l..i IJ "" u
n. 3x+2y-z =7 x-4y+2z =0
2. x- 3y + 6z =4 , 5x + y z = 4 'i
197
n. (10, 3, --2), x=4t-2, y= 3, z= t+l
2. (4, I, -2) , X = 2t + 2 , y = 2t , z = t- 3 '1
12. nbtH'i'i:32Stlln
.. 1 1
OABC mb E dlGMUnruTlbliCS'idb
1 01 lJ
[AB] , F sb P tUnnb
..
[OC]
1 1 1
FO 2 .... PO 1
m'i:3~rnm'l'li- =- sb- =- '1
"" o o
sb [OAJ mm8tirt.nti Q tsitnhob [BCJ run
U FC I OA 2 1 l.J
1
--7 --7 .., 0 , "
BQ = tBC '1 m [PQ] 't3Hd~ [EF] nrt.flnnq~ t '1
13. 2'li'i:fHn 4 Grt.nfHti'ibFil

1 u ct 0, A, B sb c @stsinb'U~tn'i:3115
ct w
ttlirucrss~n
tJ
s sb
6\1
I
1
tltC1mrun2M
"'-" s s
O<s< 1 sb O<t< 1 '1 mb M sb N dlGMunrunrulsnb&i
1 01 n
[OA]
Sb [BC] tQb~fflb P Sb Q dlGllijtitr:lblittinH~&i [AB] sb [OC] :nbQbffl'i:3

1
tirnmJu s trn 1 s Sb t &OJ I-t tUb~ '1

--7 --7 --7 ---7 .., 1 .... 0
n. 115n OR= aOA+~OB+yOC '1 tiblmiTH'U

l1l ""
a+~=- Sb
2
p= y tS18UMti
1
R
2. ~nruQ2rJ.Qmmci2bf3liLm~htl1:3j2J MN UJM~sb PQ ?
14. nbun'i:32Stlln
ct 1 1
ABCD tr:lbli'i:flSidbtM
LJ .....
I mb E dlGMUttifiidb
1 l_j
[CD] :nbnbffl'i:3
c;;
1 1 1 1
drutu]ti I trn 2 '1 115nGllijti F tsitrn0b [AD] ttlirumb G dlGlliJUUJhl~~tlb

1
[AE] Sb [CF] '1 ttfll15115n AF+AD = I +m tr:lru m=tO '1
~ ":) eJ Ql ~ ':1
2. ~nm~tS m tr:lrntg~u~ru BG 'i:flSnt~H'liJmi:fl '1
? ruunriiiqil 1
1. Qbu~~2Stlln OABC tr:lrt5'i:flS0bt~sb I mb M sb N d1GlliJUfH1.1Jlrt5~S0b
1 ""' --7 17 --7 7 .... ---7 7 1
[AB] Sb [OC] tUliJ5115n OA =a OB =b Sb OC =c '1
0 t ':1 eJ ----7 ___,.
n. nMnm'i:3drnl:1n.nn.ntrn
"" 1 n
NM · NB
,....-....._..
2. IJ5n BNM = 8 '1 ~n61t'i:3
" cos8 '1
ev
2. .nbtin'i:32Stll61
. 11
OABC tr:lrutflSidbtMSb
lJ .... I mb P, Q sb R dlGMUttin'idb
1 lJ
1 1 1
[OA] , [OB] Sb [OC] :nbQbffl'i:3~rum]ti I +2 , 2+ I Sb 3+ 1 tUb~ '1

71
"" --7 --7 ---7
tUliJ5115n OA = a
7
, OB = b
"'
Sb OC = c7 '1
0 I ':1 ...............
2. nMnnt~ cosRPQ '1
198
tifJfi rU C'fftijd 1!:1
:>:""0
3. ~l"i<1J15tHlJ18 A( 1, -1, 0) , B(-2, -2, 2) ""Glh C(O, 1, 1) --7
run AB = a"""Sb --7
AC = b7 '1
n. RMci61t~'ts
GV
t ~~~~§~1hnb1u9a
1\.J U
~+tb sb
1 1
b 'HlS~bl~ IJ
60° '1
" " ""
2. ~n!:~U11{J!!:SLf1~filM ABC '1
4. mh e dltiSlci~ruftHliRMfittn
<; u ru X = t ' y = -3 + 3t ' z= -2 + 2t sb
I eJ I 1 C:::. I 0
a dltih!:t:jillfil61611~15S161 R Sbfil61611~8M8 P(l, 2, 1) '1

GV <; 1
~nnHHtr1tstscrMG~tinHHtlhti~
U 1 W 1J
a GV
shHn~
V
z '1
5. mh R dl15Slfifilfiffl~UM8
& 1
(4, 0, 3) ttfiruuti515Sblu9~
1
h(l, 1, l) Sb (m) dl
ti~fift:jrnfilficr!:lJlG (3, 2, --4) ttfiruLnmsh1n9~ tc-2, 1, 4) '1 mh a dl~~ft:jru
Ufl5m9'isb R sb m ttfiruu'Hlrutl15Slciilbfln94ti~'HlSu'Hlruthhfl
Cf ~ cs
'1 ~n G'V (:1 ....
'? 0 ~ ()
nHHtrltS!:S8M8H5fl5r!~tlb a SbHn~ z '1

u 1 I._; IJ li
e : X = 3 + p' y = I + 2p' z = 4- 2p' (m) : X = 2 + 3q' y = -2 + 2q' z = -3q

eJ C\ II II eJU Q I eJ I 0
tt:jru p sb q dlmm~~fitmrumh (n) dltiS161!:1:lrnfil61ffl~GMG A(l, -1, 2)
c; & 1
sb~tifl5rl15Slfi
I._; IJ &
R Sh m t:lbctl~ '1 2timm n '[Yfl5~ t sb m Lf1~ P sb Q
~:Db~ '1
x = 1-s x = -3 + 2t
R
j y = -2+s
z = -1 + 2s
m
j y=-l+t
z = I-t
mh f(s) dlu'Hlruticrrulu
1
P(-s+ C!
I, s-2, 2s-l) n:ritrn15Slci
c:i
R WitiSlfl
c:i
m '1
l"irulSl f(s) dlHSI'i~StS

1
"'" s '1
8. run A(l, -1, -2) , B(O, 3, 0) , h(3, -1, 2) Sb h(2, 1, -1) '1 e dltiSlfittlrnfilfi
&
m~Orulu
1
A tmruufl5m9'isb t sb a dlti~ttlrnfilrlm'eOrulu
w 1
B ttfirutnhsb
1n9~
1
h '1 mh (PQ) dltiSlrlcnhctlrnl"lNtumticrMn
& u " 1
P tsitrntiSlrl
&
e tmnMn 1
Q ~sitrnti~ a 6\1
'1 tr!rutt:jru p ~rltrntiSlrl
c:i
e ~nfU~fil~tshinncrrulu
1 1
Q '1
199
7 Q~ 7 ~ M
9. li5n A(O, 0, 1)' u(-2, 1, 1) St.J n(l, 1, 1) ~ filt.J e I(J I
WJ'i5Sl61i:[:Jbl5Alnfil1HHl.JlG
~ 1
0
0(0, 0, 0) tmruunms~1G9~
I
~ S~ a th'iJtit[jblifll~fil'!j~rLflti
6V I
A I:Ulli5tn~S~1G9~
1
h ~ 2'i5't:flctl P(-1, 2, -3) dl~bl..flf:it[jmt84tn't:fl~~s'i5Sl~

1 9 .::;
e r:tfu1 m9ls~'i5ti a 6\1
~
n. mb P' m8rrnm;;g~s
1 GV
P r:tfU1'i5sbv.ti
.,. , a '1 ~nn»Hr:tHs~s
U
P' sbG't:flru~tlbGMG
eo t
I
p sb p· '1
2. runGMG R(-2t, t, t) tsi nliuSl~ e sbnMG Q truuti a '1 tt:n tm~ti r

1 ~ I w lJ
~n~HHi:lltS~S Q ttlrntq2Jdm~n1yt1~ PQ+QR 't:flf:l61~1;1H'i5Jm't:fl'1

~. tClmttlm R ~~tsitruuSl~
.,:;
e ~nn5ru1nrrnG
I I
Q '1
--7 7 --7 ?.,. --7 7
10. &sinb~'i5 ABCD -EFGH ffib AB = I , AB = b , AD= d Sb AE = e '1 mb P
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r:::rHt?1Q12 I2k = 2 ·3·k '1
£~'i§'j2J 12k = 2 .3. k mmr:~Lmntj t?11.f1EH612J 3k mmr:~Lmntj '1

2
2
• 2 o ...!.':! o $:: a aXa
t?1Q1S. 3k =a , a dlu2S?16110'81S Sl;-&1 k =- = -
1.1 [3- i.J 3 3
tthtl5 k dlo~s?16i~gm:::: tS'H a lfi~tuntnristl 3 y_ a dlm..fl~lliltS 3

u
aE{3, 6, 9, 12, ... }
"" 3X3 ""

m a= 3 &Slg k = -3- = 3 &Ulli5 12k = 12x3 = 36 dlfiltaunntl
0 '
MRU'IJ:
a 3 6 9 ...
k 3 12 27 ...
12k 36 = 6
2
144 = 12
2
324 = 18 2 ...
• GSSmh~'i:Hilfi
II ._..
n dlGSS'Uli"e
II
AlillOffi n 'tflSntuntnnHH~~ 1
II
sb n 2Sbb
~
'1
nHl1i&dJb11&sg &r:HUTlm 8~s@s'U'!5-e '~

