LEVEL: 08

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
Unit: 01
ECOLOGY

Q2. Give Short Answers

ii) What is predation?
Ans. The relationship between predators and prey is called predation. Consumers that
actively hunt other organisms are called predators. The organism upon which a predator
feeds is called prey.
For example: A frog that eats an insect is a predator. The insect is the prey.
iii) Differentiate between:
a) oxygen and carbon cycle
Ans.
Carbon Cycle Oxygen cycle
The oxygen cycle is the cycle of Carbon is an essential constituent of
oxygen where in oxygen gets Organisms. Carbon from carbon dioxide
transferred between living systems (CO₂) is utilized by plants in
and the Environment. Photosynthesis.
This procedure contributes to keeping This carbon becomes a part of the food
the air’s oxygen content at a healthy made by them. Plants (producers) are
level. eaten by the herbivores which in turn
are eaten by the carnivores.

b) food chain and food web

Ans.
Food Chain
The feeding relationship among
organisms at different trophic levels
form a chain, called the food chain.
A food chain starts at the producer
level and is followed by herbivores
and carnivores. At the end, all
carnivores after death are consumed
by decomposers
Food Web
Food web is the relationships or
interaction between different
organisms
In food web all the animals feed in
more than one food chains and joined
together to make a food web.

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 Q3. Constructed Response Questions
i) Is the Sun the main source of energy for life on the Earth? Explain.
Ans. Yes! The Sun is the main source of energy for life on Earth. The sun is called the
ultimate source of almost all energies of the earth. Plants convert light energy from the
sun into chemical energy (food) by the process of photosynthesis.
ii) What would be the effect of overhunting?
Ans. Over hunting can cause extinction of many species. Over hunting of one animal
species causes an abundance of the other, hence leading to an imbalance in the natural
ecosystem and the food chain.
Q4. Investigate
i) What would happen if we will not work to reduce global warming?
Ans.If we will not work for the decrease of global warming, then heat waves will become
more frequent and severe around the world. Due to this, the wildlife and their habitat will
be destroyed, leading to species extinction.
ii) Why do the producers occupy the base of the pyramid?
Ans. Since, Plants create their own energy, they have no need to consume other living
species and are only consumed by others. Due to this reason, they occupy the base of
pyramid.
iii) Hypothesize what would happen in the ecosystem if the population of one of
the species is affected.
Ans. If the population of one species in an ecosystem rises, then intense competition will
result in ecosystem collapse. On the other hand, if the population of a species falls, it
leaves a gap in the ecosystem's processes and energy transfer chain..
Internal Questions

1) Differentiate between biotic and abiotic components.

Ans.
Biotic components Abiotic components
Define Living things of an environment Non-Living things of an
are called biotic components. environment are called abiotic
components
Examples Animals, plants etc. Carbon dioxide (CO2) ,water(H2O)
etc.
2) Define Ecology.
Ans. The study of relationships between the biotic and abiotic components of an
environment is called ecology.

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3) Define Ecosystem.
Ans. The system of interaction and interdependence between biotic and abiotic
components of the environment is called ecosystem.
4) Why plants are called Producer?
Ans. Plants produce their food through photosynthesis and are thus termed as Producers.
5) Define Consumers.
Ans. Living organisms which consume food prepared by producers are called consumers.
For example: Animals, Humans, etc.
6) Differentiate between carnivores and omnivores.
Ans.
Carnivores Omnivores.
Define Animals that eat other Living organisms which eat
animals are called plants as well as meat of animals
Carnivores. are called Omnivores.
Examples Lion, Tiger, etc. Humans, crow, etc.

7) Define trophic levels

Ans. The different feeding levels of organisms in an ecosystem are called trophic levels.
For example: producers, herbivores and primary consumers etc.
8) What is ecological interdependence?
Ans. In an ecosystem all living things are dependent on both nature and each other for
their survival. This dependence is called ecological interdependence.
9) What is ecological imbalance?
Ans. Ecological imbalance is defined as the disruption of the natural balance of the earth's
ecosystem.
10) What is the effect of "the introduction of a new species" in an ecosystem?
Ans. The entering of a foreign species into any area can imbalance the natural ecosystem.
For example in the Philippines, some such as toad and golden snail were introduced. The
population of these species went uncontrollable because of lack of natural enemies.
11) What is meant by over hunting?
Ans. Over hunting is any hunting which has an adverse impact on continuing population of
a species.
12) Define greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect.
Ans. Some gases present in the atmosphere, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH4),
oxides of nitrogen (NO₂), water vapors, etc., trap a part of the heat reflected by the Earth
causing increase in the atmospheric temperature. These gases are called greenhouse
gases and the phenomenon is called greenhouse effect.

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13) What is Ozone layer?
Ans. Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere of the Earth stops the ultraviolet rays coming
from the Sun to the Earth.
14) What is global warming?
Ans. The increasing rate of greenhouse effect is increasing the average temperature of the
Earth. As a result, the Earth is getting warmer. This is called global warming.
15) What are effects of global warming on the life on the earth?
Ans.
 Due to global warming, the ice in the Polar Regions and at the mountains melts at a
greater rate. This leads to rise in the level of sea water which creates floods in low lying
coastal areas.
 The climate of many regions of the world is also changing due to global warming. The
global warming is thus a threat to the life on the Earth.
16) Why the temperature of the Earth is increasing day by day?

