Report of In-plant Training

In
BDC Engineers Pvt Ltd

By
Mr. Sandip S Dhotre (B.Tech-2019_31)

Under the Guidance of

Mr.A.S.Borole

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

Of

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University

Aurangabad.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Maharashtra Institute of Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Aurangabad
(2022-2023)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that an In-Plant Training Report is
Submitted by
Mr. Sandip S Dhotre (B.Tech-2019_31)

Is completed as per the requirement of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada

University, Aurangabad, in partial fulfillment of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

For the Academic Year

2022-2023

Mr.A.S.Borole Dr. S. M. Badave Dr. S.P.Bhosle

Internal Guide Head of Department Director
 INTRODUCTION TO BIM-MEP
This chapter addresses the integration of BIM with MEP and its coordination. The MEP
sector of the construction industry is critical to the overall success of a project. BIM was
introduced as a technology to help project managers be more efficient. Later in this
chapter, we discuss the mechanical part that is ELECTRICAL design using BIM.

1.1. Background

Ren et al (2016) states that Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent, 3D

model-based process that helps MEP professionals design, detail, document, and
fabricate building systems more efficiently. With BIM, project teams improve
collaboration, share data, and speed up project delivery from design to construction.

Working in a BIM process gives MEP project teams insight into design and
constructability, to improve accuracy, reduce and resolve clashes, and optimize building
systems design.

Using BIM, MEP engineers can make better design decisions earlier to optimize designs,
reduce risk, and improve accuracy and constructability.

Building information modeling (BIM) is a kind of volume modeling founded by

Autodesk company, which sets the preliminary scheme, the construction of the mid and
the late operation and management of the project as a whole, and covers all parameters
of the project (including construction information, equipment information, construction
cycle planning, real estate operation and management, etc.). Now the BIM technology
has been gradually changed from theoretical research to practical engineering
application, and for construction projects, improving the quality of the solution and the
accuracy of the design can reduce the unnecessary investment from all sides in the
process of construction, shorten construction life cycle, save resources and reduce
construction cost.

1
1.2 BIM in Electrical

Compared with the 2-dimensional technology, the application of the BIM technology in
Electrical design involves more information, visualization and digitization, and the
Electrical design from 2D to 3D takes a revolutionary step. In the 3D models, there is
all detailed information of the equipments and cable tray,cabling,including size,
performance, material, elevation and so on, which greatly improve the design accuracy.
The NavisWorks collision check function based on BIM shows the collisions between
cable tray, the cabling and the equipment, the cable tray and the construction. At the
design stage, the designers’ quickly, precisely and effectively solving collision problems
can effectively reduce the construction rework rate and shorten the construction period.
At present stage, the BIM technology is in the initial stage of development, and related
standards are not perfect. The BIM technology is not used by the majority of designers.
Parts of the domestic design units establish their own material library and library family,
but they are only used by their own designers, not shared with the outside world, which
restrict the development of BIM to some extent. Hope that the software can improve the
library family, perfect the material library, improve the load calculation, combine with
the energy consumption analysis software Energy Plus or indoor environment
simulation software Fluent etc., make full use of its information advantages and finally
achieve the purpose of building energy conservation.

2
1.3 Overview of the Company

1.3.1 About BDC Engineers

BDC is an engineering services firm delivering quality Building Information Modeling

(BIM) & CAD solutions to client in India, US, UK, Canada, Middle-East, Europe and
Australia. BDC has been working on delivering BIM solutions to their partners
worldwide.

They have recently setup office in Nasik & Nagpur to better serve clients,with a team of
internationally trained, experienced professionals, working with a deep understanding
of technology and global construction standard. BDC collaborates with clients
worldwide on their prestigious Architectural and MEP projects.

BDC ENGINEERS has the technical capability to provide advanced BIM solutions and
CAD drafting/ detailing services. They maintain MEP design proficiency to facilitate
engineers for designing and detailing high performance Electrical,lighting, plumbing
Electrical systems and HVAC Systems. The precise drafting skills of team enable to
organize designs professionally and increase the efficiency for an integrated
construction process. Services are associated with design development right from
concept, detail design to installation phases and are directed towards serving clients to
meet their project goals competently. A design that supports clash free installation and
higher sustainability is their core strength. Their global delivery system allows to
maintain constant contact with clients making geographical separation meaningless. We
recognize the importance of effective work process management & regular
communication while outsourcing the services. We have developed an ideal mix of
infrastructure, experience, expertise global presence and commitment to excellence that
has led to long standing relationship.