.. H'itiGssmtu-edlfi
C. II ._..
n crdlb 1 'tflSntundlGSS'U'!5YYli5ttlilldlntunnutldn&ini11
II II II II U 1 C,
1 '1
""
•ttinE/N, n
• &~-e1nnru8ss
e.fA II
a dlGSS'U'!5Y
II
tr:'itun a SbGSS'U'!5Yn')ffl
II <t
'1 d5ms~ntunrun
._..
-erudrufJn.nru
II n
0 sbdrutunnudlbntuntt:lillU!Sli5nYntitltGm
U II W
a dlGSS'Uli"e
II
'1
215
0 •
ruunn
I. tHmfimuss 937 s~ 1933 ctlUSS'tH~~ '1
~ u u
2. tricrsu s 3411 ' 2677 s~ 191 ctlcrsu ~m'l5~15t9 ? ~
3. &!:i§HJrul
i.J 1
E == {122, 123, 124, 125, 126} '1 trihlrulI E 1f1St:nnctlUSS'tHl~'tH9?
I U ~
4. u:ll~mrimt\iru1
4J .; I
E == {5042, 5043, 5044, 5045, 5046, 5047} msmnctlussu'l5~mg?
--1 I U ~'
OCJ 0 Q
s. umnuss
u
126, 525 s~ no ctldrn!:irt.nnmu'\5~ '1
1 n
OcJ 0 Q
6. umnuss 5042 s~ 6045 ctldrn!:irt.nnmu'\5~ '1

u 1 n
7. u&'unuss
u
925925
.
s~ 253253 ctldrn!:irt.nnmu'\5~
1 n
'1
0 Cl 0 Q
8. umnuS11 S 5! , 6! s~ 7! ctldrn!:irt.nnmu'\5~ '1

1 n
0 I 0 eJ
9. mnrt.nnussu'l5'i:Htlrnnuctl~ 100 '1
u u u
10. n ctlGSS!:iricr~ctl~
II --1
ttlrn n;?:3 '1 ummmtti
lll"-'
n ctlnssu'\5~
U
nrH n+ 1 ~st~sctl
H. n ctlUSS!:ificr'!5ctl~
u ...
ttlrn n;?:3 '1 ummmtti
lll"-'
n ctlUSS'U'\5'!5
u
tS'H n+3 ~St'i5Sctl
USS'U'\51§
u
'1
ttl rn n;:::: 3 '1 tri n 2 - n ctlGSu S'i5tl'i5'iH9 ? ~
"' ... 2
ctlu~S'li'l5'i5U,t9?
0
ttlrn n;?:4 '1 tn n -4n+3
2
16. m~ p ctlussu'\51§
u
tffiru t ctlHS!:i~SRrt.n~tt:nru
1
J(x) = 2x X+ P '1
n. ~n f(l) s~ f(p) '1
17. ~nnt~HtiJm1fltS k ttlrntg~ 30k ctlmt~Llflntl '1
18. inu!:itiGSS!:i~"igngu
u liJ"
X ttlrn x 2 2x+2 ctlUSS'i5'\5'i§nuctl~
u u
10 '1
C» 0 0 0
19. tnuSS n! + 1 ctluSS'lili~mg mmg n E { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6} ?
u u ~
0 0 cJ ,
21. ~nwrt.nntunts
I U
no '1
216
li. 360 2. 1350
?i. 1500 lli. 2.700 '1
25. ML'iH15L'Uiil?i2lb tLAl~

IJ
474 2 1005
li. . 885
534
1020 51300
?i.
1260 lli. 16650 '1
.., ~
otfiniHfiilnmnnniH
til til 11 'Ill til
0 ' 0
0 fHl..Jl6HlUHHlil HH'iti'iHl &1 '1
1 1 1.1 u 1
1.
§mf!SUJ 1: a sil b thUSSf:'irtB'iH:h~

lJ --t
'1 1f:ltlUSSf:irtu~th~
lj lJ --t
d thnttinm
1.1 1.1
ts
a Sb b filblH1ffi d thrituntS
lJ
a dbsbthnttintS
1.1
b db '1
o = GCD(a, b) '1
or e1 '::1 c:P
!Jtn'UJUU'l: nttin&s
1.1
42 f:'i !, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42
~r;crnr;s
eJ "
30 f:'i 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
""
&'ittin~~tS
1.1 1.1
42 sb 30 ~ I, 2, 3 Sb 6 tSlHf:iQlS GCD(42, 30) = 6 '1
0 ' C» ':I
Mfn{IJ: m a dlblUlf:'irultS b tSlg GCD(a, b)= b '1
1 1
!Jtn'UJIIJJ1 :
., " 12 r;Slgtf:iQlS GCD(36, 12)
tf:i'i:flS 36 dlblUlf:'irultS = 12 '1
1 1
tnfjfilfiJ1ft1fiJ1:1tiuqer: t1l~jm~funa~ihi~ntsrh8~s a sb b tf:lU'11littin

u
a sb b thnffltitl~ '1 nttina~~tidntS a sb b thtlrnf:'iMnfflUTI~t!:HlH:luff!Sb
n u u 1 1 n u "'
218
:Jf11UJU/J1"' : 60 = 2 X 3 X 5 Sb 90 = 2 X 32 X 5
i::lmsg
u
GCD(60, 90) = 2x3x5 = 30 '1
n. 36 sb 180 ~. s6 sb 84 l=i. 60 , 84 Sb 96 m. 96, 144 sb 1so '1
GCD(a, b) = I '1
tl=im ~ mtyml=iMtyrn-@sms '1

15 u
LfiHvg: ML1:!rnL'D.mi=i:nbtLm1:! :
u
~ 1581 912
n. 306 ~. 12312 '1
- ttl a tuni::lltfsb b &Slg GCD(a, b) =b
0 < r < b '1 a = bq + r sl ~ r = a- bq (I)
'tflsstm9Q~m : 1i=iu~&unmts
t..:. u u
a sb b m~fun~1:!ts
u u
b sb r '1
Hflhl1:!n1£T)
L; ~
: ttl a= bq+r tmru d' ctl~tun~1:!t8
u u
b sb r tSlg1:f18tJ8Si=i?i
u
cr~ctl ~ k3, k4 fj;j rn b = d'k3 ' r = d'k4

a= d'k3q+d'k4 = d'(k3q+k4) il~ d ctl~tunt8 a '1
f:jG£:.::Jg
u
d' ctl~tuntS
u
a Sb b '1
219
~S'U GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, r) '1
0 I 0
muntrttJ:
n. ~n GCD(75, 25)
2. ~n GCD(213, 63) '1
n. ti::iH15 75 = 3x25+0 m2J GCD(75, 25) = 25 '1
2. 213 m2J GCD(213, 63) = GCD(63, 24)

= 3 x 63 + 24
63 = 2x24+ 15 m2J GCD(213, 63) = GCD(63, 24) = GCD(24, 15)
24 = 1 x 15 +9 m2J GCD(213, 63) = GCD(63, 24) = GCD(24, 15)
= GCD(I5, 9)
15 = 1 x9+6 m2J GCD(213, 63) = GCD(63, 24) = GCD(24, 15)
= GCD(l5, 9) = GCD(9, 6)
9 = lx6+3 s12J GCD(213, 63) = GCD(6, 3)

6 = 2x3+0 m2J GCD(213, 63) = GCD(6, 3) = 3
n. ~n GCD(90, 45) 2. ~n GCD(125, 95)
a = bq + r m2J GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, r)
t?i01S GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, r) = GCD(r, r 1)
n::n ru b > r > r 1 > ... 'HH'un't5S't5Sl'ihfl~

