Biomolecules science 10 s.y.

2023 -2024
Biomolecules • Monomer (building block) —
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most
• The molecule that is present in all living common)
organisms and is involved in the maintenance
and metabolic processes. • Polymer — Polysaccharides
(starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)
6
• All Biomolecule contain CARBON 𝐶12
• Examples — Chocolate, Bread,
• Carbon is the most versatile and prominent Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables (All from
element of life. plants.)
Other elements:
❖ Sugars that make up Carbohydrates:
➢ Hydrogen (H)
➢ Oxygen (O) ▪ Single sugar: monosaccharide
➢ Nitrogen (N) Ex: glucose, fructose (in fruits)
➢ Sulphur (S)
➢ Sodium (Na) ▪ 2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
➢ Calcium (Ca) Ex: maltose, sucrose.
➢ Magnesium (Mg)
▪ 3+monosaccharides: polysaccharide
• Biomolecules Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose,
➢ Inorganic and Chitin.
➢ Organic
➢ Carbohydrates Types of polysaccharides:
➢ Lipids
➢ Proteins ▪ Starch:
➢ Nucleic Acids
➢ Enzymes o Used for energy storage in
➢ Vitamins plants.

• These are very large molecules of many o Potatoes, pasta, and rice
ATOMS that are covalently bonded. are starches.

• ENERGY is stored in the COVALENT o They provide a quick form

BONDS. When we eat, we get energy to live of energy for the body.
because chemical reactions within our bodies
break these bonds. ▪ Glycogen:

Types of biomolecules o (I am formed in the Liver!)

1. Carbohydrates o Used for energy storage in

animals.
• Are sugars.
▪ Cellulose:
• We get 4 kilocalories per gram of
carbohydrates that we eat! o Provides structural support
in plants (found in the cell
• The most common organic wall).
molecule.
▪ Chitin:
• Function — Primary energy source
our body needs. o Found in the exoskeletons
of arthropods (insects,
spiders).
• Elements present — C, H, O (1:2:1
ratio)

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Science 10 | 4th quarter // Mr. vince bugarin
o Found in the cell walls of
some fungi.
Structure of Carbohydrates:
• Remember: The elements are C, H, and O.
• Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
2. Lipids
• Are fats.
• We get 9 kcal per gram of fat that we
consume.
• Function — Store energy, insulate
your body, and make up the Cell
Membrane!
• Elements — C-H-O
• Monomer (building blocks) —
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• Polymer — phospholipids,
triglycerides
• Example — steroids, cholesterol,
fats, oils, nuts, and waxes make up
part of the cell membrane!
❖ Lipids can be:
• Saturated: The bonds between all
the carbons are single bonds.
o Solid at room temperature.
o Mainly animal fats (bacon
grease, lard)
• Unsaturated: There is at least one
double or triple bond between
carbons present.
o Liquid at room temperature
o Mainly plant-based fats
(olive oil, peanut oil) as well
as oily fish (tuna, sardines).
Lipid Structure:
• Remember: The elements present are C,
H, and O.
• Long strands of carbon and hydrogen.
➢ Called Hydrocarbons
3. Proteins
• Builds us.
• We get 4 kcal per gram of protein that we
consume.
• Function of proteins
• Transport molecules in and out
of the cell.
• Control the speed of chemical
reactions.
• Used for growth and repair.
• Proteins make up the structure
of living things. Hair, nails, skin,
bones, muscles, etc. are all built
by protein.
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Science 10 | 4th quarter // Mr. vince bugarin

4. Nucleic Acids

• Elements — C-H-O-N • These biomolecules are not necessarily from

food.
o Nitrogen is present now.
• Function:
• Monomer (Building Block) — amino acids
o Provide our genetic information.
(20 different ones!)
o Holds the instructions to make
• Polymer — proteins (tons) proteins.

• Examples of proteins — • Elements — C-H-O-N-P

include hemoglobin in red blood cells,
albumin in eggs, enzymes that control • Monomer — nucleotides
reactions in the body, and antibodies.
o A nucleotide is made up of:
• Found in — fish, eggs, meat.
➢ Sugar
Protein Structure: ➢ Phosphate
➢ Nitrogen Base: A, T, G,
• Remember — The elements are C, H, O, and C, or U.
N.
• Polymers: DNA, RNA, and ATP
• “R” groups represent one of the 20 amino DNA — Genetic code
acids! (So, each amino acid has something RNA — Recipe for proteins
different in that spot.) ATP — Energy carrier

Nucleic Acids Structure:

❖ Why are amino acids important?

• When groups of amino acids are joined

together, a protein is formed.

• There are 20 kinds of amino acids.

• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH)

and an amino group (NH2).

• Peptide bonds form between amino

acids.
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein)

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Gas laws science 10 s.y. 2023 -2024
Standard units of measures and Volume:

measures converting units For example:

Temperature = Kelvin (K)

Pressure = Pascal (Pa) and Atmosphere (atm) 1L = 1000 mL

Volume = Liters (L) L=?

Temperature: 10
300mL = 300 × 10, then
1000𝑚𝐿
Celsius > Kelvin Kelvin > Celsius
300mL = 0.3L divide.
K = °C + 273.15 K = °K - 273.15

L = 100
For example:
mL = ?
°10.5 + 273.15

K = 10.5 + 273.15
1000𝑚𝐿
100L = 100 × 1000, then
K = 263.65 1𝐿

100L = 100000mL divide.

Pressure: Boyle’s law

Pascal (Pa) > Atmosphere (atm) Atmosphere > Pascal • The volume and pressure have an inverse
relationship.
Atm = Pa ÷ 10135 Pa = atm × 10135
Standard value:

Pa > mmHg (millimeters mercury) / Torr P1 V1 = P2 V2

Torr / mmHg = Pa × 0.0075

V2: P2:
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑃2
= V2
𝑉2
= P2
mmHg > Pa

Pa = mmHg ÷ 0.0075
P1: V1:
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃2 𝑉2
P1 = V1 =
For example: 𝑉1 𝑃1

Pa = 10 > atm
For example:
atm = Pa ÷ 10135
V1 = 14.0L
atm = 10 ÷ 10135
P1 = 760mmHg > 0.0075
atm = 0.00099 (rounded off from 0.0000987)
P2 = 400mmHg > 0.0039

Hi po! V2 = ?

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Science 10 | 4th quarter // Mr. vince bugarin

𝑃1 𝑉1
V2 =
𝑃2
.0075𝑎𝑡𝑚 ×14L
V2 =
.0039𝑎𝑡𝑚

V2 = 26.92L

Charles’ law
• V is inversely proportional to T.

Standard Value:

𝑉1 𝑉2
T1 ( = 𝑇2 ) T1
𝑇1

𝑉2 ×T1 𝑉2
V1 = T1 =
𝑇2 𝑇2 ×V1

𝑉1 ×T2 𝑉1 ×T1
V2 = T2 =
𝑇1 𝑉2 ×T1

Hello
Chat mo ‘ko pleaseee
djk (DJK)

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