3
1.3.2 Principles and Values

BDC ENGINEERS has the technical capability to provide advanced BIM solutions and
CAD drafting/ detailing services. BDC incepted in the year 2015 and have been
progressively offering services on MEP, ELECTRICAL MODELING, ELECTRICAL
DESIGN, Firefighting etc. They maintain MEP design proficiency to facilitate engineers
for designing and detailing high performance electrical, lighting and ELECTRICAL
Systems. The precise drafting skills of team enable to organize designs professionally
and exploit the efficiency for an integrated construction process. Services are associated
with design development right from concept, detail design to installation phases and are
directed towards serving clients to meet their project goals competently.

1.3.3 Objectives • To maximize client value by adopting the latest technologies &
innovations, improving project efficiency by streamlining workflow and providing
services of superior quality. • To save time by using global resources for technical
expertise and leveraging time zone advantages.

• Reducing the client's expenditure by intelligent use of a dedicated workforce.

• Creating a seamless transition from projects to operations by capturing all assets.

4
1.3.4 Company Size

CATEGORY STRENGTH

Project Directors 2

BIM Manager 4

Consulting Architect 3

Consulting Structural Engineers 2

Architect 3

Civil Engineers 7

Mechanical Engineers 10

IT Admin 2

BIM Lead 4

H.R Manager 2

BIM Specialist 4

Table 1.1

1.4 TYPES OF DEPARTMENT

1.4.1 Electrical Building Design

Our specialized Electrical Design and Drafting Services:

• Generating Electrical layouts in accordance with the Drafting Standards

• Electrical Layouts and Schematics

• Electrical Design Services

• Power and Lighting Design

• Fire Protection Services

• Wiring Diagrams and Cable tray/Routing Drawings

• Panel Designing and Scheduling

5
• Bill Of Materials/Quantity (BOM/BOQ)

Proficiency in the field of Electrical Engineering and ELV Services are: Lighting system
drafting comprising of Lighting Fixtures and Installations, CCTV Installation, Interior
and Exterior Lighting Designs.

Power Switch Layouts and Panels, Power Supply Network, Electrical Wiring Networks,
Switch Gear Layouts, Control Room Layouts, Power Transformer layouts, Zero Clash
Detection Analysis. Low voltage systems, Audio Visual & communication systems.

In Fig 1.1 below BIM model of an ELECTRICAL model is shown which provides
accurate footprint with reference to the architectural grids and structural drawings. BIM
model before start of construction. These drawings can be directly downloaded into GPS
instruments for fast and accurate layout at site. These drawings are generated directly
from coordinated BIM models and are detailed enough for workshop fabrication and/or
on-site construction. Advanced BIM tools help in revisions management and document
control.

Fig 1.1 BIM Model Of Electrical System

6
1.4.1 Heat Ventilation and Air-Conditioning

BDC specializes in the simulated construction of 3D BIM models using a range of

inputs including contract documents, specification sheets, design documents &
equipment submittals. The final model is generated after resolving any clash by re-
routing ductwork, changing elevations and duct re-sizing. Value Engineering and
Design Validations are also offered.

Our HVAC duct design and drafting services include the following

• HVAC duct design, drafting, and engineering solutions

• Design layout drawings and duct sizing

• Design and development of construction drawings

• Typical Details, schedules, schematics and legends

• Heat load calculations

• Equipment selection, terminal connection details and sizing

• Piping layout

• Submittals, mechanical equipment layouts, sections and elevation drawings

• Plant Room detailing.

1.4.2 Plumbing Design Services

BDC provides efficient plumbing solutions to global clients. They deliver optimized
plumbing design and drafting services. Expertise in piping design services, plumbing
drain design for high rise and residential buildings.

• Plumbing/ Piping Design Services

• Plumbing Engineering Services

• Plumbing Drain Design Services

• Plumbing / Piping Drafting Services

• High rise plumbing design and drafting services

7
1.4.3 Fire Protection System Design

Fire Protection Services includes Firefighting & Fire Alarm system Design, Detailing
works of Shop & As-built drawings. We prepare the drawings according to the
requirements for Civil Defense department approval either in NFPA standards or
international standards. Our expertise includes:

• Firefighting System Layout with proper sprinkler distribution & installation detailing

• Preparation of Fire sprinkler input / output reports

• Fire Pump room design

• Fire Hydrant / Fire hose reel cabinet distribution as per Code

• Addressable Fire Alarm system design

1.4.4 Navisworks Department

This Department mainly focuses on Model coordination and Clash Detection.

We produce a coordinated BIM model after carrying out clash detection among all the
trades (Architecture, Structure, Concrete, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, Fire
Protection, etc.). Clashes are resolved through sharing 3D clash snapshot. Clashes are
resolved by changing elevation, re-routing utilities and re-sizing. Value Engineering is
also offered to recover system efficiency, reduce costs, energy savings and easier
construction and maintenance.