., c: l.j
tfimhfl~
l.j
ntsb run'i:3ru
Gil IJ
'1
u
220
GCD(a, b)= GCD(b, r) = GCD(r, r 1) = ... = GCD(r12 _ 1, r") = r" '1
1B~mmstHntH'timsg
n .:
t'UTlm HJflin1tr/1nr;
u w
'1
WfmtFtftu : Hi GCD ~S 5664 Sti 984 '1
5 3 10
5664 984 744 240 24
0 •
744 240 24 0 nHUHli
ffl1H'ilrlb tl!'iOlS GCD(5664, 984) = 24 '1
2. nbnhu1ussmh~'iHll~
.,1 1u .... 11!1Un~un~13~sussm~
l.Ju u u a ab b dlnu~untS'il!'iU
lJ
usstmt:ll~
u ....
~t:lill'i:flSrlti z = xa+yb ~t:lrn X ab y dlUSSI!'l~f~gflg'i)
u 1 u·
'1
15
221
GCD(a, b)= GCD(b, r) = GCD(r, r 1) = ... = GCD(r 11
_
1, r 11 ) =r 11
0 0 eJ ':I
nH1./lfll:tHHS
lU
r 11 (r,, = GCD(a, b)) '1
e GCD(na, nb) = nGCD(a, b)
., GCD(~
d 'd
~) = GCD(a,
d
b) '1
a = bq + r m2J na = nbq + nr
b=rq 1 +r 1 m2Jnb=nrq+nr 1
tlt:HS8 GCD(na, nb) = GCD(nb, nr) = ... = nr 11

u
tfi r" = GCD(a, b)
tlmsg GCD(na, nb)

u
= nGCD(a, b) '1
" dj d thf!ttHU~tS
1J 1J
a Sb b tSlHfl~ I). tt'iQlS
d· GCD(J , ~) = GCD(~ , ~) = GCD(a, b)

tltHS8 GcD(~ ~) = GCD(a, b) '1
u d , d d
222
ML1:17 t!J'(JlJJ1 tf :
- m~~~u~t:nturn ~?ims aco(~ ~) = 1 hl~~u rn o. aco(q:d , d~) = o. 1
, d
sl~ GCD(a, b) =o
- LGHu~n1~ : o= GCD(a, b) s1~ GCD1a, b)= o s1~ aco(~ , ~) = 1
~msg ~ sb ~ titl'i§n'lb~ <j
1.5. YnftHHtr~th~ntSitGSGSSAft
ll I U Jl
.... .J
n. srntrsrn
0 . c. Cl 00 '? 0 . ~
a 1, a 2 , ••. ,a1l r::h13SS?in8~ct'H'i

IJ ...
'1 nmn~~um~ntS
IJ IJ 1 .
a 1 , a 2 , ...
.
,a,1 r::htiSS?inU~r::h£1
. . IJ ...
3. rngru~:
- t~'i§j~n GCD
"' 0
tS13~S a 1, a 2 , ••. ,a11
0 '0 ':) ~
Wtmtif!iJ : ~n GCD ts 315, 225 sb 525 '1
t:1tiJtt1:
1111
GCD(315, 225) = 45 t'i.flrn GCD(45, 525) = 15
t:lmsg
u
GCD(315, 225, 525) = 15 '1
1.;uiiug : ~n GCD ts 210. 115 sb 620 '1
223
1.6. t9~tntU~ ( Bezout) 8~t9~tr9it[Hu (Gauss)
fi.· u9rutr9Uril {Etienne Bezout (1730-1783) nn!lnl9mn~ )

n u u
au+ bv =I '1
ML'Eflt!JffllJUf :
e ttl a stl b dlUSStH~l§n'ltlffl

u ct
tS'H GCD(a, b) =1 '1
n:mfimm HitlfitlHUl§tS
"l.Ju u
a stl b dlnttHUl§tS ax, by Stl z
u u
= ax+ by ftHli
x stJ y mussf.i~Gl§mti
,. u ...
'1
0 I c:j; ~ cJ
=1
QJ
1:1tHSg
U
'i:!lSuSSf.ifiHiln!f'U
U I \.J.
u Stl v &1:1ru ua+vb '1
c:;l 0 I ef
"fuHul§n~mC'U'i:!lSuSSf.ifi u
l.j "
QJ
u
Q
Stl v t1:1ru ua+vb =1
1:1msg
u
d dlntun'fs ua+vb tfi ua+vb
u
=I '1
~msg d dl~funtS 1 sl2J a Stl b

1:1msg
u
a stl b dlussm~l§~tltlm
u ct
'1
" ."
n.Jtmfi~! 1: ~n GCD(l2, 18) Stl GCD(l2, 18 x 5) uWn5S~S
.. c;t
GCD(12, 18) Stl
GCD(l2, 18x5) '1
tf.i(f!S GCD(l2, 18) =6 Stl GCD(l2, 18x5) = GCD(l2, 90) =6

1:1msg tf.iffiutuS~S(f!SGl GCD(l2, 18) = GCD(l2, 18 x 5) '1
u .. c;t
Wtmtrttt2: II
'Utllmm
U1"'-'
c stl a 'UUl§~tltlffl rug~ff1tfi GCD(a, b) = GCD(a, be) '1
ct lli
224
Gtfft1.1
IN
:
a sb be '1
• LGlh513n1~ tti d m~tuii313tS a sb be '1

nttru a sb c tiTI13~tltl~ tS'H GCD(a, c)= 1 ttfirum13tj~ti9 Bezout
lflSG!:HH'ifi
IJ
u sb v tt:lm ua+ vc = 1
uba + vbc =b
d ~ 0~ u ~
d ctl'j&crfitS be Sl;&J d ctl'j&crfitS vbc
~crtS8 d ctl'jtufitS uba + vbc sl§J d ctl'jtufitS b
t:lmag
u
d ctlntum13tS
IJ IJ
a Sb b '1
GCD(a, c) = GCD(a, be) '1
n. ~fi GCD(lO, 16) sti GCD(lO, 16x7) IJ

Hih5Sf:tlS
o;r;t
GCD(lO, 16) stl
GCD( 10, 10 x 7) '1
~- unnrutit"!IlRffi ~
tti c tti a ti1513~tltlm
..
ttfiru c stl b m13aati1513~tlbm
IJ ..
&Slg
c ab
""
ab til uS
0
IJ
StiTI'i:H tlti i?fl
..
'1
3. LQ~U9it(THu (Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) nnlifil~ffiijtlti)
c '1 QlSSrutll clab Sti GCD(a, c)= 1 m2j clb '1
MlJf1t1.111f[l11'f : nl'l:3tj~'i59~h~ tRQlS :
GCD(a, c)= 1 m2jlflSG~SRfi u sb v tt:lm ua+vc = 1 m§J uab+vcb =b

ab f'cr fi f:tl ria tl c il2J uab &cr fi f:tl ria b c
'1:3jlbt9Jn (uab+vcb) &crnf:tlciatl c il2J b &crnf:tlciab c '1

225
,
~fnmmn : 6oo = 25 x 24 t'tH'li:llrfst~ 12
25 sb 12 uli~~nt~~ i12J 24 &r.n;f:tlcist~ 12 '1
'ftrifi: ttJ~CiH~SStH~
lJ lJ
n ttH'ii:llcisi:l a tib funi:llcisb b tib ttfiru a Sb b
'Utl~~tlbm tS'H n tuni:llcisbtiillRM

~ I
ab '1 OlSSruth ajn, bin Si:JGCD(a, b) =1
MLY1W'l1f[pl'f: n tuni:llcisb a s12j'i:flSG~SRfi~~dl~ q f'tjru n = aq

n tuni:llcisb b s12J aq tunt:tlcisb b
m~tj~m1 Gauss GCD(a, b) = 1 tROlS q funi:llci b
t:imsg
u
'i:flS q' EN , q = bq'
n = aq = abq' s12J n funi:llcisb ab '1
~fnf.l)lnfl: 100 funi:llcisb 25 Sb 100 funi:llcisb 4 ttfi ru GCD(4, 25) =I

s1 ~ 1oo ftsni:llcisb 25 x 4 '1
Mfflni : 100 tuni:llciSb 4 Si:l 100 funi:llcisb 10 t&1 4 Sb 10 ~S'Utl~~nbm ~
w s1~ 100 fnn~si:llcisb 4x 10 w '1

1000 funi:llcisb 4 Sb 1000 funi:llciSb 10 ttfiru 4 Sb 10 ~S'Utl~~tlbff1t9 ~
n. ti:ll&Uulruhl~fil~ 75x+ 125y = 5 f'tjru X sb y mcr~SRfi1w9u '1

C)} f!} Q 0 I C$ Q1
2. &i:h&Lhllruhl~fil~ 40x+80y = 4 tt:iru x sb y dlu~SRn ~ijl9'U '1
226
2.
t?JRrul6'ituHtu~ : 11 = PPCM(a, b) ~ 11 = LCM(a, b) '1
29l'Ul~rul " : LCM(3, 4) = 12 '1
rJmw : H'itJG:::u:~J:16'icr-ectl~2liHrn
w u ....
a Sb b !:J:'i(f!Shlrult1Ul?'iruli'i:3~S
1 1 1 u
a
0~ .~
Mllij'i:3S9!:9 !:LmgrmiHtmGruntun'i::flS ab ctl t1Ul?'irul~'i:3~S a 2b b ttl~ '1

0 u
1 1 u
0 • 0
Wt.mfiliJI: ~R LCM(l68, 180) '1
cufJw: 1111
3 2
tlmsg
u
t?'iQlS LCM(168, 180) = 2 x3 x5x7 = 2520 '1
'5 ""
:!: w'i:3~~ n tl'Ul1 J:'1i rul U~'i:361Gtid
0 0
t!UU£11
II eJ U 1
61 t?'i1J611 J:'i rul Sl ffl'i:3tltm S tluG2lb tum-e
u
" t:/1
tJunafJJ
0 t:/1
tJt.mafJ 2
wt.mz+nr2: J:'irulSl 1581 -_1!3_