Ans. The temperature of the Earth is increasing day by day due to greenhouse effect and
global warming.
17) Name some factors which affect global warming.
Ans. Following factors affect global warming:
 Burning of fossil fuels
 Deforestation
 Overpopulation
18) Define air pollutants. Write their effects.
Ans. The poisonous and harmful substances which make the air unfavourable for life are
called air pollutants.
Effects:
 Carbon monoxide effects human organ system badly and causes headache and
respiratory problems.
 Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain.
19) What is meant by deforestation? Write down its effects.
Ans. Destruction of forests as a result of human activities is called deforestation.
Effects:
 It changes weather and climate.
 Cutting of trees lead to soil erosion.
20) What do you know about Changa Manga?
Ans. Changa Manga is a man-made forest in Pakistan. It is found in district Kasur in the
Punjab.

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21) Define Overpopulation.
Ans. When the Population of an organism becomes larger than the capacity of an
environment, it is called overpopulation.
22) Write some solutions of environmental problems.
Ans. Here are some of the solutions of environmental problems:
 Reduction of Pollution
 Replantation
 Protection of endangered species
23) How can we reduce pollution?
Ans. We can take many steps to reduce pollution
 Domestic trash and other solid waste should not be dumped on open place.
 Instead of personal cars, public transport should be used.
 Sulphur and lead free petrol should be used in vehicles.
 Trees should be grown along the road sides.
24) Define endangered species? Write names of some endangered species in
Pakistan
Ans. Many species of animals and plants are at risk of extinction. Such species are called
endangered species.
 Some endangered species in Pakistan are Snow leopard, Indus River Dolphin, Markhor
etc.
25) Write down some causes of species extinction.
Ans. Some major causes of species extinction are:
 Habitat loss
 Global warming
 Excessive hunting
26) What are fossils and fossil fuels? How are they Important?
Ans. Fossils: A fossil is any preserved remains, impression or trace of any once-living thing
from a past geological age. For example: bones, shells, exoskeletons etc.
Fossil Fuels: A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the
remains of living organisms is called fossil fuel.
Importance:
 Fossil fuels provide people with most of their electric power and make modern
transportation possible
 Fossils provide important evidence for evolution and the adaptation of plants and
animals to their environments.
27) What would happen if decomposers are vanished from the face of Earth?
Ans. Without decomposers, dead leaves, dead insects and dead animals would pile up
everywhere. More importantly, decomposers make vital nutrients available to an
ecosystem's primary producers.

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LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Write a note on Competition and Symbiosis. (pg# 06)
2. Write a note on Global Warming. (pg# 08)

Unit: 02
Human Nervous System

Q3. Constructed Response Questions

ii) Predict what would happen if a nerve connection broke?

Ans If a nerve connection broke it would stop the transmission of signals to and from the
brain, preventing muscles from working and causing loss of feeling.

Q4. Investigate

i)Why a motorcyclist is advised to wear Helmet?

Ans A motor cyclist is advised to wear Helmet always because in case of any accident, the
most sensitive part of the body, the brain, remains safe from injury.

ii) A person is met an accident in a car. When he was brought to the Hospital he
did not know even his name. What could have happened to him? Relate your
answer with reference to your nervous system.
Ans During accident the most largest and topmost part of the brain cerebrum is injured,
that is why he lost his memory. Due to this fact he could not know his name.

Internal Questions
1) Define Nervous System.
Ans There is an Organ System in our body which carries message from one part of the
body to another and coordinates body functions. This system is called Nervous System.
2) Define Nerve impulse.
Ans Neuron or Nerve cells transmit messages in the form of electrochemical waves called
nerve impulse.
3) How the messages do travel from one part of body to the other?
Ans The messages travel from one part of body to the other in the form of nerve
impulses.

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4) Differentiate between Dendrites and Axons.
Ans
Dendrites
The fine projections of cell body which
receive messages are called dendrites.
Axons
A long projection of the cell body which
conducts messages away from the cell
body is called axon.

5) Differentiate between CNS & PNS.

Ans
CNS
Abbreviation CNS is abbreviated as Central
Nervous System.
Function Central Nervous System act as
a control Centre of the whole
Nervous system. It comprises
of brain and spinal cord.
PNS
PNS is abbreviated as
Peripheral Nervous System.
Peripheral Nervous System
consists of a network of nerves
which spread in the body to
connect all the body parts to
the CNS.

6) Differentiate between Dendrites and Axons.

Ans.
Dendrites Axons
The fine projections of cell body which A long projection of the cell body which
receive messages are called dendrites. conducts messages away from the cell
body is called axon.

7) How many types of Neurons are?

