*Title Page (adjust each

section to fit in the entire

page, follow APA
margins)

MAKATI SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

Kalayaan Avenue, Barangay Cembo, Taguig City

Protective Activity Of Lagundi (Vitex Negundo L.) Leaf Extract Against

Paracetamol-Induced Hepatic Damage In Rats (Rattus Norvegicus L.)

*NAME OF THE AUTHORS

(double spacing)
*NAME OF THE AUTHORS

*NAME OF THE AUTHORS

*NAME OF THE AUTHORS

(FIRST NAME MIDDLE NAME LAST NAME)
10-Maxwell

LILIBETH S. LUMAPAS
Research Adviser

Junior High School Department

School Year 2023-2024

(Date of Submission)
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

(Brief introduction/overview of the chapter in paragraph. The entire chapters 1-3 are

double spacing.)

Background of the Study

This part should contain an overview of the problem being studied. Provide brief
information about the current situation, existing solutions/research, and the research gap.
It should be a brief presentation on what the study is about from the global picture to the
local picture. This should not exceed two pages.
*Research gap- it is the missing link/information on the existing literature. It may
be a new idea, perspective, or variable that hasn’t been explored/studied. This will serve
as the rationale for conducting the research. This will answer the following questions: Why
do you need to conduct this study? What is the difference between the existing literature
and your research?

Statement of the Problem

This part should contain the main problem and specific questions. The main
problem and the specific questions will serve as the main and specific objectives or the
questions that need to be answered and discussed in the Results and Discussion. The
Statement of the Problem (SOP) must be aligned and considered when formulating the
statistical hypotheses, conceptual framework, and Methodology of the study. If the
research is quantitative, specific questions must be measurable/quantifiable. Quantitative
research means hypothesis testing. Thus, the data must be subjected to statistical
analysis (inferential statistics) to answer the specific questions and come up with a
conclusion.
*Main problem- this is the primary objective and it is title-based.

Research Questions

*Specific questions- these are the detailed questions that need to be answered; at
least 1.

Hypotheses

This section should contain the research and statistical hypotheses. Research
hypotheses must be based on the literature review (problem-based) and the statistical
hypotheses must be aligned to the objectives of the study as stated in the Statement of
the Problem. The research hypothesis contains a brief explanation supporting the
researcher’s claim. The statistical hypotheses will be the basis for hypothesis testing
using inferential statistics, thus, each specific question that requires hypothesis testing
must have an alternative and null hypothesis. When writing the research hypothesis,
avoid using terms like “significant difference,” “correlation,” or any terms that may signify
the use of statistics. Both research and statistical hypotheses must be written in the same
format as the SOP.

Example format:

Hypotheses

H1:
There is a significant difference between the groups treated with 5% AV gel, 10%
AV gel, 15% AV gel, and the negative control group based on the weight loss and
the aerobic plate count of the samples.

H0:
There is no significant difference between the groups treated with 5% AV gel, 10%
AV gel, 15% AV gel, and the negative control group based on the weight loss and
the aerobic plate count of the samples.

Significance of the Study

This part should contain the beneficiaries of the study and must be arranged
accordingly (primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.). Listed as last, indicate its impact on future
researchers. Explain specifically the benefits/impact on each sector. The primary
beneficiary should be the sector that will directly be affected by the study. Sectors
indicated in the Significance of the Study must be considered when formulating the
Recommendations in Chapter 5.

Scope and Limitations

This part should contain the extent and boundaries of the study. Indicate the goals of
the study, what variables are being explored/not being explored, if it is only applicable to
a certain timeframe, the target population, sample size, locale, and other restraints of the
study.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

(Brief introduction/overview of the chapter in paragraph)

This section contains a comprehensive literature review related to and relevant to

the study. This will justify conducting the study. The research gap must be emphasized
in this section. When writing a literature review, include only the information and variables
being explored. The information must be presented from a general to a specific approach
(like an inverted pyramid). For each section (topic), provide a synthesis at the end and
transition it to the next section. This will improve coherence throughout the literature
review. Each main topic will be considered as the main heading. Several main headings
may be used to present multiple variables/topics. Main headings may be written as a
phrase as long as it represent the general idea of the current section. The use of
subheading is only optional and not recommended. However, if subheadings will be used,
it must be indented and italicized. Avoid committing intentional and unintentional
plagiarism. The paragraphs must be justified. When creating a new paragraph, the first
sentence must be indented. Observe coherence, proper paraphrasing, quoting, and
citation, following APA 7th edition style.

You must synthesize the related literature gathered and supply a theme (at least
3 themes) for every similarity or difference in the ideas of the different authors.

For Example:

Lagundi: A Miracle Plant

(Apply the 4 components of a well-structured paragraph).