II 306 12312
t:UfJW : ttllru GCD ~S 1581
...
Sb 306 J:'i 3x17=51
(/1/
Sb GCD ~S 912 sb 12312 ~ 8x 19x3 =456
22-7
f:lmsg 1581_~ = 21 x51_ 2x456 31 2
u 306 12312 6x51 27x456 = 6-27
&t:h t15 LCM tS 6 Stl 27 ~ 2 x 27 = 54
f:lmsg tmns ~-~ = 3Ix9-2x2 = 279-9 = 275
u 6 27 54 54 54
LuRuU:
n. ~n LCM tS 120 stl 164 '1
2. m§~ a=
315
stl b
132
= 2079 '1 t'Hl..flS'l a-b '1
v 1176
3. t9'ifu9
H1UtlUHHl.fltS
lj 1 1
LCM(a, b) ~thmJHHl..IU13tS
1 1 IJ
a stl b '1
MU:fU1111rtJ11f : ffltl m = LCM(a, b) '1
13Jtl t9Jn m = as , m = bt
f:lfHSg
u
km = k(as) = a(ks) ~thtlUlt'Hl..fltS
1 1
a ttfiru km = k(bt) = a(kt) ~til
t1 U11 t'Hl.fH
1
" S b '1
t:::b ? c::b '?
km = k(as) = a(ks) t1tht1Ult'HlJHS
1 1
C»
a t'Ulru km = k(bt) = a(kt) t1tht1Ult1(l.fHS
1 1
b '1
~tnmuu1: LCM(24, 36) = 12 ttfiru 144 mn'Ult1n.n&s

1 1
12 '1
f:lfHSg
u
144 thtl'i..Jlt1M113tS
1 1 IJ
24 stl 36 tumg 144 = 24x6 stl 144 = 36x4 '1
n. 40 stl 50 2. 42 stl 52 R. 4o stl 54 m. 42 stl 54
1). LCM(a, b) = LCM(b, a) 4). LCM(a, na) = na

2). LCM(a, a) =a 5). LCM(na, nb) = nLCM(a, b)
3). LCM(l, a)= a 6 ) • LCM(~ ~)

d' d
= LCM(a,
d
b) "'
I
228.
\•
runnm'iH!J1 n :
5). - d5 n dHl'Ul?Hl..flH.3hl
1 1 u
a sh b t2'HH18GSSr:i~B"l§ctl~
u ....
k1 Sh k 2 &'f:jrn
m = ak 1 Sh m
""
= bk 2 0 1':
2'1'1) nm = nak 1 ""
sh nm = nbk 2
t:JtHSg nm ctlrl'Ulr:iM~"l§&s na Sh nb '1
u 1 1 u
- ttl p ctlrJ'Ulr:iMm&s
u
na Sh nb t2'18 p = naq 1 = nbq 2
.
1 1
mh aq 1 = bq 2 = m ~
tw rn m dHl'Ulr:iM~"l§t8 a
1 1 u
""~
Sw b '1
f:ltH88 LCM(na, nb)

u
= nLCM(a, b) '1
6). ffi"!§ 5) tttlrurun n = ~ bf:iQl8 : LCM(~, ~) = LCM~a, b) '1

0 1 0
nttmtft'it : ~n LCM(25, 15) '1
u
tJtiJt!J
Ill
: LCM(25, 15) = LCM(5 x 5, 5 x 3) = 5LCM(5, 3) = 5(5 x 3) = 75 '1
LuHu~ : ~n LCM(l75, 125) '1
2.3. 9mrl~hHHtlw LCM (a, b) 8w GCD (a, b)
n. ntmm.nnnmdtHtisfttnssutl'tnnwm
l/U II ll c:t I
ffih m = LCM(a, b)
tr:iQlS m = ak 1 = bk 2 ii2J ak 1 &'unttltfsh b
~msg k 1 ~unttlrlsh b ii2Jms k 1 = bq
ak 1 = bk 2 n5Hn5ictl abq = bk 2 ~ k2 = aq ii2J m = bk 2 = abq &2'18 m ctl

• 0 ~
ri'Ulr:iMtS
1 1
ab m fiutitSn
u 1
m q = '1
f:lmsg m(a, b)
u
= ab '1
229
tfitfl2 GCD(a, b) x LCM(a, b) = ab ti
"'-
ou. = ab '1
run ll = LCM(a, b)
~{j o = GCD(a, b) &S'H a = oa' Sh b = Ob' ~f:l ru GCD(a', b') =1

~tH~H ll = LCM(a, b) = LCM(oa', ob') = OLCM(a', b') '1
fil'i:3~~ti92lh&rn LCM(a', b') = a'b' tLmg a', b' ti'tJ'i:Htlh~ tS'HtfiQlS
ll = oLCM(a', b') = oa'b'

oj.t = (oa')(Ob')
f:ltHS8 GCD(a, b)xLCM(a, b)= ab '1

u
""., ab ab
fil1:31J~ti9t~H £fi9l~QlS ll = 8" !.{ LCM(a, b) = GCD(a, b) '1
WtmthrtIJ : ~n LCM &suss IJ

1176 sh 252 '1
252 252 252 nru~tin
1176 252 168 84
168 84 0 nHl.fl ru'
tfiQlS GCD(l176, 168) = 84

~- LCM(l 176 168 ) = ll76x252 = 1176x252 = 3528
n ' GCD(1176, 168) 84
230
5 1{1SJ:ltflf:irul 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, ...
10 mStltflf:iM 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, ...
15 1flfH1tf11 i?i1 M 15, 30, 45, 60, ...
5, 10 Sb
.,.
15 1{1SJ:ltfli?irul~'i:Hiu'i50ni?i
1 1 1J u 1
30 '1
0 "'"
ll = LCM(a 1 , b 2 , ••• ,a11 ) Y. ll = PPCM(a 1, a 2 , ••• ,a,) '1
n. ~ntltni?in.fl~'i§nutidn~s
1 1 1J u
0
1
"
45, 65 sb
.,.
85 '1
~- d5m.ni?iMmnm5ontS
1J u
1 1 1
126 sb 70 X a ~ 42
b '1 s~nturm
n m
o = PGCD(a, b) '"'-i5 o = GCD(a, b) '1
....,.
• ttl a, bE IN tfj ru a = bq + r , 0 < r < b tS'H GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, r) '1
0
LRU a E IN • LRU n E IN SbLi?iU~tun~'i§ d 'fs a sb b ti?iQlS :
1). GCD(na, nb) = nGCD(a, b)
231
2) GCD(~ ~) = GCD(a, b)
. d'd d
c a Si'l b mussmhi1:3ctl~'i5'l51:3ltli'lm
IJ .... c;
J;ljgH'fl~n'i:flSUSSf:i~1gng'ij
I t_; IJ I \.J.
u si'l v ~Ejru
au+ bv =I '1
"ciab Sb GCD(a, c) =1 sl~ cib '1
0
ain , b!n Sb GCD(a, b) =I sl~ abjn '1
)..l = LCM(a, b) '1
0
'if:iU
L:.
a, b si'l n mussr;;~tsl:3ctl~sb'if:iUn~tHill:3
IJ .... L:. IJ IJ
d 'fs a sb b
1). LCM(na, nb) = nLCM(a, b)
2). LCM(J ' ~) = LCM~a, b) '1
0 1 0 0 eJ ':t Q
2. nrulnhHUlntcrn~l:3ts
IIJ IJ
1625 sb 825 '1
li. 3570 sb 5455 2. 1331 sb 4913 '1
li. a = 90 , b = 105
2. a = 3960 , b = 819
t:l. a = 7020 , b = 52272 '1
li. a = 2600 , b = 1925

2. a = 168 , b = 819
f:i. a = 3920 , b = 2025 '1
'232
lli. a = 2600 , b = 1540
b. a = 3920 , b = 2025 ~
~ 0 cJ t::),
6. H'itlHHHH1::lbl5'tflS~b15'lin
w u
72 Sb GCD = 72 ~
Ql 0 tJ ~
7. ~nrlHiSS~t:lbli'tflS~bli'i5n
w u
150 Sb GCD = 15 ~
12. t~{h'9hl'i5fHUTln5 (Gauss) RruH~ri~crss~Hhn~dl~ a ~b b tt:lru a ~b b d1

LJ l.j n A w "'
fi,Uasu15Yttfiru
w
33a-45b = 0 ~
13. t1!5t¥~mHUJln5 (Gauss) AM6'1ri~cr~s~6'1cr~dl~ a ~b b tt:lruGCD(a, b)= 21

~b 99a-1665b =0 ~
1. t~2J m = 93145751 ~b n = 84175277
n. RM6'1MMoHs~~tunsb 43 &s m ~b n
2 2 2 2
n. xy = -6 2. X - )' = 15 ~- x y +xy = 12
2 2
lli. 4x - y = 20 b. (2x-3)(3y+1)=-2 13. (x-2)(y+3) = 14 ~
3. tiblmm 13 19ss + 13 1986 + ... + 13 1992 t'unrt~cisb 110 ~

U1 ""'
4. Ullin mcrss~6'1
w Lnflrutirrnfim
c.s-
2
n(n -t) t'unr:t~cisb 3 ~
5. U'lU n mcrss~6'1
w Lnflrutirrnl'im c.s-
n(n
4
-I) tun r:t1 cis b 5 ~
0 I 1 6
6. U'lU n dluSS~n Lnfll15'i5mlntfl n(n -1) tun r:tl ci sb 7 ~
w c.s-
7. UlU n dln~s~6'1 Lnflt15'i5rwfim 4"+6n-1 tunr:tlcisb 9 ~
8. UlU n dlcr~s~fi Lnflt15'i5rwfim (a+l)"+ -a(n+l)-1 tunr:tlcisb a 2 ~