Ans. On the basis of their functions, neurons are of three types:
 Sensory Neurons
 Motor neurons
 Inter-neurons
8) What do you know about Inter-neurons?
Ans. Inter-neurons are present in central nervous system. They form a link between
sensory and motor neurons.
9) Write the functions of Motor Neurons.
Ans. Motor Neurons carry nerve impulses from central nervous system to effectors
(muscles and glands).

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10) Name the Parts of Brain.
Ans There are three parts of brain:
i.Forebrain
ii.Midbrain
iii. Hindbrain
11) Explain Midbrain.
Ans Midbrain is the small part of the brain which is present below the cerebrum. It
receives information from sense organs which is then passed to the appropriate part of
the forebrain.
12) Define Effectors.
Ans The motor neurons carry the nerve impulses to the parts of the body which produce
responses. Such parts are called Effectors.
13) Differentiate between cranial and spinal nerves.
Ans
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves
Define The nerves which arise from The nerves which arise from spinal
brain are called cranial nerves. cord are called spinal nerves.
Number There are 12 pairs of cranial There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
nerves in human body. in human body.

14) Differentiate between Voluntary and Involuntary actions.

Ans
Voluntary actions Involuntary actions
Define The body actions which are The body actions which are not
performed under conscious performed under conscious control
control are called voluntary are called involuntary actions.
actions..
Examples Speaking, reading, walking, etc. Heartbeat, breathing, blinking of
eyes etc.

15) Differentiate between Reflex action and Reflex Arc.

Ans
Reflex Action Reflex Arc
Define An immediate and involuntary The pathway of nerve impulses
response to a stimulus is called which complete a reflex action is
Reflex action. called reflex arc.

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 16) How do our bodies respond to the changes in Environment?
Ans Human may respond to environmental stress in four different ways:
Adaptation, development adjustment, acclimatization and cultural response.
17) Why do you pick your hand quickly when it touches a hot object?
Ans If we touch something that is very hot, our hand moves away quickly before we even
feel the pain. We do not have to think about it because the response is the reflex action
which does not involve the brain.

Long Questions
1. Write a note on CNS (central nervous system). (pg# 18,19)
2. Write a note on Nerve cell. (pg# 16)
3. What do you know about nerve? Explain types of neuron. (pg# 17)
4. Explain Working model of Nervous System. (pg# 19,20)
5. Write a note on Reflex action. (pg# 21)

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
Unit: 05
PERIODIC TABLE

Q3. Constructed Response Questions

i) Oxygen is a non-Metallic element.

a) What is the atomic number of Oxygen?

Ans. The atomic number of Oxygen is 8.
b) In which group of the periodic table, Oxygen is located?
Ans. Oxygen is located in 16th group of the periodic table.
c) In which period of the periodic table, Oxygen is located?
Ans. Oxygen is located in 2nd period of the periodic table.
d) How many electrons are required by Oxygen to complete its Valence shell?
Ans. Oxygen atom required two electrons to complete its Valence shell.
e) State any two uses of Oxygen in daily life.
Ans. 1.Oxygen cylinders are used in hospitals for curing patients feeling breathing problems.
2. Oxygen is also used in Combustion process.

ii) Sodium is a metallic element.

a) What is the symbol of Sodium?

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 Ans. The symbol of Sodium is Na.
b) What is the atomic number of Sodium?
Ans. The atomic number of Sodium is 11.
c) In which period of the periodic table, Sodium is located?
Ans. Sodium is located in 3rd period of the periodic table.
d) What is the group number of Sodium in the periodic table?
Ans. The group number of Sodium in the periodic table is 1.
d) Name the family of metals to which sodium belongs?
Ans. Sodium belongs to the family of Alkali metals.

iii) Name the members of the following families in the periodic table.
a) Alkali metals
Ans. The names of family members of Alkali metals in the periodic table are:
Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs),
Francium (Fr).
b) Alkaline earth metals
Ans. The name of Family members of alkaline earth metals in the periodic table are:
Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)
c) Halogens
Ans. The names of Family members of Halogens in periodic table are:
Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At).
d) Noble gases
Ans. The names of Family members of Noble gases in periodic table are:
Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Ra)
e) Name the element having same period number and group number.
Ans. The following elements have same periodic number and group number:
Hydrogen (H), Beryllium (Be)

Q4. Investigate
i) Why the chemical properties of the elements present in a same group are
similar?
Ans. Because, the elements in a group have same number of electrons in their outermost
shells. Hence, they have similar chemical properties.
ii) Why is mercury used in the thermometer to measure the body temperature?
Ans. Mercury is used in thermometer because:
 It is visible

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  It has a low freezing point
 It has a high boiling point
 It does not wet the glass
iii) Magnesium and Copper are kept in the same group of the Periodic Table.
Explain why?
Ans. Magnesium and Copper are kept in the same group of the Periodic Table because
they have same number of electrons (two) in their outermost shells. Both elements belong
to the second group of the modern periodic table and are called alkaline Earth metals.