Lagundi as a Herbal Supplement

Research Gap

Simply put, a research gap is any space where there’s a lack of solid, agreed-upon
research regarding a specific topic, a lack of established knowledge and, consequently,
a need for further research. In writing the research gap, the background provides some
context and background information on your topic, the gap identifies what is missing or
unclear in the literature and the significance of the investigation.
Conceptual Framework

This section should include the paradigm illustrating the connection of variables
being explored and the plan for hypothesis testing. The framework must be aligned with
the specific questions as indicated in the Statement of the Problem and statistical analysis
to be used. Proper use of solid, broken lines, and/or arrows to indicate the flow of
information must be observed. Below the paradigm, there should be a narrative briefly
explaining what the framework represents. The diagram must be labeled as a figure
following APA 7th edition format.

Definition of Terms

In this section, this should include the conceptual and/or operational definition of
terms that are important for understanding the whole research. Terms like the statistical
treatment should not be defined in this section. Avoid using dictionaries and
encyclopedias as references. It is better to utilize online journals, and other reference
books since the information is being updated. If the definition provided by the reference
books, and other published articles matches the meaning of the term being defined and
its context in the study, then, only the conceptual definition must be indicated. However,
if there are certain limitations to the definition stated in the references, then, state the
conceptual definition first, followed by the operational definition. Lastly, if there are no
references that match and accurately define the term in the context of the study, the
operational definition must be used.

Example:

Conceptual Definition

Phytochemical Analysis. It pertains to the series of tests conducted to identify

medicinally active substances in plants such as flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, and
phenolic compounds (American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics,
n.d.). Some of the tests involved are Mayer’s Test, Ferric Chloride Test, and Libermann-
Burchard’s Test (Banu & Cathrine, 2015).

Operational Definition

Gadget Availability. In this study, gadget availability refers to the gadgets or any
electronic devices that can be utilized or accessed for online learning by students.

Combined (Conceptual and Operational Definition)

Academic Performance. It refers to the knowledge gained by the student over a

specific period which is measured through assessments and examination results (Narad
& Abdullah, 2016). This study refers to the grades of the students in their ICT subjects.
 Glycerol. Glycerol is a sweet-tasting oily liquid substance that has a chemical formula
of C3H8O3. In its pure state, glycerol is clear, odorless, viscous, almost colorless, non-
toxic, and water-soluble (Nda-Umar et al., 2018). Adapted from the study conducted by
Kuwar et al. (2015), the researchers will add 1.5% of glycerol to each coating solution.
This will be done to increase the viscosity and adherence of the solutions.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

(Brief introduction/overview of the chapter)

Research Design

This section should include the principle governing the plan in conducting the
research. Indicate the specific design applicable to the research. Provide 1-2 sentences
definition of the chosen research design from the references, then, discuss further by
aligning it to the context of the study.

Sample Preparation

This part should include the sampling techniques used in preparing your samples for
extraction procedures, percent composition or amount of concentration, disk diffusion
assay, etc. It must indicate the specific and most suitable sampling method for the data
collection. Explain the criteria/justification as well for choosing the target sample
population then, discuss further by aligning it to the context of the study.

For Example:

The initial Pili shells were first cleaned from dirt and impurities by washing with clean,
tap water, air sun dried until dry, then were chipped by a knife or knife-mill. About 100 g
samples were pretreated with boiling 3% sulfuric acid and 2% sodium hydroxide. The
beakers containing the Pili shell samples and reagent solution were heated up to boiling
and treated for 1h while stirring. The pretreated samples were washed with neutral pH
water, squeezed on a vacuum glass filter No1, and dried at 45 0C to constant weight.
Pretreated Pili shell samples were screened through a 40-mesh sieve to obtain the
fraction ≤0.4 mm (total weight of 15 g).

Procedure

Immediately follows what should be done to the samples you prepared.

For Example:

Weigh 2.0 g of Pili shell samples into the tared crucible. Using an ashing burner and
clay triangle with a stand, place the crucible over the flame until smoke appears.
Immediately ignite the smoke and allow the sample to burn until no more smoke or flame
appears. Allow the crucible to cool. Then place the crucible in the muffle furnace at 575
± 25 0C for 4 hours. Carefully remove the crucible from the furnace directly into a
desiccator and cool it for a specific amount of time. (Figure 1). (Note: When allowing
samples to cool in a desiccator, it is necessary to maintain the initial cool time). Weigh
the crucibles and ash to the nearest 0.1 mg and record the weight.).
Figure 1

Detailed Process of the Conduct of the Experiment

Pili nut shells collection

cleaned, dried, chipped

Pretreated with H2SO4

and HCL
boiled, washed, dried

Screened thru 40 mesh

sieve

Gravimetric Analysis

Laboratory Testing/Analysis

A test, assay, or other chemical analysis is needed to complete the conduct of the
experiment.

For Example:

Halocellulose Content

The determination of polysaccharides in Pili shell samples is based on the isolation

of holocellulose, i.e. total polysaccharides containing both cellulose and hemicelluloses.