1
2~3
9. 1_,?1li a Sb b dlcr~S?i~ 1_,n1lli515L]l~Gl ab(i-b
2
) ~!Hlf:hUSb 3 '1
10. Lnnruuqp~m 34 1 fm;tr~risb 11 '1

57
-
mu~s?lfi Lnnruuqp~m n tm;tr~rfst~ 3 '1

4 1
11. L?lli n " .. -<n+ 1)4"+ 1
n dlcr~S?i~ Lnnruuqp~m 3 "+ + 2"-'-

2 1 2
12. t,?Jli ftHif:hrlsb 7 '1
0 c:. t) 0
13. ummm mmg
~ ~
kE {2, 3, 4, 5} tsu 5! +K t§smsmcrssu'lJt§
u
'1
o .., " o , 2x2 + p

14. fflb p dluSS'UtJ'i§
U
ttflru f dlHS?i'i§SfHlJHHtrlru
I
f(x) =- - X
'1
R. ~R f(l) sb f(p) '1
2. ummm cr&mg1f.1licrss?lfiUt§dl~
~~ lj u ...
n t01btl
li
1 sb p t?i(flS f(n) e: N '1
15. ~Rn~~HUJUl'i:fl~s k f~Hutq~ 60k dlmt~L011l1:l '1
16. tl?~~1591:tlJH15 (Gauss) Rllil~tl~U~S?i~U'ijdl~ a sb b t~rn ~ dl"tY.m?J@Sffiu

hl1t§ill01Ssb a+ 21 =~ '1
~IJ b + 15 b
R. 5x + 16y =1
2. 44x-40y =4
?1. 44x-20y =4 '1
18. ~RhlrulnfuR~t§~sti~crss
IU U U
a sb b f~rn§1:nbtUFnt§ mmm~ntuR~t§th5on a
U U t3- U IJ I
sb b
R. a = 171 , b = 99
2. a = 924 , b = 336
?1. a = 345 , b = 285
lli. a = 208 ' b = 308 '1
':1 0 I
19. ~RUlli~ (a, b) ts cr su s t1 nU'i§ctl

... n
Q
t~ rn a+ b = 360 Sb GCD(a, b) = 18 '1

':1
20. ~RUlli~ (a, b)
0
tscr su s ?JnU'i§ctl
... n
I Q
t~ rn a+ b = 960 Sb GCD(a, b) = 40 '1
21. ~RlJlliliJ (a, b) ~scr su s ?Jficr'i§m ""b

... ~ t~rn a+b = 15 s LCM(a, b)= 56 '1
cJ
22. ~RL?Jli~ (a, b) t s cr s f::l ?1 nU'i§ctl n f~rn GCD(a, b) = 6 = 36

"? 0 ' Ct.
u ... Sb LCM(a, b) '1
23. ~RUlli~ a Sb b ttr!rutlbm LCM(a, b) = 126 Sb GCD(a, b) = 21 '1
234
0 Ci IIIII OlEin;! 1101 0 0101&~
unn Ul
ruHnllfillltHnfitlnHitdltfiUtru 'UI 'UI
dr1u nts g'in~msfunmmm

c;
ri~ &n" n~ ~
M~num'h~~nstlnHHL:h
u
tst'Hrn
u
'1
u
trutlti~£!JC1~mJmLlimh&~nt1h~.Jmtlf2JtmtltsiQtl1Jti '1 2fTl'lfiHulM~ml x =t

1
tLlim'h&'~n t t~1:1jmtl~2Jtfiltlttlrn't:flsM~filH[:lfil&l y = x '1 m~mtl

2 2
stl y = t
II II C) II ':) C) t:;p r;f I ~ I
mm1:1n ts t2Jtfiltl~ ru~'t:flsty t tmd s ML't:flti m~ Mfti1ti rn Sl tsiQtl1Jb '1

1
1
Cll •• ··~~~ ... c. ··~~~
fiiHfillti1111HiifiilnHittl1tfiUtru
1.11 . 11
0 IQ cJ eJ Q ~ Jl II eJII
o nn..n n s ru'i3 s ru&2J&Fnb nusb nmmu:nm'i3n
o tH'ub
N
tu~m~t'H'rntfllctl
U
M~ filHI:l filn~b'imtu'i3n1
~
m
~
o tucitmutstu~fil~~trn '1
~ Q. - ,,, ~ ,,
1. U~JG meneeensiDmuunusfi
t~ms mbtmmm rutu~mr~rutl:l rn
2
9lR9b~bnttHn~ '1 nbtdntsg t~sbfiJnn y = -- +x
X
"'I "' \.:t' 72
y
rl m rui tl:l rnt~q.f5nttH9timb t2Jtfilb tsi (lb (24,/i, 24,/i- 16)
I
18
uti '1 t = 1
(0,:)~2~
6\1
n~nit~
u rn~sb tSu rn Slm hl~n'i3115
u6\1 <>"
1 Ql II II eJ 11
mt'159tsinbnh.nH1FntuUnci.ij1 45° '1 1ntSlg t =o tu'i3fil~Q1m'i3n

6'\1 c; "
I I X = 24./ft
l:f1Strn~stij'i3 48cm/s tUirul:flS~~bctl y = - 16t2 + 24/it
n u eJ 0 1 C:V
mnuu rn tl:l rnn n..n n t m ru tu'i3 fil~
x = 24/it st~ y = -16t +24/it

2
c'i.fTirnMf1mtmnfut7'1
ffl'i3tu~masg t~H'luRn..n~msrntsi~ru:trlrn t = o ~ntS8tsiUncidn..nu (O, O) '1
"' 1
I
~u[ltl:lHsi~ru:tmli t = 1 1~ts8tsitncidNJu (24/i, 24/i-16) , ... '1

1
236
X = f(t) stl y = g(t) t'ifliltHd~fmm'ht-Jn'fs t stl t &'iflictl m'ht-Jn <t nHl.HlJn
t flYLtHlitsitrum~g 1 n5ruiollilr;'fsnrup:; (x, y) t'tHl5rnsr'iflimLmti'&stU~nu

\.1
If II eJII
rnrmm <t
x = t 2 -4 sh
"'
y = t , -2 s;; t s;; 3 <t
2
2
X = t -4
t
y =
t -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2
y
2 t = 2
t =3
X 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5 t =I
t =0
X
-4 2 4 6
3
y -1 --1 0
l
1 t = -1 t = -2
2 2 2 -2 -2 s;; t s;; 3
ti:llrm~ollilr;mtHsllm1Hlii:llthfis'fs t ttiirutLti.ml:lt:h'iHs t sb g t?JQlSt2J

tmh (C) tihlml:lr;m '1
Ul'-'U U
otmlltUtmUt1mtrrlnlit2HAlhtitmr'iti9tUt~mn5n mrnrun t tfisti -2 tm 3 '1

~ u'"' u ~
OeJ Q1 II II eJ!I QJ
nUUtru~ M'tHi1HTlflt'tHH9ith MYfflHf:l ffl~
t:::J}
tU13Al~Qlm13n
II U tJ II
--. ti:llllLtiSlru~n t --. tl stUrm nh tU~ m~

\.1 .. I~ tU~mnl:lmn
1
nh tU~Al~13ti5
.. IJ
""'""
g 1:1 ~
2 1
X= : -4 X = 4 y z -4
{y = -2 t = 2y X = (2y) 2 -4
t.6
237
tLm'B :
x = 4/-4 cruu@m~h.lfu'htHl5tl:j
u
rn'tflsHnn:agdlHnH!:lnsbfirHutsiU&l~GMG
U6'11 li u I
I
(-4, O) ttfiru'Hls&13nH1g'HlsL611sb -4~x~o sbf'Bn1g'Hlslj11Sb -4~x~5 '1

u u
flf eJ .Qi1 n 11 eJ u y
3 fntnt n.n 2: ~ n5 t~J t mh mb n5'8 m~ mn m 61
1 "'lA t
x = - - Sw y = - -1 <t
Jt+i t+l ,
ttnru'iHrnhmn5@mu!:lm61 '1 -2 -I
X
-I
ttnru x = -1- &S1Hi:101S x 2 = 1-
Jt+i t+I
-2
sl~t+l=~
X
-3 t = -0.75
2
t = -l-x
2-
x
1-i
2
~ t X 2
ttn ru y = -t+-1 = ----::--
2 = X y
l-x
--+1
2
X
0 • 0
nn.n &lut mg x > o '1
y =
3fnUUM 3: ~fUt~Jtfllb mb n5@m~fu'ht''!§61
X= 3COS9 Sb y = 4sin9 , 0~9~21t
ffl'BfU'Bfil~(flm'Bn
.., " " "" ti:191Q)01S cose = 3X Sb sin9 =~
4
ff1'!HU'tH~ cos 2 e + sin2 e = 1 ti:1(flS
u "
2 2
(~)3 + (~)4 = 1 u"'- ~9. + /16 = 1
238
ffl't:Hu~filH!:l fil6i t~HID (!A ttl t2Jt Alb tSHJH~Htl'U
x = 3cos8 y = 4sin8
'i:flS~6iU1il co. o) fi~rnL6iil co. 4) stJ co. -4) stJ y
4 e = ~2
3
I 0 I QJ IQJ c::p
ttin6iti..HilrntiDmttl "-!>
mrnmsg16i101StinH~
l_j u c:
rusb 2
U I
9tut ttl 'fs ~ t rui ilJ StiS'Hiljfil filill run e tL'U'[Y run 0 e=
'IJ -2 -1 1 2
-1
tffl 21t '1
-2
ffli:i2VltnHui 3 21tltnhsancr2Htrtusi:Jls
t.l occr -3
X= h+a case sb y = k+bsin8 'OS:8S:21t
thftvl: Lfil'UtStu~m~m'htY6i :x = h+a sinO sb y = .k+b cose I
os:es:2n mtHrnu '1 < ~tu~rustl9tutttl'fs~crui~!Jscral~m J t'!:lrn'i:flstu~m~