Internal Questions
1) What do you know about Periodic table?
Ans. There are about 118 elements, 92 of which are naturally occurring. Scientists have
arranged these elements in a table called Periodic Table.
2) What do you know about mass number?
Ans. The sum of number of protons and the number of neutrons present in an atom of an
element is called mass number (A) of that element.
3) Define Atom.
Ans. The basic particle of an element is called an atom
4) How elements in the Periodic Table are arranged?
Ans. The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged from left to right in periods, in order
of increasing atomic number and top to bottom in groups on the basis of number of
electrons present in their valence shells.
5) What do you know about short, normal, long and very long periods of Periodic
table?
Ans. In the Periodic Table:
 First period is called short period. It consists of two elements
 Second and third periods are called normal periods, each having 8 elements in it.
 Fourth and fifth periods are called long periods, each having 18 elements in it.
 Sixth and seventh periods are very long periods, each containing 32 elements.

6) How groups of Periodic Table are numbered?

Ans. Groups are numbered on the basis of number of electrons in the outer valence shell of
their atoms.
For example: each element of group 1 contains one electron in the outermost shell or
valence shell of its atoms.
7) How many electrons are present in outermost shells of Phosphorus and
Aluminium?
Ans. There are 5 electrons in the outermost shell of Phosphorus and 3 electrons in the
outermost shell of Aluminium.

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8) Why group eighteen (18) elements of periodic table are called noble gases?
Ans. The elements of group 18 are called noble gases because their valance shells are
completely filled.
9) What are the well-known families of elements in the Periodic Table?

Ans. Following are the well-known families of elements in the Periodic Table:
i. Alkali metals ii. Alkaline earth metals iii. Transition metals
iv. Boron Family v. Carbon family vi. Nitrogen family
vii. Halogen family viii. Oxygen family ix. Noble gases.
10) Write name, symbols, atomic numbers and atomic masses of first five
Elements of periodic table.
Ans.
Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic mass
Hydrogen H 1 1
Helium He 2 4
Lithium Li 3 7
Beryllium Be 4 9
Boron B 5 11

11) Differentiate Between Metals and non-metals.

Ans.
Properties Metals Non-Metals
Strength Metals are mostly solid and hard. Non-metals are usually soft.
Conductance They are good conductors of heat They are bad conductors of
and electricity. heat and electricity.
Malleability and Metals can be drawn into wires Non-metals cannot be drawn
ductility or sheets. into wires or sheets.
Examples Iron, gold, silver, copper, etc. carbon, sulphur, chlorine,
bromine, hydrogen etc.
12) Name a liquid metal and a liquid non-metal.
Ans. Liquid Metal: Mercury
Liquid Non-Metal: Bromine
13) Why is Silver not used in pure form?
Ans. Pure Silver is typically soft and malleable. It is commonly alloyed to increase its
hardness and durability for various applications such as for making jewellery.
14) What do you know about Malleability and Ductility of metals?
Ans. Malleability of Metals: The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin
sheets is called malleability.
Ductility of Metals: The property of metals by which they can be pulled into wires is
called Ductility.

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15) Why some metals are used to make kitchen utensils?
Ans. Some metals have high melting and boiling points. Due to this property, some of these
metals are used to make kitchen utensils.
16) What do you know about German silver and Brass?
Ans.
 German silver is an alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. It is used to make jewellery and
decoratory objects.
 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is used to make pipes, nozzles and jewellery.

17) How metal alloys are formed?

Ans. Metal alloys are formed by melting two or more metals, mixing them together and
then cooling them at room temperature.
For Example: Brass is an alloy formed by melting, mixing and cooling two metals Copper
and Zinc.
18) What do you know about diamond?
Ans. Diamond is a form of carbon. It is the hardest matter on the Earth.
Uses: (1) It is used to cut glass.
(2) It is a shiny matter and is used in jewellery.
19) Write two uses of Hydrogen.
Ans. 1. Hydrogen when burnt with oxygen gives a very hot flame which is used for cutting
and welding metals
2. Hydrogen is also used for the manufacture of banaspati ghee from vegetable oils.
20) Two wires of Equal Length, one of the Copper and the other of some Alloy
have the same thickness, which one can be used for:
(a) Electrical Transmission lines (b) Electric heating of devices.
Give reasons of your answer. (pg# 53)
Ans. (a) Copper wire can be used in electrical transmission lines.
Reason: Copper is good conductor of electricity.
(b) Alloy wire can be used in electric heat device.
Reason: Alloy wire has better thermal property.

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. What are Periods in a periodic table? Explain in detail. (pg# 47,48)

2. What do you know about groups in modern periodic Table? (pg# 48,49)
3. Write any five properties and uses of non-metals. (pg# 53)

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 UNIT: 06
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Q3. Complete and Balance the following Incomplete Equations

(i) Mg(s) + O2(g)

Ans: Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO
(ii) CH4(g) + O2(g)
Ans: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) 2H2O + CO2
(iii) Fe(s) + S(s)
Ans: Fe(s) + S(s) FeS
(iv) N2(g) + H2(g)
Ans: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3
(v) Na(s) + Cl2(g)
Ans: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl

Q4. Balance the following Equations.