Fig 1.2 shows a section of Navisworks Simulate and Manage software help teams
deliver projects effectively. Navisworks Manage includes clash detection and
interference management tools plus the core capabilities of Navisworks Simulate for
model review, quantification, and coordination.

Coordination thus becomes much easier when using Navisworks Software.

8
 Fig 1.2 Co-ordinated BIM Model.

Besides MEP modelling services BDC is also equipped with other departments like
Architechtural services, Structural Services and Shop Drawings

1.4.5 Architectural Services

Services offered are that of new- build, renovation and master planning. The procedure
followed is from schematic conceptual design; evolving throughout the design
development till the final construction documentation.

1.4.5. Structural Services

• Structural engineering services includes

• Foundation plan drawings

• Drawings for shallow, raft and pile foundations design and drawing

• RCC joint, slab details, roof truss and joint details.

• RCC and steel plan & machine foundation details.

• Chimney foundation drawings with base plate, shoe plate, and foundation bolt details
Longitudinal and cross-sections of beams and columns

• Steel structures with welded, riveted or bolted steel connection details.

9
2. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Introduction to Electrical Systems in BIM

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a collaborative approach to the design,

construction, and management of buildings and infrastructure projects. It uses 3D
modeling and intelligent data to facilitate better communication, coordination, and
decision-making throughout the project lifecycle. BIM is not limited to just architectural
elements; it also includes various building systems, such as the electrical system.

The electrical system in a building is crucial for providing power, lighting, and control
to various devices and equipment. In the context of BIM, the electrical system is
modeled and integrated into the overall building model to ensure accurate representation
and efficient coordination among different trades. Here's an introduction to how the
electrical system is implemented within the BIM process:

1. Electrical Modeling: In BIM, the electrical system is represented through

intelligent 3D models that include electrical components, such as lighting fixtures,
electrical panels, switches, outlets, conduits, and cables. Each element is associated with
specific data, including manufacturer information, technical specifications, electrical
loads, and connections.

2. Coordination with Other Disciplines: One of the primary benefits of BIM is

interdisciplinary coordination. The electrical model is integrated with other building
systems, such as architecture, structural, mechanical, and plumbing, to detect and
resolve clashes and conflicts before construction. Clash detection helps prevent issues
like cables running through walls or interference between electrical and HVAC systems.

3. Quantification and Cost Estimation: BIM allows for accurate quantification and
cost estimation of the electrical system. By associating each electrical component with
relevant data, the system can automatically calculate quantities and provide material
schedules, making it easier for project stakeholders to manage costs.

4. Energy Analysis and Efficiency: BIM enables energy analysis of the electrical
system, providing insights into the building's energy consumption. Designers can use

10
this data to optimize the system for energy efficiency and make informed decisions about
lighting fixtures, power distribution, and other electrical components.

5. Construction and Maintenance Planning: The electrical system's BIM model aids
in construction planning and sequencing. It enables electricians to understand the layout
of components and their installation requirements accurately. Additionally, the BIM
model can be used during building maintenance to locate and manage electrical assets
effectively.

6. Lifecycle Management: BIM supports the entire building lifecycle, from design
to demolition. The electrical system's BIM data can be utilized for facility management,
asset tracking, and future renovations or expansions.

7. Collaborative Project Environment: BIM fosters collaboration among project

stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors, and facility managers. All
parties can access and contribute to the shared model, improving communication and
reducing errors throughout the project's life.

In summary, integrating the electrical system into the BIM process provides numerous
advantages, such as improved coordination, enhanced visualization, better cost
estimation, energy efficiency, and effective facility management. BIM has
revolutionized the way electrical systems are designed, constructed, and maintained,
contributing to more efficient and sustainable.

2.1 Electrical Modelling

Electrical modeling in MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) refers to the process
of creating a digital representation of electrical systems within a building using
Autodesk Revit software. Revit is a powerful Building Information Modeling (BIM)
tool that enables engineers and designers to create detailed 3D models, generate accurate
drawings, and perform calculations for various building systems.

When it comes to electrical modeling in Revit, there are several key

steps involved:

1.Setting up the project: Start by creating a new project in Revit and configuring the
project settings, including units, project location, and other relevant parameters.

11
2.Creating the electrical system: Begin by defining the electrical system in the project.
This includes creating panels, switchboards, transformers, distribution boards, and other
electrical equipment.