2 2 I
(X - h) + (y - k) =l '1
a2 b2
29ltn~tui 2 stl 3 21tltrnmsutnm2Hillmnnm:M212'fsm~timfim'htY6i

tn"-!lt.l "-!>
t!:l rnmd sIJ 11Jl:l rufil~titut2'i

u u tfiltl '1 ttl tu~m~m'htY6idl tu~ flUtiSt!
... 'fscr illal~'U M~ 6ii§
"''IJ
115
I
tal g m~'i:fls t6iLmun1§sU'liLm2 tuL'i:flti nnil alu rn alm ni~ ~tal g t9 ~ttrsbUll m~ tu~m~
I U
m'htY6itl:l rnstl H'lcrlmtittr~'eb ~ 19 mtl 9tu tttl stl t rn~s tsiu;ti tn rn tl:l rn~ '1
munzin11: ~ntu~m~m'hf''l§g;t~i:ijmt!Lfilu'fs y = 1-i ti:Jlruqffm'ht''l§n
21 tJ 'Lmi:i :
n. t =x
Q1 QJ IIUC)tl Q 2 2
n. ttix=t &S1Hti01Stui:ifil~Q1m~6ix=t Sby=!-x =1-t ;teiR
2. t~i:ijtuHtu~ X sb y dlH~?'ii:ism'hf''l§g; m ttifficrt~~u21tltLAli:i :
m = dy = -2x
dx
239
m=O
2 X
m .. !» m
x = - - Sw y = 1 - - , m E IR '1
2 4
I 0 I Q cJ c/
ffl'i:Hu ti 'e S
li1
m tfH ~'tfH fil tl &!:::! ru
t 1=1 ii 6HtHfl ru tlli ....,
m=4 m = -4
0 Cl Q ~
Mru;p (ii) t~Jtfiltl1Ji1'i:flS9Mtf:li~tiHHS8 '1
u 1 2
" • "" ..., m ""' m""' m .....:~
MfnflJ : ttifflw - 2 =t &S'H flj'i§fil~ X =- 2 stl y = 1-4 !JlliHtttdl
""' 2 o ""' m =t o~ "'
x=t Stl y= 1-t .Mru;)~ (n) ttnru-- Sl<('im Stl t 'i:fl2Mt'TTH1Jldtllff!'1
2 tJ (9 1ct
f:ltH
u
2 g t~Hfiltl
'tf
iit! rJ~'i:flS gMtf:lid~ rum
~
'1
I
tUtmlfJ,p:
,.
finn~t~H
U
filtl ttl ruQ1Sl=lnHLtl
U
ruo rulu
I
P 'e tllttl ru hlfitsi t rn~tlci
II "' IJ
'i:flSffi a ttfltllH"eJrut1:11rut'lmilruffl"eti~~1BrutsiQtl~ci '1 t~JtfiltltS8tuTltfl

1
t:fff/ft1
II
(Cycloid) '1
Gtllw: mt!mhf.gn e m~mfl1,§onft~rum,§~Brumn5unncr

1111 1a I I IJ IJ
P(x, y) tramcrm
1i1 "'-"
nmlinL"eru~~urLt~ts '1
1
tu e = o ts-H P ~msiLncil=lrunL"eru '1
I
tu e = 1t tS18 P ~n
tsiljiciUblJluHfim'i:fl (1ta, 2a) '1 cu e = 27t tS18 P tsitrnHnJHlli~hlLnciublJlu
(21ta, 0) '1
ffl'eatitl=lttllmtfl
u ...., LAPC = 180°-e
tlUt28 sine= sin(l80°-e) = sinLAPC

u
= AC
a
= BD
a
AP
cose = -cos( 180°- e) = -cosLAPC = -
a
0~
Sl~ AP = -acose
..
stl BD = asine .
£1flfjj~~cits8H"eJrum"eHiiJHlli~hl tl=ltlt!m OD = PD = ae
"ejltlt9Jnt1:11ru BA =DC= a tl=1Q1S: x = OD-BD = ae-asine
y = BA +AP =a-a cose
f:ltHS8
u
M~fil~mhf.gfi~ X = a(e- sine) stl y = a(l- cose) '1
240
tinrnt
u
[f!t{jd !1
"" ""
MnlH1
1 1GV
u
x = a(8- sinS)
y = a(l- cos8)
y
(3na,2a)
2a
X
0 B D na (2na,O) 3na ( 4na,O)
~ Ql 0 I U II rJ II
Sb MH M~ M'tHilH!::l filnlJl~ ~'Ht:h t15'iHilfiQ'lm't3n '1

u
x=3t-1 x=4+2cos8
li.
{ y = 2t + 1
, (t E IR) 2.
{ y = - 1 + 4sin8 , ce E IR) '1
2.
P(r,S)
tr1 13"'m 1:5 n m't3 run Ham t s ~H rn t si nb'i5 ti ~ 'i5 b t ~ t i:tl thmu s b o 13 ru tun murn
eJ n l_j u u « ev u u u 1
1 1
( 'U~run~'t3ru)
"'- G
ttfirum't3crru-m o t~tutins8'US'H~tr11313rutunmnn~u&ru
.::~
1 u liu
( !::lcrm)
u u ""
'1
1
fflb OP = r Sb 8 ct"Hblnhh~lS9tuti:tlt!::!rndtt:ht15nliiUtillSbHbfi
IJ 1 Fl li u n
OP '1
1
t~fi Miirun9 tut i:tl'la'i:fls m9 tuti:tl~ rush~ miiqJ smn riljm '1
1
crru1cr
1
P tsinb'UtiRMiitmru
.. ....
(r, e) tunm nHat:htsuf'rn
u u '1
"
(tjfnf]j:
. 1
241
~ ~ u 0 "
!:lfl7UUM : m21tltHil15tsg
u lJ
'UblmtHH1.fltHEf!ntlnmru;;Har:ncsmrn
(Jl"" l.J u u
'1
1 "'
tf'ln~
1 I
nhrmhmmltl t sl nbn'i15115t Sg fl'HlS.fflribl 115H'd illnb FilHtrl UM1Jftj illltl'i'U nHU tlb
"" "'1 l.J 1 LJ IJ "'1 1 l.J IJ
~t!.thnsnn~15ltl15rust!tim~h[:jmli cradial line) fi:jrum~m15tiru '1

IJ .;, IJ IJ "' i.J" u
n: n:
2 .2
1C
(a) 3n: (c) 3n:

T T
fitmgnHH!:t1tStf:jfiln
u
dn.ncr'215115"J'HlSnHHr:nts
u 1 IJ
(x, y) tn15ti5f:l~tl:lrn'Hls
IJ
rn;;n.n:~nJffltlnHHt:tHSUtrn
9 1 "' u u
'1 t:h~ITltflHulnmtr:nts
u
(r, 8) sb (r, 2n:+8) mb
0 cJ Q1l Q
H:llrucrn.nm6115115
I 1.1
( t15rnm
U
(b) stl (c)) '1
ni-t.m:fr$1 : ~n~Har:nts~&rntdJtlt~tJn&sdrlJlcr (2, ~) '1
tJtim : nHH!:tltsti&rn&sdn.ncr (2, ~6 ) fin.n~cr:nru

till U U I
(2, ~ + 2nn:) ft~rn n m8~sf:l~1ijl9ti '1

~msg ~HH!:tltStSGn.flu (2, ~) 'HlStLusntH!sHrJ~crm
n= 1 ~HH!:tltS~tru~(2, ~+2n:) ~(2, 1:n:)
n = -1 ~HH!:tl tS~fru~ (2, ~- 2n:) ~ (2, - 161n:)
n = 2 ~HH!:tlts~frn~ (2, ~+4n:) ~ (2, ~n:)
242
y
t55nHn'itl
uu
tru§'i'i6Hi
i.JL.;
Mmdl~
1"' 1.1
rusb Hnam5
u
M1 ru
1.1
C3- u c; Mffldl~
1d'HlS sbtiu ru§'i'i6i6i 1"' 1.1
ti51!HU6i'i~
L.;
t55
1.1 1
'1
t~Q1S cosO = -Xr "''-"

Sw smO
.
= -yr
tjtHSg
u
x = rcosS Sb y = rsinS
= Y;:
0
S1 '1j x + y
:0:: 2 2
= r 2 t'i..fl"" t55 tanS '1
" X = rCOSS y = rsinO