(i) Ca(HCO3) + HCl → CaCl₂ + CO2 + H₂O

Ans. Ca(HCO3) 2 + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + 2CO2 + 2H2O
(ii) NaBr + Cl₂ → NaCl + Br2
Ans. 2NaBr + Cl2 → 2NaCl + Br2
(iii) Fe + O2 → Fe2O3
Ans. 4Fe + 3O₂→ 2Fe2O3
(iv) NH4OH + H₂SO₄ → (NH4)2SO4 + H₂O
Ans. 2NH4OH + H₂SO₄ → (NH4)2SO4 + 2H₂O
(v) Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H₂
Ans. Zn+2HCl→ ZnCl2 + H₂
Q6. How do the following reactants react together? Write down complete
reactions and balance the resulting equations.
(i) Iron + Hydrochloric acid
(ii) Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
(iii) Carbon monoxide + Oxygen
(iv) Methane +Oxygen
(v) Carbon dioxide + Water

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 Ans:
(i) 2Fe + 6HCl→ 2FeCl3 + 3H2
(ii) 2CaO + CO₂→ 2CaCO3
(iii) 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
(iv) CH4 + 2O₂ → CO2 + 2H2O
(v) 6CO₂ + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Q7. Constructed Response Questions

(i) How combination and decomposition reactions are related to each other?
Ans. Combination and decomposition reactions are oppositely related to each other.
Combination reaction involves combination of two or more substances to form one
compound. In contrast, decomposition reaction involves splitting up of a compound into
two or more simple substances.
(ii) Why the mass of ash obtained when a piece of coal is burnt is less than the
mass of coal?

Ans. According to law of conservation of mass, “During a chemical reaction mass is neither
created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another, i.e. total mass of the
product is equal to the total mass of reactants.”
But when coal burns, it leaves ash behind. Ash is lighter than coal because during its
combustion some of its mass escape out in environment in the form of heat, light and gases.
Due to which its mass decreases after burning.

(iii) How electricity is generated with the help of an exothermic reaction?

Ans. During an exothermic reaction, heat is produced by the burning of fuel. In thermal
power stations this heat is used to generate electricity.

Q8. Investigate
(i) How will you notice whether a chemical reaction has taken place upon mixing
the reactants?
Ans. When two or more reactants are mixed, a change in temperature, colour, etc. occurs
which indicates that a chemical reaction is taking place.
(ii) Which metal when ignited in the presence of air gives off intense light?
Ans. Magnesium metal burns in air with an intense bright light, according to equation.
2Mg+ O2 → 2MgO+ (light)

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(iii) How does photosynthesis demonstrate the law of conservation of mass?
Explain with specific examples from the reaction.

Ans. The law of conservation of matter is connected to photosynthesis because matter like
carbon dioxide and water go into the plant and with the help of energy the plant creates a
new form of matter like glucose and releases the oxygen into the atmosphere.

Internal Questions
1) Define Chemical change.
Ans. A change in a substance during which entirely new substances with different chemical
compositions and properties are formed is called a chemical change.
2) Explain the process of Photosynthesis
Ans. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) react to produce glucose
(C6H12O6). This reaction takes place in the presence of sunlight and green pigment
chlorophyll in plant leaves.
6CO₂ + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
3) What do you know about respiration?
Ans. In respiration, the oxygen of air reacts with food (glucose) to produce, carbon dioxide
and water in the cells of living organisms. The energy produced during this reaction is used
to perform all the body functions in living organisms.
4) What is fermentation reaction?
Ans. Conversion of milk into yogurt and formation of baking products involve the chemical
changes which are brought about by microorganisms. Such chemical changes or reactions
are called fermentation reactions.
5) Define Rusting of Iron.
Ans. Iron (Fe) reacts with oxygen of the air to form iron oxide (Fe2O3). This reaction is called
rusting of iron and it takes place in the presence of moisture.
Moisture
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
6) What is trial and error method?
Ans. According to this method, trial and error process of adjusting co-efficient before
symbols or formulae is continued till the numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of
the equation becomes equal.
7) Define Subscript and coefficient.
Ans. Subscript is a number written below on the right side of a chemical symbol or formula.
Coefficient is a number that is placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula.

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 Mini Exercise
Balance the following equations. (pg# 63)
a) Fe + Cl2(g) → FeCl3
Ans. 2Fe (s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2FeCl3(s)
b) Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(s)
Ans. 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
c) Na2CO3(aq) + HCIO3(aq) → NaCIO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H₂O(l)
Ans. Na₂CO3 + 2HCIO3(aq) → 2NaCIO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H₂O(l)
d) CO2(g) + H₂O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g)
Ans. 6CO2(g) + 6H₂O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g)

8) What is wrong with the following chemical equation?