3.Placing electrical components: Use Revit's extensive library of electrical components

to add items such as receptacles, lighting fixtures, electrical devices, conduits, and cable
trays to the model. These components can be placed in 3D space and connected to the
relevant electrical systems.

4.Routing electrical circuits: Define the electrical circuits by routing electrical wires or
cables between the various components. Revit provides tools to draw electrical circuit
paths, assign wire types, and specify wire sizes.

5.Assigning loads and parameters: Specify the electrical loads for each circuit, including
lighting loads, power loads, and other electrical equipment loads. You can also assign
parameters such as voltage, phase, and power factor for accurate calculations.

6.Performing electrical calculations: Revit can perform basic electrical calculations,

such as voltage drop calculations and circuit sizing based on the defined loads and circuit
parameters. However, for more detailed or specialized calculations, additional software
or plugins may be required.

7.Generating documentation: Once the electrical model is complete, Revit can

automatically generate electrical drawings, schedules, panel schedules, and other
documentation based on the model data. These drawings and schedules can be
customized to meet specific project requirements.

2.2.1 Equipment placement

Electrical modelling has two parts

1.Lighting :For lighting we will use celling plan

2.power: for power we will use floor plan

Celling plan : light feacturs, socket, detector, splinker, all the device which connected
the celling switches wiring connection, socket

Floor plan : cable tray, conduit, duct, piping, all this modelling will done floor plan

12
Equipment placement in MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) refers to the
process of determining the appropriate locations for mechanical, electrical, and
plumbing equipment within a building. This includes equipment such as HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) units, electrical panels, pumps, chillers,
water heaters, and other devices that are essential for the proper functioning of building
systems.

When it comes to equipment placement in MEP, here are some key considerations:

1.Design requirements: Understand the functional requirements of the equipment and

the design criteria specified for the project. This includes factors such as capacity,
performance, accessibility, maintenance requirements, and safety codes.

2.Space availability: Assess the available space within the building for equipment
placement. Consider the dimensions, clearances, and any restrictions or limitations
imposed by architectural elements, structural components, or building codes.

3.Equipment connections: Determine the optimal locations for equipment placement

based on the required connections. For example, HVAC units need to be positioned near
the appropriate ductwork, electrical panels require access to power sources, and
plumbing equipment must be located near the necessary water and drainage lines.

4.System integration: Coordinate equipment placement with other building systems.

Ensure that the locations of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing equipment are
compatible and properly integrated. This coordination helps avoid clashes, conflicts, or
interference between different systems.

13
5.Accessibility and maintenance: Consider the ease of access for equipment installation,
operation, and maintenance. Equipment should be placed in locations that allow for
convenient servicing, repair, and replacement when needed. Accessibility to control
panels, filters, valves, and other components should be taken into account.

6.Structural support: Assess the structural requirements for supporting the equipment.
Some heavy or large equipment may require additional support or reinforcement to
ensure stability and safety. Consult with structural engineers to determine the necessary
structural provisions.

7.Noise and vibration considerations: Evaluate the noise and vibration generated by
equipment. Proper equipment placement can help minimize noise transmission to
occupied spaces and reduce vibrations that could affect the building's structural integrity
or occupants' comfort.

8.Safety considerations: Ensure that equipment placement adheres to safety standards

and regulations. This includes maintaining proper clearances, providing adequate
ventilation for heat-generating equipment, and considering emergency access and egress
routes.

When using software like Autodesk Revit for MEP design, equipment placement can
be facilitated through the use of intelligent objects and tools that allow for precise
positioning and coordination with other building components. The software also
enables visualization of the equipment layout in 3D, aiding in clash detection and
spatial coordination.

14
 Fig 2.1 Equipment placement

2.2.2 wiring connection

Wiring connections in MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) refer to the process
of establishing electrical connections between various components and devices within a
building. Proper wiring connections are essential to ensure the safe and efficient
distribution of electrical power and signals throughout the building.

Here are the key steps involved in wiring connections in MEP:

Electrical design: Start by developing an electrical design that includes the layout of
electrical components, such as electrical panels, switches, outlets, and lighting fixtures.
Determine the circuitry and distribution of power based on the electrical load
requirements and codes/regulations.

Cable routing: Determine the routing of electrical cables or conductors between the
various components. Consider factors such as cable length, voltage drop limitations,
cable tray or conduit requirements, and accessibility for future maintenance and
upgrades.

15
Cable selection: Choose appropriate cables or conductors based on the electrical load,
voltage, and environmental conditions. Consider factors such as wire size, insulation
type, and current-carrying capacity to ensure the cables can safely handle the electrical
load.

Cable termination: Terminate the cables at their respective connection points. This
involves making proper electrical connections, such as stripping the cable insulation,
attaching connectors, and securely fastening the conductors.