Procedure

To the pretreated sample, 0.5 g, was placed in 100-ml Erlenmeyer flask. 40 mL

distilled water, 0.5 g sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and 1 mL glacial acetic acid were added
into the flask. The flask, covered with Petri dish, was put into a water bath having
temperature 90 0C for 45 min while stirring. Then 0.5 g sodium chlorite and 1 mL acetate
buffer was added, and the treatment was continued for 45 min. After cooling at room
temperature for 30 min, a dispersion of holocellulose was poured out into 50 mL PP-tubes
and centrifuged at rcf of 4500 g for 10 min. The sediment of holocellulose was washed
with hot water (50 0C), and finally with distilled water to pH 7, separating the liquid phase
from holocellulose by centrifugation. The washed holocellulose was dried in the PP-tube
at 105 0C to constant weight. The percentage of holocellulose (HC) in the extracted
biomass sample was calculated by the equation:
HC = 100% (P - Pt)/Ps (2)
where
P - weight of dry holocellulose together with PP-tube
Pt - weight of empty PP-tube
Ps - weight of extracted and dried biomass sample

Cellulose Content

Procedure:

The obtained holocellulose was weighed and hydrolyzed with dilute hydrochloric acid
to remove hemicelluloses. The dried holocellulose sample was mixed with 45 mL of 2
wt.% HCl in 100-ml Erlenmeyer flask, and the sample was hydrolyzed with the dilute acid
at boiling temperature for 2 h using a reflux condenser. After cooling at room temperature
for 30 min, an acidic dispersion of cellulose was poured out into 50 mL PP-tubes and
centrifuged at rcf of 4500 g for 10 min. The sediment of cellulose was washed with hot
water (50 0C), 1% sodium bicarbonate and finally with distilled water to a pH 7, separating
the liquid phase from cellulose by centrifugation. The washed cellulose was dried in the
PP-tube at 105 0C to constant weight. The percentage of cellulose (C) and hemicelluloses
(H) in the extracted Pili shell sample was calculated by the equations:
C = HC (P - Pt)/Phc
H= HC – C
where
HC - percentage of holocellulose
P - weight of dry cellulose together with PP-tube
Pt - weight of empty PP-tube; and Phc is dry weight of holocellulose.

One Percent Sodium Hydroxide Solubility Test

Wood is extracted with hot 1% sodium hydroxide solution for 1 h. The loss in weight
is determined and calculated as percent solubility. Hot alkali solution extracts low-
molecular-weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded
cellulose in wood and pulp. The solubility of wood could indicate the degree of a fungus
decay or of degradation by heat, light, oxidation, etc. As the wood decays or degrades,
the percentage of the alkali-soluble material increases. The solubility of wood indicates
an extent of cellulose degradation during bleaching processes and has been related to
strength and other properties of wood.

Procedure:

Weigh about 10 g of the samples in 200-mL tall form beakers. Do not cut or shred by
mechanical devices. Add 75 mL of 1% NaOH solution and stir with the pulp dispersion
apparatus until it is dispersed. Rinse with 25 mL of the NaOH reagent, adding it to the
beaker so that 100 ± 1 mL of the reagent is added to the solution. (Some could be
dispersed readily by stirring and macerating with a glass rod; however, complete
dispersion is essential, and too low a solubility value will be obtained if dispersion is not
complete). Cover the beaker with a watch glass and place in a water bath maintained at
97° to 100°C for 60 min. Keep the water in the bath boiling and its level above that of the
alkali solution in the beaker. Stir with a rod for about 5 s at 10, 15, and 25 min after placing
in the bath. At the end of 60 min transfer the material to a tared filtering crucible and wash
with 100 mL of hot water. Then add 25 mL of 10% acetic acid and allow to soak for 1 min
before removal. Repeat this step with a second 25-mL portion of 10% acetic acid. Wash
the material finally with hot water until acid-free. Dry the crucible and contents in an oven
at 105° ± 3°C to a constant weight, cool in a desiccator, and weigh. One percent Sodium
Hydroxide Solubility was calculated by the equation:

S = [(A - B)/A] × 100

where
A = oven-dry weight of the test specimen before extraction, g
B = oven-dry weight of the test specimen after extraction, g

Data Gathering

This part must include the process of how data collection will be conducted. Indicate
the control group and experimental group/s to be used. Importantly, this provides
measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that
enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes.

Data Analysis

This section should include the plan for data handling and statistical analysis. Provide
a 1-2 sentence definition from the reference materials, then, discuss it further by aligning
it with the context of the research. Indicate the level of measurement as well for each data
collected to further justify the chosen statistical analysis. Include the process of how the
data will be analyzed, the software to be used, and the hypothesis testing interpretation.
 References

(The second line is indented, with complete 5

basic elements of a reference, no right alignment,
using APA 7th Edition, with 2020 and above
sources)