Mg + O→ MgO
Correct and balance it.
Ans. In the given equation, oxygen is taken in monatomic form however, oxygen mostly
occurs in O₂ molecular form. Therefore, when we take O2, equation becomes,
Mg + O2 → MgO
In order to balance O₂, final equation becomes,
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
9) Why the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products in
a chemical equation?
Ans. According to the law of conservation of mass, mass is neither created nor destroyed.
In a chemical equation, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the
products this means there is no change in mass during a chemical reaction.
10) Which element is necessary for a combustion reaction to take place?
Ans. Oxygen is necessary for a combustion reaction to take place.
11) Define Displacement reaction.
Ans. Displacement reaction involves the replacement of an atom or a radical by another in
a compound.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
12) What is meant by double displacement reaction?

Ans. In double displacement reaction two reactants are decomposed to form new
substances by exchanging their radicals, i.e. AB + CD → AD + CB
Example:
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

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13) On the basis of energy changes, how many types of chemical reactions are?

Ans. On the basis of the change in energy, chemical reaction can be classified into two
types:

 Exothermic reaction
 endothermic reaction.
14) Define Chemical Bond.
Ans. Chemical bond is a force that unites the atoms together to form a molecule or formula
unit.
15) Why atoms of an element donate or accept electrons?
Ans. In most of the elements (except noble gases) the valence shells of the atoms are
incomplete and they are unstable. In order to attain stability, the atoms of these elements
either donate or accept electrons in their valence shells.
16) How electrostatic forces of attraction are created between atoms joined with
an ionic bond?
Ans. The atom losing one or more electrons becomes an cation, a positively charged ion.
The atom gaining one or more electron becomes an anion, a negatively charged ion. When
the transfer of electrons occurs, an electrostatic attraction between the two ions of
opposite charges takes place and an ionic bond is formed.

17) Differentiate between Ionic and covalent bond.

Ans
Ionic Bond
This bond is formed by the complete transfer
of electron or electrons from one atom to
the other atom.
Example: The bond between Na and Cl to
form NaCl is an ionic bond.
Covalent bonds
This bond is formed between two atoms of
same or different elements by mutual
sharing of electron or electrons.
Example: The bond between H and Br to
form HBr is a Covalent bond.

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Describe Applications of chemical Reaction (pg# 59)

2. Write the rules for balancing a chemical equation. ( pg# 61)
3. Describe importance of exothermic reactions in Everyday life. (pg# 66)
4. Write a note on Ionic Bond. ( pg#68)
5. What is covalent Bond? Write its Types. (pg# 70)

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 SUBJECT: PHYSICS
Unit: 08
FORCE AND PRESSURE

Q2. Give Short Answers

i) Can a balanced force produce change in motion?
Ans. No, a balanced force produces no change in motion.
ii) How can a normal force be balanced?
Ans. A normal force can be balanced by applying a force, equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction of the normal forces.
iii) Does a car slowing down experiences a balanced force?

Ans. No, a car slowing down experiences an unbalanced force. Because if an object is
speeding up or slowing down, the forces are unbalanced.

Q3. Constructed Response Questions

iii) Does the size of an object affect its ability to float or sinking?
Ans. It observed as long as the shape and material are the same, size does not effect
whether an object will sink or float.

iii) Sketch the forces acting on a paratrooper.

Ans. The forces acting on a paratrooper are balanced.
T (air resistance)
F (drag Force)

W (weight)

iv) If the forces acting on a paratrooper are balanced forces, how does a
paratrooper will fall down?

Ans. The parachute has large surface area which increases the force of air resistance
massively. These forces are now balanced and sky diver starts to slow down.
v) Describe how does a bulky camel easily travel in deserts?

Ans. Camel can walk and run on sand of desert easily because they have wide feet which
help them to balance their weight on sand and wider feet gives a large surface area.

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 Internal Question
1) Define unbalanced forces.
Ans. Unbalanced forces mean the force acting in one direction is greater than force acting
in the opposite direction
2) What would happen if an unbalanced force acted on a moving object?
Ans. An unbalanced force acting on an object results in changing the motion of the object.
The object may change its speed, or it may change its direction.
3) Define Density
Ans. The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.
Formula:
Density = Mass/Volume
4) Why does a ship floats while an Iron nail sinks in Water?
Ans. The weight of the water displaced by the ship is equal to its weight so it floats.
Whereas, the weight of the water displaced by an Iron nail is less than its weight so the iron
nail sinks.
5) Why does a person keep floating in the Dead Sea?
Ans. Dead Sea has a high concentration of dissolved salt. As a result of this, water is dense
because of this concentration. Our body feels lighter and floats on Dead Sea.
6) Define pressure with its S.I unit.
Ans. Pressure is defined as:
“The force per unit Area acting normally on the surface of an object is called pressure.”
Unit: The S.I unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa) or Newton per square meter (Nm-2).
7) Define one Pascal (Pa).
Ans. When a force of 1N acts perpendicularly on an area of one square meter, the
pressure on this area will be one Newton per square meter or 1 Pascal (Pa).
8) Why pressure is usually measured in kilo Pascal (kPa)?
Ans. 1 Pa is very small unit. It is approximately equal to the pressure exerted by a currency
note lying on a table. For this reason, pressure is measured in kilo Pascal (kPa), a bigger
Unit.
1 kPa = 1000 Pa
9) Why the supporting wall of a dam is built very broad at the bottom?
Ans. A dam has broader walls at the bottom than at the top to withstand the great
pressure of water which increases with increase in depth.
10) What happens to a balloon when it is inflated by blowing air into it?
Ans. When a balloon is inflated, the air is added into it. Hence, the pressure inside the
balloon increases as compared to the pressure outside. As a result, the size of the balloon
increases.