Connection methods: The choice of connection methods can vary depending on the
specific application and electrical code requirements. Common methods include wire
nuts, terminal blocks, crimp connectors, and soldering. Follow manufacturer
recommendations and applicable electrical standards when making connections.

Grounding and bonding: Ensure proper grounding and bonding connections are made as
per electrical codes. Grounding helps protect against electrical faults and ensures the
safety of occupants and equipment. Bonding connections are made to establish
equipotential bonding between metallic components to prevent potential differences.

Circuit testing: After making the wiring connections, perform circuit testing to verify
the continuity, voltage levels, and functionality of the electrical circuits. This includes
using appropriate electrical testing equipment to check for proper voltage, insulation
resistance, and continuity.

Documentation: Maintain accurate documentation of the wiring connections, including

circuit layouts, wiring diagrams, and schedules. This documentation is essential for
troubleshooting, maintenance, and future modifications or additions to the electrical
system.

16
It's important to note that electrical wiring connections should always be carried out by
qualified electricians or professionals with expertise in electrical installations.
Compliance with local electrical codes and safety standards is crucial to ensure the
reliability and safety of the electrical system.

Fig.2.2 wiring conection

17
3 INTRODUCTION TO HVAC SYSTEMS.
Abdul (2016) stated that the basic motive of designing an HVAC system for the building
industry is to maintain the human comfort conditions inside the building space.

• Human Comfort Condition: - Temperature: 24.4°C / 76°F

• Relative Humidity: 50 %

• Air Quality: Fresh Air for Oxygen, Dust Filtration, Noise Criteria (NC) [25 – 50]

This human comfort conditions is as stated by ASHRAE, which stands for American
Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-conditioning Engineers.

Fig3.1 HVAC Model showing supply and return system.

In Fig 4. different vents from the source ie the fan coil unit at the top comes down and
plays the role of refreshing the air , supply and return system are situated across

Generally HVAC is classified into two systems

18
1. Fresh Air System: In Fresh Air System, fresh ambient air is been supplied from
outdoor environment to the indoor space to maintain oxygen requirement in the room.
This air can be partially or completely treated before been supplied to the room space.

2. Exhaust Air System: In this system, the bad or unwanted air is removed from the
indoor space to the outdoor environment.

3.1 Simple VCC (Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle)

Fig.3.2 Simple Vapour Compression Cycle

Fig . 3.2. shows the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle which involves four
components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve/throttle valve and evaporator. It
is a compression process, whose aim is to raise the refrigerant pressure, as it flows from
an evaporator. The high-pressure refrigerant flows through a condenser/heat exchanger
before attaining the initial low pressure and going back to the evaporator.

Fig 3.3 Bell-Coleman cycle

19
Step 1: Compression The refrigerant (for example R-717) enters the compressor at low
temperature and low pressure. It is in a gaseous state. Here, compression takes place to
raise the temperature and refrigerant pressure. The refrigerant leaves the compressor and
enters to the condenser. Since this process requires work, an electric motor may be used.
Compressors themselves can be scroll, screw, centrifugal or reciprocating types.

Step 2: Condensation The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is transferred

from the refrigerant to a flow of water. This water goes to a cooling tower for cooling in
the case of water-cooled condensation. Note that seawater and air-cooling methods may
also play this role. As the refrigerant flows through the condenser, it is in a constant
pressure. One cannot afford to ignore condenser safety and performance. Specifically,
pressure control is paramount for safety and efficiency reasons. There are several
pressure-controlling devices to take care of this requirement

Step 3: Throttling and Expansion When the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it
expands and releases pressure. Consequently, the temperature drops at this stage.
Because of these changes, the refrigerant leaves the throttle valve as a liquid vapor
mixture, typically in proportions of around 75 % and 25 % respectively. Throttling
valves play two crucial roles in the vapor compression cycle. First, they maintain a
pressure differential between low- and high-pressure sides. Second, they control the
amount of liquid refrigerant entering the evaporator.

Step 4: Evaporation At this stage of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle, the
refrigerant is at a lower temperature than its surroundings. Therefore, it evaporates and
absorbs latent heat of vaporization. Heat extraction from the refrigerant happens at low
pressure and temperature. Compressor suction effect helps maintain the low pressure.
There are different evaporator versions in the market, but the major classifications are
liquid cooling and air cooling, depending whether they cool liquid or air respectively.