2 2 2
" r = x +y tanS= :1::
X
ttl x*O '1
0 •
Mfi1b/J:
• &tj~j~n s ti tanS = :1::

X
tl=iUJl~ntim[JHHtjruf3rup;~ntsittfiruA-n.nfirun e
u
2J
UJl'sbmEJthmg '1
u
• Qb6i1_Yti5~HHttlts~tru M~m~ttjru'tflSflb r = /(9) ~dlM~ffl~tSf2J&fflb~ru '1

1 1
IDtmtftfll:
u .J frnb nHHttl
u
tstifru
u
t&lidl nHHttl
u
tS tf:i ffln HH t:lif3n.ntnn
1.1 1
b&Sl
...
g nb
1
nL~ti5~HHttltSttjffln '1
1
= ( J3, ~)
0
n. tHtip3 (r, S) = (2, 1t) 2. (r, 9) '1
243
y
cufJw:
N
n. X = rcos9 = 2cosn = -2 2 (r,e) =~

(J-3, n:\)
6
sb y = rsine = 2sinn = 0 (x y)
- - - -'- ~
(3 JJ\
= 1- - '
\2, 2 )
c:l<
(r,~) = (2,n)
~HHi:tH2tt:lfilfitl (-2, 0) '1 X
_:2 -1 0
= 2J3
I 3 2
r;; n 3 r;; . n 2
2. X = .y.JCOS() =2 ""J<.
2w y = .y3sm6 (x,y) = (-2,0)
-I
t:ltH2g nHHi::iH2tt:lfilfi~
u u -2
(x, y) =( 3
2 ' 2J3) '1
QJ ltf:.,l ? iQICJ 2 2
~ntU~filmWH2HttltHli x - y = 16 '1
u 1 u
m§i r 2 = ~ (cos29>0)
u cos2e
1:HH2g /
u
= ~e
cos2
thhl~fil~tifrnt2iHmHli2lbtru
u u
'1
1
11Jff1Jff: ti:tlGMu (-1, I) niH1'i~li5nHHtilt2tt:lfilfi tUiru~nnHHtilt2Utbli'ifi~

li If) 1 ""
1
Li 1 u u u Liu
(JI' ':) C» It eJ
suntnUIJ7J: t1tUUfiltH2hl~filrtHbli
u u
r = 2+2cos9 '1
ttnruH2t~~snN2tUmn
1 U 11 I
1 tfrl -I filrnn.m e t'iti'itirnn
f..jl_j
o tfrl n m§i
U
r mn
1
\.1
4 tfrl o '1 mntl2lbtUfil~t2g'i.5irlmm~ru2g"Jt2tU~fil~lifrn2lbtru

Ln-.....!J GV 6'V U
'1
n n n n 2n 3n Sn
e 0
6 4 3 2 4 4 6
n
r 4 2+J3 2+J2 3 2 l 2-Ji 2-./3 0
r ( fi 'E~ty fm rn) 4 3.7 3.4 3 2 1 0.6 0.3 0
244
Ql 0 eJ Ql
t m m r1i tHl.!l m t:l rn't:fls n iH'fl n t! 2l t! t rn r = 2 + 2cose
I "I
t sit ruln t:ll tuLfilti~ ~rn ~t:l rn t sit ruln t:ll n_H Sl g 1t
2 1t
3
'i:fl8'i5Sl~tUG8~t:lrnJ:Huwm~tirn
.:: U '-"U
o shAM~
m2 ~ti
IU
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\.:t
t! 'J t:lUtint!
o<
mnt! 2l t! nli t! 'i:fl8 ~ t!& ci
I
s
tUG8'i:fl8thul3 o tSl8t~st!m8~ctnmR
a u "
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n ru;r rn 2l t! t rn
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77t
6
~ -I bg4 1 ttfl rub~ 9l m(j18 r d~ 8 ~ 0 b94
4 '1 tmr:fi8nnm:hmg
I
n::::e::::2n tsimR
n ru;r rn 1:~
" n2l t! tLfi113 "t 8 Lfflti '1
&siQt129ltnHuli 2ltltrut88 Lmti~t:Jrnm8'i:flsnt!~mti8~t! ttfirumnm mf::lJ~fi

I U
( Cardioid ) '1
mecfl1 :
• 8~:mgl~ti8~8~61 a ~ tu~ tiJ8J n_r@m~~~rn~t:J rn'i:fl89Ll3ci n.m~ru2ltitLml3
r = a(l + cos9) , r = a(l + sin9)

r = a(l-cos9) , r = a(l-sin9)'t:f18Lfi1'i51::hfi1f::lJ~61 Cardioid '1
u
.. tti Ia! = lbl tSl8t~m8Lmtimmt:lJ~61 '1

u
Rfi7'CJ)Ul/1 2:
"'
~hl~fi1tib8
u ~
':1 QJ
u
11 eJ
hl'i3fi1mtrn r = asin29 0
tHmg a> 0 '1
""
me """"
tnsn o ,-,.41t
bl:l'l
" ""
4 tSlg 2e tL'ULtirnn o ,-,.41t
bl:l'l
2 '1 ~msg sin2e ""'""'
tnsn o
u
'1 t88(l18thlBfim
61
r tfis~ 0 &94 a ~t:lb15 9 tsint!BtSlg
, GV
[o, !!:]4 '1
ttit~run e tfis~ ~ t94 ~ tSlg 29 ~lYTIZ[,lj~ ~ tsi 1t ttfiru sin29 qg~ I &94 0 '1
~m8g r qg~ a t94 0 ~t:j[,lj e tsim~g [~ , ~] '1
245
(-a, 74n)
.,. 0
"" 1t
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(r, 9) ?hsi n~
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c; IJ
'1
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1
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me tnsn - t9i n tS'Ht?Hfluummmsm
2 U1 ....,
r = asin20 I
t!:tlrut!:tlGrulG
1
(r, 0) ?'itu~sutsin~AlH1~gus
u IJ .. c; IJ
'1
1
~Gfflt~~t:icmg
u ..
n:::; e:::; 3n t?'ims~sutsin~ Alii:J~'gtis~
c;
3n:::; e:::; 2n t?'itns~smsi
2 IJ ..
1
2 IJ
Q~ Al~~gfl~ '1 ~~tHn~ rl~1J1~t:f1S~ t\jff)i§g tut!:tl~ rus ~ ~ t ruiq~ SG Sl ~rj Alfilbli run e
I U 1
tftst!ij~ '1
LAl'litsi Q~ 2111'ifl mfl 2 21~ t blnh:n ruihrqs r~ bli'i:flS IilLi§~ ~GdlLtu111ti~ r~ bli'i:flS
I
meclrl: t:itmgt:i~s?'i~11{Jlgt5 n> 1 S~G~Stln a:t:O tu~Al~~&ru&~ru'i:flSiflJ~
r = asinne y_ r = acosne 'i:flSLAlt5t~bli'i:flS~~GAl~ffli§?'irunL'i§t15~HHttHS tmru

1
(:) 0
1t
6
1t
4
1t
3
1t
2
2n
3
3n
4
. 5n
6
1t
r 6 2+2J3 2+2./2 4 2 0 2-2./2 2-2J3 -2
r ( 61 'f~ 1.? t'ifl ru ) 6 5.4 4.8 4 2 0 -0.8 -1.4 -2
246
I 0 I Ql I 21t
&f.in~HtH'i1rlH'l15(gctl r = 0 Lnh e = 3 '1
Eit'i3 r<O
~
tU 231t<9<1t tSlH?lQiSmfinrunrufdn
n ~
?0 ~I t.J ":)0 0
:n tl t'iGfil'i:HS ?1 scrncr
uu
stl mnn run
n
ru td n21 tl t'ifiltHs
G
?1 scrt:s '1
u ~
0
run o tsintlcrtS13n 1t t9i 21t si§H?Jmsmfi
~ tJ GV
I
n run
n
rutd n21tl truts~scrnustl
~ u u
mfin run
n
rutdn21tl &ruts ~
0 0
?121Jfi '1
u
uruifuifn : ?Hu'ifilUtsrut§muH'ru
u G u
r = 2cos30 '1
eJ Q 0 0 ";) 0 I
- t2Hfiltlflt1?ldlhlrul c tS?l'i:flSill!:llU {f(t), g(t)) '1

\t I U
- rut§m~ x = f(t) , y = g(t) t'~ru t
- nHH!:ll&SUtru
u u
u'i:flru. OP
9sb : x = rcose .
y = rstn9 "'"'
Sw r 2 = x2 + y2
247
t::lo Or. 0 •
ffifiJi1§8fii:I!Uii§iU816J
" WiJt'i : j(x) 'i::flS nHhi L ffH1H1.JTI 0 < lx- ai < 8 ==> if(x)- Ll < E
: e = lim
11-7+~
(1 + -nI)" = 2. 71828
" f1tit'i! : (all) t:tH~n~'i:HIThn A ttl lim all =A
, u ~ 1J ll-7+=
"1M'i!ffltuitnifStiUUtMtf: m(b-a)$f(b)-j(a)$M(b-a)
" t]ii!Wt : F(x) mu;~g{fs f(x) mrurun F'(x) = f(x)