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11) Define Hydraulics.
Ans. The branch of science which deals with the transmission of pressurized
Liquid through pipes as a source of mechanical force is called Hydraulics.
12) Define Atmospheric pressure.
Ans. The weight of the air column per unit area on a surface is called atmospheric
pressure.
13) What causes the liquid to fill in the syringe?
Ans. When the piston of a syringe is drawing liquid, it is pulled up creating pressure inside
which becomes lesser than the outside pressure. Hence, the atmospheric pressure
compels the liquid to rise up in the syringe.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define Pressure with its units. Also give an example. (pg# 97,98)
2. Explain Hydraulic lift. (pg# 100 )

Unit: 09
Reflection and Refraction of light

Q3. Constructed Response Questions

i) How will you use two identical prisms so that a narrow beam of white light
incident on one prism emerges out of the second prism as a white light?
Ans. By placing two identical prisms inverted with respect to the other, we get a narrow
beam of white light incident on one prism emerges out of the second prism again as a
white light.
ii) Explain the phenomenon taking into consideration that the angle of incidence
is equal to the angle of reflection.
Ans. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection because the light ray selects
the shortest path to reach the destination. The same behavior is shown by the light ray
when it is reflected by the plane mirror.
iii) Why the rainbow is not seen at noon even there is sun in the sky and
moisture in the air?
Ans. As a rainbow is always produced opposite to the Sun, this explains why rainbows are
not formed with the sun overhead.

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iv) On Vehicles the word “AMBULANCE” is written in the form of mirror image.
Explain the Reason.
Ans The word AMBULANCE is written laterally inverted in the front of the Ambulance
because when seen in the rearview mirror of another vehicle word would appear inverted
and it would be easily readable by the driver of another vehicle.
v) Why dispersion can take place through prism but not through glass slab?
Ans The dispersion is caused due to difference in the angle of deviation for different
colours. In case of glass slab, opposite sides are parallel to each other and therefore
different colours emerge parallel to each other. Therefore, dispersion does not occur in
glass slab.
vi) What does make the Black words written in a book visible to you?
Ans Reflection makes the Black words written in a book visible to us because when white
light falls on Black words, it absorb most of the light and look visible to us.

Internal Questions
1) Define Incident ray.
Ans. The ray of light that strikes the reflecting or refracting surface is called incident ray.
2) Define Reflected ray.
Ans. The ray that bounces back after striking the reflecting surface is called reflected ray.
3) What is point of incidence?
Ans. The point at which incident ray strikes, is called point of incidence.
4) Define Normal.
Ans. An imaginary line that is drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence is
called normal. It is denoted by N.
5) Differentiate between angle of incidence and angle of Reflection.
Ans.
Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection
The Incident ray and the Normal forms an The reflected ray and the Normal forms an
angle called angler of incidence. angle called angler of Refraction.
It is denoted by ∠i. It is denoted by ∠r.

6) Do you think Diffused reflection is a failure of laws of reflection?

Ans. No, a diffused reflection is not a failure of laws of reflection because the normal for
each ray is in different direction, each ray follows law of reflection separately.

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7) Why can you see your reflection in some surfaces and not in others?
Ans. We can see our reflection in smooth surfaces due to regular reflection of light. But
some surfaces are not smooth; they cause irregular reflection of light. So, we cannot see our
reflection clearly in those surfaces.
8) Why we cannot see your images in a plastic sheet clearly?
Ans. When a light ray strikes on the surface of plastic, it reflects at different angles causing
diffused reflection and the image is lost. So, we cannot see our image clearly in plastic sheet.
9) Why do we see things in our room even if sunlight does not reach there
directly?
Ans. The sunlight scatters in all the directions due to irregular reflection. So, we can see
things in our room even when sunlight does not reach there directly.
10) Why a rainbow is only observed after rainfall?
Ans. A rainbow requires water droplets suspended in air for its formation. So, we can see it
immediately after the rain.
11) Define Silvering.
Ans. Silver and Aluminium are used to coat the back side of the mirror. This process is called
Silvering.
12) What is refraction?
Ans. The change in direction of light ray when it enters from one medium to another
medium is called refraction.
13) State laws of refraction.
Ans. There are two laws of Refraction:
 The incident ray, the refracted ray band the normal all lie on the same plane.
 The ratio of speed of light in air or vacuum to its speed in another medium is a constant.
This constant is Equal to the refractive index if that medium.
14) Why does pencil appears bend when it is dipped partially in a glass of water?
Ans. The bending of pencil in water is due to refraction.
15) Define Principal focus.
Ans. When light rays strike a concave mirror parallel to its principal axis, after reflection
they pass through a common point in front of the mirror. This common point is known as
Principal focus.
16) If the moon is not luminous, how does it appear bright in the night?
Ans. The moon gets its light from the Sun. The moon reflects the light of sun, making it
appear bright in our sky.