20
3.2.Air Conditioning

Sharad (2020) states merely lowering or raising the temperature provides comfort in
general to the machines or its components and living beings in particular. In case of
machine components along with temperature, humidity also has to be controlled and for
the comfort of human beings along with these two important parameters, air motion and
cleanliness also play a vital role. Air conditioning works on the same principle as that
of Refrigerating system. Air conditioning is that branch of engineering science that deals
with the conditioning of air supplying and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric
conditions for human comfort, irrespective of external conditions. It also deals with the
conditioning of air for industrial processes, food processing, storage of foods and other
materials.

3.3 Refrigerants

Shukla et al. (2020) the refrigerant is a heat-carrying medium, which during their cycle
in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from a low temperature system and discards it
to high temperature body. Example: Air, Water, Refrigerant gases like R-22, R-134a, R-
410a etc. R-22: Chlorodifluoroethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydro
chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colourless gas is better known as HCFC-22 or R-22.
The boiling point of R-22 is -41.3°F (at atmospheric pressure 14.7 psi, 1 bar abs) R-
134A: 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrafluoroethane, R-134a , Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Suva 134a or
HFC134a. It is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12
(dichlorodifluoromethane) but with less ozone depletion potential. It has the formula
CH2FCF3 and boiling point of -26.3°C (- 15.34°F) at atmospheric pressure. NH3:
Ammonia or ozone is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3

3.4 Heat Load Estimation

• Heat – it is a form of energy which can be neither created nor destroyed, but changes
its form from one to another. Heat can be measured in terms of British Thermal Units
(BTU).

21
• BTU – 1 BTU is an amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of
water by 1°F.

• TR – 1 TR is an amount of cooling given by 1 ton of ice kept in a room of dimensions

10’ x 10’ x 10’ in the next 24 hours.

• 1 TR = 12000 BTU , 1 TR = 3.513 KW , 1 TR = 3.41 BTU/hr Heat Load Calculation

– It is a mathematical procedure of calculating or determining the amounts of heat which
can get generated inside the building through internal & external sources of heat. This
heat has to be removed from the building space to maintain a set of cooling conditions
or in other words provide cooling to the room space to maintain the indoor conditions.
This is measured in terms of TR (Tons of Refrigeration).

3.5 Sources of Heat

Fig 3.4. Sources of Heat

Different forms of sources are there from which the the heat can enter a space which can
be seen from Fig 2.4. 1.

External Sources a. Sun – Wall, Glass, Roof, Partition b. Air – Ventilation, Infiltration
2. Internal Sources a. People b. Lighting (Watts) c. Equipment (KW)

Purpose of Load Calculations: Load calculations can be used to accomplish one or more
objectives:

1. Provide information for equipment selection and HVAC system design.

2. Provide data for evaluation of the optimum possibilities for load reduction.

3. Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and control

22
4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this Chapter we are discussing what are the losses in HVAC system initially and
advantages of VRV systems. Secondly the other activities, projects and tasks undertaken
by me during the internship namely Lighting load calculation, Cable sizing, Revit
modelling, Navisworks Clash detection.

Heat recovery is readily accomplished with the refrigerant when some of the indoor
units are heating and some of the units are cooling.

According to one manufacturer’s published data, if a 50% demand for full cooling and
a 50% demand for full heating exist, in the heat recovery mode the compressor would
only be 48% loaded. Duct losses are confined to the ventilation air which is normally
about 1/5th of the air flow of a ducted system circulating and conditioning both the
ventilation air and there circulated air.

Modern VRF systems provide some major advantages, such as zoning, individual
temperature control, minimized ductwork, excluding the need for secondary fluids
(chilledwater or hot-water distribution), and associated costs. This all-electric
technology consists of a single outdoor condensing unit, multiple indoor units serving
various zones, refrigerant piping with branch selectors, and associated controls.

23
4.1 Electrical Lighting Load Calculation and DB Scheduling Project :

Residential Villa Building

Lighting and Power Load Calculations and Placement , Distribution Board Scheduling
according to NBC and BS.

Fig 4.1 Lighting fixture placement

In the above Fig 4.1, the CAD Plan of lighting fixture placement can be seen, which is
simply a matter of calculating the total surface area over which the required
illuminance is to be distributed and multiplying this by the required illumination level
using the formula given below. This gives the amount of "useful" light required. From
this, the total installed flux can be determined

24
 Fig 4.2 DB Placement

For a lighting circuit as seen in Fig 4.2 , the maximum number of light points is 8. One
can thus use up to 8 light bulbs. For a 16-ampere socket, the maximum number of points,
and therefore plug sockets, varies between 5 and 8 depending on the section size of the
conductor and its level of protection. All connected in one Distribution board.