• ffibltil.,fnfl111Mt'i
0 0 '
: tr" j(x)dx [ F(x) Jba = F(b)-F(a)
=
.... , lr"
" tiCJU1fJ'iltSH1f1!iUS : ym = b _ aJ J<x)dx
a
" mnthti :· J<x> mul!'~ a !~/<x> = J<a>
• Hlf1!iURmnm1ertsfn : f(x) = lnx

"tYti1n : (a11 ) t:h~n1nt9i~n ±co ttl lim a11 = ±oo
B 1 n-7+ oo
" r.Jfiuejm : ttl f(a) = f(b) &S'H'i::flS c e (a, b) ti::l ru f'(c) =o

" Mbtt'il.,FnflJiJJUfllntf : f f(x)dx = F(x) + c
" Mbttif.FJf11tfMtfltfU!Jfgn : r· a
jg'dx = [t ·g] b -
a
r
a
gj'dx
.. lgl..nfPmumbttil.,Fnmnnnti : s = l t<x)dx
" m:zlBfiJWt'ifi1tgtf'I!!J (x'x) : v = 1t r[

a
J(x) Jdx
2
• Mlmtfttddf11.!Jfl1Wtsflimmti9 1 : y' + ay =o
" Mlr:ntftdidfi1.!Jfl1Wtsflimmti9 1 i1Sff{MS : y' + ay = p(x)
" t:JRlsHtsttt:Jt
"'
: m9Slri9 stutlbnt'l§ts9ss rutnmtflusbnt't§ts9s
u "" co
s rutH1H9'n
'J
... 1.1 6U 1.1
n I/iYi _ L,xlL/i
: a=
nL,x;-(L,x;r
b = ~ ( LY;-aL,x; )
11
M'lJumlfft~lSHtdt X : E(x) = ~> 1 p 1 , i = 1, 2, ... , n
250
• L1Jffb1J
U
: L = fJI
a
+[f'(x)] dx
2
• MiJmtfttiil:ifMJWt:fltsflimtnth : ay" +by'+ cy =0

• Milmtitail:ifMJWt:fltsflimtnfiu 2 DstjjfMs : y" +by'+ cy = p(x)
" fttibil:ifMJn! : dy = f(x)dx
" , nix;Y;- Ix;IY;
• I'i!fjflllfitLf!tiL1Jbt:fltsfli : r = J~ 2 ( i Jn.L..Jyi-
~ 2 (~ )2
n.L..Jx;- Ix;). L..JY;
• hyl:itSHirJt X : Var(X) = E(X 2 ) - 11 2
• " • x n-x
• OJ111Iftn IS~tn1J . P(X = x) = C(n, x)P (1- p)
~ ~ ?
i j k
ul Uz u3
VI V2 V3
" 0 0 0 t Ql Q
" 1jHIIti7ISitlffltitStJlUft1
I
P(x, y) : Ol92ln9S~:Utl~ffi'Ufqtl.Hl~HHltHS
2
.. Miimttnngm i11Jg:thli11Jttifi : (y-k) = 4p(x-h)
, 2 2
• Mi1munt:f11J: (x-h) + (y-k) =1
b2 a2
"1UM1JUUM:
ljn u a 2~ b dlGSSf.l~U'I§Ol~'UtltHtl~m
u ..., ..
rugumfn
1
u ' VE z
au+ bv =1
• ufnnbfOfifllltWW N(!l, o) : !l 'l§tiJ'I§tSUfM~fun
" fllltihWM/:it/7 Z :
Gl
Z = X-0" !l
" ommnonnottT/1JI:i'~~ttJ : d = jaxo + byo + czo + dl
"' ·-1 tN ii Ja2 +b2 +c2
· gnumtsfjfmlsoll!Jo P(r, e) : m92lr!i9s~~n~m2~~
2
"Milmttnngm ti11Jg:thn11JfWt: cx-h) = 4p(y-k)
I 2 2 2 2
"Mi1mti1{nffnt : (y-k) - (x-h) =1 , (x-h) - (y-k) =1
' i1 a2 b2 a2 b2
• 1Jig11UtffJ1M: ttl ajab 2~ GCD(a, c) = 1 t21Hf.lQlS : c!b '1
251
0"' "' •• • •
mrunnnntnurinnJmrurutnn
""'
t~ljiUJ~rita-1 'LA1Yt2Jtff1tl nmmru
"' t'liz=l.96.
29ltnHUl: "" '
tS"H P(01:!ruz)=0.4750
~
z~ 0 1.96
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
l.O 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
252

សៀវភៅគណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១២​កម្រិតខ្ពស់

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សៀវភៅគណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១២​កម្រិតខ្ពស់

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t:::1l} Ql UQIII

m~TI5filnHru2 m96b Hli5n.LUn. qn~g l£l6 r;2 1J ~ l£loo6

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1. OJ~ m~ :a to~ b t OJJ rn rn f:l'lti9 9 .................................................... :................ 92

2. OJ~m~~ toii:l &OJJrn ruts mruf:l'lti91D ..................................................... 112

1. tit nnb tuntymu .......................................................................................... 134

t rub t~ti'iflhls ~n t ill2um n'U hl ffHi

ls3 '1 trubmsytumt~ls3 ~

21b trnts H:h hln'i:3l1Hf:i

s,.tt-u/1,., "" ., o ,. ~......:~ , ,.

QIS t!:!l rurun.ffll=lttitl tantsl'i§2'linSb

~mag tl=lQIS : ~· ~· ~· (0 , g, ...,~: ~ ~ ... 't:flao~a~q_?aHa ~m~nHa~ ttflru

' , 2345 n+1

ll n n .., 'W 2 .... ~ ..

lim a11 == A '1

~fl'lfilUuJ 1: ~n 1, 4, 9, 16, ... , n

tRtuHtu~ : lim all== += '1

filillrun n-7 += tRlilGl (2-n)-7-oo 1i lim a 11

lim (-3n -2)

""' 1!$ 1!$ 1!$ 1!$ b ..,

lim ka 11 = kM &l:lru k mt1sstrH

rJmni nhrunM: I 21hnt'H~sffiut:h

01St9&918tidl a 11 <h 11 rlfiLi'ilin ntttltl5'1

n. nHlfi r>l lllmnm n--7 +oo t?'iUlS

?i. m rtfi lrl < 1

- d5 r =0 tSl8t?'iU12 lim r" =0 t~mg1?'JtltitShltinH/ttithlSbO '1

ttl r:t:O tSlH?irun S = J!l ttfirut?'i9lf!JU1S s> 1 ffl~niM fi t?'ilflS

lim s" = +oo '1

""' rs-1 '1

s -1 NITTltS r" dHdtiimnhnm~ tHNNShtit~tnci

.. m""' r> 1 lim r

" ttl r =1 tSl8 (r") th~titd~ ttfiru lim r" =1 '1

.. ttl r =0 ts-18 (r") ctlhltitd~ ttfiru lim r" =0

tSlH~~ (r") ctlhltiaJlM ttfirummnm n--7 +oo t?i'i'!SHlti~Mii

& & ""

bU~titS (r") U1St9 '1

. 3" +I- 2" 3-(32)" 2

.,., .., ,.., ., " ""I"'

tf:'lms -1 + -1 + -1 + I1 + ... ttl rum ct ruunn NntiHlfl'i:flLn»s s61 '1 ct ruunn'ts

ttifi»s~ L,.a11 = a 1 +a2 +a3 + ... +an+.,. ~ctldilliJn~CS~n

f:lms g d rntints t c15hi s s s t fdsb 2 '1

0 .-e:» ~ cJ .a! c:t C» C» ";)

Obl5\1i'it!:hti5t~n (S11 ) "i~t9i~n S talllt?'itrHhn !q" chthnJ~ '1 rn~n S t'lflimdrn

~9 n HlutuHN~ : ~ + Jn = Jn+l-Jn '1

i:!tHSll dblitint!:hrutdn S,, tS n n~tib~

s" = cJi-1)+(/3-Ji)+ ... +crn+l-/iz) = Jn+l-1 '1

tf:'iQlS lim S11 =

thnHS~ 1~t9i~i'i\1i'iHS~ '1

" tti~n (a 11 ) -@SJ~~n 0 talll

ti:1QlS S = f,an = a 1 +a 2 +a 3 + ... +a11 _ 1 +all= S11 _ 1 +all '1

ttnrur6w1inbr6n.m9 1 ~nil§'irJm1iorumrJnA-nnt'tJ~ '1

ti:1tut~nni5QJrh ~, j, ~, ~, ... ctl~nmMtflUl»S~ '1 qbn~nii&sg tfiTI f. 2 1

- ma:tO tSlZt~Ql2 S 11 dldtli1JfHtilti5t~li9n t2tnHUHl.fl'i:llUHSlZ

ttllrl<l tSlgt~Ql2 lim r"=O t'i..liru lim S11 = lim a(l-rn)=_a_

S 11 = na S~ a :tO tUlti5~n (S11 ) 1n '1

..... ""-""'"" 111 -""

QtltUiru'tflS llP 2Q 2R 2 m1nQtl~~rl C2 Stl'tflSdl

សៀវភៅគណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១២កម្រិតខ្ពស់

សៀវភៅគណិតវិទ្យាថ្នាក់ទី១២កម្រិតខ្ពស់

2. t?'i'HlS xE[o, ~], f'(x)