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LONG QUESTIONS
1. Write a note on Transmission, Absorption and Reflection of light. (pg# 108 )
2. Explain Regular and diffused reflection of light. (pg# 111 )
3. Write some daily life examples of refraction. (pg# 115 )
4. What are the uses of spherical mirrors? Explain. (pg# 119 )

Unit: 12
OUR UNIVERSE
Q2. Give Short Answers
i) What is a Galaxy? What are its main types?
Ans. Galaxy is a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held
together by gravitational force of attraction.
Types:
There are many types of galaxies. Some major types are given below:
 Spiral Galaxies
 Elliptical Galaxies
 Jelly fish Galaxies
 Irregular Galaxies
iv) What are the advantages of putting telescope in space?
Ans. Putting a telescope in the space has advantage of being above the blurring effects of
the Earth’s atmosphere. Moreover, there are many wavelengths from electromagnetic
spectrum which cannot reach the Earth. They can only be observed by space telescope.
ix) What are the main differences between an Optical telescope and a radio-
telescope?
Ans.
Optical Telescope Radio Telescope
A radio telescope is used designed to detect An optical telescope is designed to detect
Radio waves from distant sources. visible light.
An optical telescope can use a mirror and Radio telescopes are generally very large,
can be quite small. consist of multiple units and are made up
of material that reflects radio waves.

x) What is space station? Write its benefits.

Ans. Space stations are space crafts that allow the Human to live in space for long period
of time.

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 Benefits:
Advances in telemedicine, disease models, nutrition and environmental behavior are some
of the advantages gained from the space stations.

Q3. Constructed Response Questions

i) What are the advantages of space telescopes such as Hubble and James Web
telescope over the giant telescope on Earth’s surface?
Ans. Images obtained by space telescope are 5 to 10 times sharper than the images taken
from the ground. Image sharpness and extremely dark sky helps the Hubble to see objects
10 times fainter than those that can be seen even by large ground based telescope.
iii) What is Gravity free Environment? How it can be achieved?
Ans. Zero gravity or gravity free environment refers to the state in which the net effect of
gravity is zero. Gravity free Environment can only be achieved on Earth by putting an
object in a state of free fall.
iv) Why we cannot see heavenly object “Black hole” directly by a telescope?
Ans. We cannot observe black holes directly with the help of a telescope because a black
hole absorbs all the light that hits its surface and no normal telescope would ever be
powerful to see them.
Internal Questions

1) Why do Elliptical galaxies contain fewer blue stars than spiral galaxies?
Ans. Spiral galaxies contain blue stars because they keep forming new stars, the most
luminous of which are blue. Whereas, the elliptical galaxies are unable to form new blue
stars so, only red ones are left.
2) Can you see a black hole? How does a black hole look like?
Ans. We cannot see the black hole because it is completely dark, glowing gases around it.
A black hole looks like a way that bends light around it, creating a circular shadow.
3) What invention prompted scientists to think about entering space to explore
it?
Ans. The invention of Rockets prompted scientists to think about entering space to
explore it.
4) What would happen to Astronauts’ blood if their suits or the space shuttle
were not airtight?
Ans. If the suits of astronauts’ or the space shuttle are not airtight, their blood and body
fluids would boil and then freeze due to less or no air pressure.
5) What is a star?
Ans. A star is a gigantic ball of burning gases which emit heat and light.

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 6) Write the history of Astronomy.
Ans. Astronomy is a very old science. In past it was about study of objects seen in the night
sky. Now it is the study of whole universe.
7) Define light year.
Ans. It is defined as the distance that a light travels in one year. This distance is 9.5 trillion
kilometers.
8) Give some interesting information about Milky Way Galaxy.
Ans. Some interesting information about Milky way Galaxy:
Age 13.6 billion years
Diameter 106000 light years
Thickness of 10000-15000 light years
center
Speed in space 21,00,000 kilometers per hour
Revolving speed One cycle in 225000000 years

9) Tell something about Hubble space telescope.

Ans. This telescope is orbiting the Earth bat the height of about 500 km. It gives detailed
images of stars and galaxies.
10) Define space exploration.
Ans. Scientific study of the space using especially developed technology is called space
exploration.
11) What is space rocket?
Ans. Space rockets are the means of transporting spacecraft, space shuttles and space
stations into the space.
12) Write the use of Global Navigation.
Ans. The Global Navigation system helps our television receivers and mobile phones to
receive signals from satellites moving around the globe.
13) What is international space station (ISS)?
Ans. ISS is a habitable artificial satellite built with collaboration of 14 countries including
USA, Japan, Russia, Europe and Canada. This station serve as gravity free and a space
environment research lab.
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Define Galaxy. Explain its types. (pg# 150 )
5. Describe Birth and Death of stars. (pg# 151 )
6. Write some benefits of space Exploration (pg# 154,155 )

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