4.2 Methodology for calculating lighting requirement

No.of lights requirement = Eavg*A/(M.f*C.U.F*5amp)

• Eavg=Required lux or illuminance

• 5amp=Luminuos flux

• C.U.F= coefficient of utilization

• m.f= Maintenance factor

25
Load Calculations are done according to National Building code Vol.2,Sec.2

Fig 4.3 Lighting load calculations

Fig 4.4 Cable sizing

Distribution Board scheduling and Balancing load equally among three phases.

In Fig 4.3 and Fig 4.4 we can see that according to area the required lumens is calculated
and the same power is included in the cable scheduling, the power from the light is
considered and also from the socket is considered for Total Power Calculation. This is
further divided into three phase of distribution board R, Y, B. After getting the power
load a safety factor of 25% is considered. Havells Catalogue is then used for the selection
of cable according to the no. of phases and the amount of current estimated.

26
4.3 Revit (MEP) Modelling

Help drive accurate design, analysis, and documentation of efficient building (services)
systems from concept through construction

Typical applications:

• Building systems modelling and layout

• Duct and pipe system modelling

• Duct and pipe sizing/pressure calculations

• HVAC and electrical system design

• Conduit and cable tray modelling

• Sustainable design with building performance analysis Two major phases of MEP
design: 1. Schematic design

• Gathering requirements from client

• Develop & evaluate the design concepts & options

• Simulations & visual information for decision makers 2. Detailed design

• Modelling building according to the decisions made in schematic design phase

• Design development to produce detailed design information (for tendering &

construction)

4.3.1 HVAC Modelling

• CAD files are given as input for 3D Modelling in Revit.

• Architechture and structural files are provided to link within Revit file as seen in Fig
4.9

• After the mechanical template is being open we have to link the the files after copying
the levels of architechture and grades so that they properly align.

• Mechanical template is selected to enable the plan for HVAC modelling.

• BOD (Bottom of Duct) is taken as the elevation for the entire HVAC system
modelling.

27
• Filters are given to different systems such as Supply air Duct , Return Air Duct ,
Exhaust Air Duct and also to Air terminals linked in the project.

Fig 4.5 3D View of HVAC Modelling

Fig 4.6 CAD Drawing linked with Revit Software

• Architecture and structural files are provided to link within Revit file as seen in Fig
4.9 where the CAD file overlaps the Revit Architecture file and the modelling becomes
easier.

28
4.3.2 Electrical Modelling

• Placement of lighting fixtures and cable tray without fittings

• Creating switch system, connecting, and disconnecting lightings and sockets

according to CAD inputs.

• Verifying the Model by TAB visualizing the switch system.

Fig 4.7 Creating Lighting System in Electrical Modeling

In Fig 4.10 to create the switches and outlets, you will use the Place Component
command. It maybe be obvious, but you need walls as a host object before you can place
switches and outlets. If you need more families for types of switches and outlets, you
can find them in the default libraries.

Fig 4.8 Creating Switch System and adding Lights to it

The first step to creating lights is to create a ceiling. Firstly as seen in Fig 4.12 we are
working in one of the Ceiling Plans. The ceiling is the host object for any lights that you

29
want to place. As long as we have a ceiling, just like the switches and outlets, we can
use the Place Component command to insert lights.

Fig 4.9 3D View of Cable Tray layout

Fig 4.10 3D View of Cable Tray layout

The final drawings for a cable tray wiring system are completed and sent out for bid or
construction more quickly than for a conduit wiring system. Cable trays simplify the
wiring system design process and reduces the number of details as seen in Fig 4.13.

30
 Fig 4.11 Sheet Creation in Revit

In Fig 4.17 we can see that the sheet creation is done for the HVAC model Setting up
the format, changing labels, and feeding the date, title and details in each one separately
is a familiar experience for those creating Set. Revit uses automated sheet templates that
update according to the contents, making the process faster and error-free.

4.4.1.Schedule in Revit Software.

A significant part of project documentation is creating and updating schedules. Revit

allows linking the schedules with the 3D model, streamlining the process of creating and
updating them with the design. As a result, schedules are updated instantly, helping in
keeping track of changes in material quantity.

Scheduling is done within Revit itself the category is selected and the types of lists
needed such as System Name, Size, Type, Count etc.

Created Schedule as seen in Fig 4.18 is then Exported to Microsoft Excel.

Fig 4.12 Duct Schedule

31
4.4.2 Navisworks

Used primarily in construction industries to complement 3D design packages (such as

Autodesk Revit, AutoCAD, and MicroStation) Navisworks allows users to open and
combine 3D models, navigate around them in real-time and review the model using a
set of tools including comments, redlining, viewpoint, and measurements.

Features:

• Co-ordination.

• Model review.

• Model simulation and viewing. In this task a completed central model file is given
without worksets being formed.

Firstly each component according to its discipline is to be selected and a .nwc file
(Naviworks extension file) is to be made. Different and separate files must be made and
append it in the Navisworks. Clash Detection is to be performed selecting any two
disciplines, in this Fig 4.19 given below I have selected HVAC Vs Firefighting.

Fig 4.13 Clash Test Run

32
 Fig 4.14 Window showing No of Clashes

Fig 4.15 Navisworks Clash Detection

No. of Clashes detected is 122 as can be seen from Fig 4.20 such clashes are then saved
and can be resolved back in Revit Software.

33
Fig 4.16 Clash Report

34
 CONCLUSION

5.1 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

• The impacts of building envelop parameters; HVAC systems design, selection and
operational techniques; and lighting system design on energy consumption in the
selected commercial buildings from different climate zones have been studied.

• The estimation has been conducted in different stages to accomplish the project
objectives.

• In the initial phase, extensive literature was assessed for HVAC system operation,
energy efficiency in buildings, energy conservation and thermal comfort.

• It was apparent from earlier studies that energy efficiency in buildings and thermal
comfort conditions were primarily allied with HVAC system planning and procedure.

• In most countries one of the major contributions in energy consumption for buildings
come from HVAC system and especially a largest electric consumption found in
commercial buildings by HVAC.

• Through some studies conducted, apprehension about preserving and improving an

existing building energy system has guided designers to pay a lesser amount of
consideration towards comparative study for the proposed buildings.

• It was necessary to assess the current common practices adopted in commercial

building energy systems to identifying the impact and potential of energy efficiency
measures in different climate zones of India.

35
5.2 Learnings from In-Plant Training

• During this In-Plant Training, I was a Training Intern at BDC Engineers Pvt Ltd.

• I have observed and noted all the standard operating procedures required to initiate a
project in BIM modelling .During this I faced many errors and troubleshooting was done
with help of senior engineers for modelling all the disciplines of BIM.

• Had hands on practice on AutoCAD, Revit, Navisworks, Dialux software.

• CAD input files were sent by the lead for which modelling was told to be done
according to the industry standards practice.

• Creation of complete model with decentralized local file as well as central model was
carried out.

• Apart from modelling I also got to work on design projects especially Heat Load
Calculation of A Banquet Hall located in Hyderabad for which all the constraints and
environmental conditions were considered.

• ISHRAE, ASHRAE , Carrier Design data book followed during entire calculation of
the project.

• I have also done Lighting load calculation for a residential project with NBC standards
also DB Scheduling was done with Havells Catalogue used for cable size selection.

• Dialux software used for automating the lighting fixture requirement.

36
 REFERENCES

[1] Sharad Shukla, Uma Shankar Dubey, Pranshu Parouha, Shubham Patel, Shubham
Patel. Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building.
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. 2020; 7(2): 38–
48p.

[2] Andersson B., Wayne P., Ronald K. The impact of building orientation on residential
heating and cooling. Energy and Buildings,1985; 8; 205–224. 2.

[3] Omar et al. [2], Calculated the hourly cooling load due to different kinds of wall,
roof and fenestration using transfer function method (TFM).

[4] Shariah A., Bassam S., Akram R. and Brhan T., Effects of absorptance of external
surfaces on heating and cooling loads of residential buildings in Jordan Energy
Conversion and Management. 1998; 39; 273–284.

[5] ASHRAE, Fundamentals Handbook, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and AirConditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 2005.

[6] R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, S. Chand and
Company Ltd. Delhi, 2006.

[7] Kulkarni K., P.K. Sahoo and Mishra M., Optimization of cooling load for a lecture
theatre in a composite climate in India. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43; 1573– 1579.

[8] Nanjing Ren Lu-lu, Yu Yue-jin, Luo Lang Application of the BIM Technology in
the HVAC Design for an Office Building in MATEC Web of Conferences 6 , ICIEA
2016 8 13002 (2016)

[9] Md Elhelw Analysis of energy management for heating, ventilating and air-
conditioning systems in Alexandria Engineering Journal (2016) 55, 811–818

[10] (Online) https://www.united-bim.com/bim-for-mep-designers

[11] (Online) https://www.thecadroom.com/what-does-mep-mean-in-construction/#

[12] (Online)https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Vapor-compression-cycle-
VCCcomponents_fig1_261316964

37
UNDERTAKING

38
JOINING REPORT

39
ALLOTMENT LETTER

40
ROGRESS REPORT 1

41
ROGRESS REPORT 2

42
CERTIFICATE

43