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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

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Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary
and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Q. Sub Answer Marking
N. Q. N. Scheme
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following 10 Marks
a) State the types of electrical drives. 2 Marks
 Individual Drive
 Group Drive
 Multi-motor drive
b) Draw the basic block diagram of electric drive. 2 Marks
c) Draw a neat circuit diagram of single phase semi-converter. 2 Marks
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d) State the types of SCR controlled drives. ½ Marks

1. Single Phase SCR Drives for each
a. Half wave converter type.
b. Full wave converter
c. Semi converter
d. Dual Converter
2. Three Phase SCR Drives
a. Half wave converter
b. Full wave converter
c. Semi converter
d. Dual Converter
e) List out any four applications of electric drives. (2 Marks)
Electric drives are widely used in a number of industrial and domestic applications such ½ Marks
as − for each
 Transportation system (like electric trains, trolleybus, etc.) applicatio
 Rolling mills n
 Paper mills
 Textile mills
 Machine tools
 Pumps, fans and robotics, etc
f) Write any four specifications of stepper motor. (2 Marks)
NEMA 17 Stepper Motor ½ Marks
Sr. No Parameter Values for each
1 Step Angle 1.8 degree
2 Rated Voltage 17V D.C.
3 No. of phase 4
4 Current 400mA
DC Resistance 30ohm
Phase Inductance 37mH
Holding torque 2600g/cm
Rotor Inertia 34g/cm3
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g) State any four advantages of microprocessor based drives.
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 The response of drive is very fast.
 We can control speed of motor very easily.
 It improves reliability.
 Function becomes so easy.
 It helps to reduce manufacturing costs.
 It makes the system economical and cost effective.
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12Marks
a) List out the selection criteria of electric drives. 4 Marks

Choice of an electric drive depends on the following important factors are: (1 Mark
 Nature of speed regulation, speed range, efficiency, duty cycle, quadrants of for each
operation, speed fluctuations, speed torque characteristics and rating etc. selection
 Transient operation requirements as Values of acceleration and deceleration, criteria)
starting, braking and reversing performance.
 Types of source and its capacity, magnitude of voltage, fluctuations, power factor,
harmonics and their effect on other loads etc.
 Space and weight restriction if any.
 Environment and location.
 Reliability.
b) Describe the operation of single phase full wave converter with neat circuit 4 Marks
diagram.
1 Mark
for circuit
diagram
1 Mark
for
wavefor
ms
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Operation:
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 During positive half cycle of Vs, SCRs T1 and T2 are fired, so that Vab appears
across load.
 During negative half cycle of Vs, SCRs T3 and T4 are fired, so that Vba appears
across load.
 Thus alternate firing of SCR pairs results in repeated positive half cycles i.e 2 Marks
pulsating DC across load. for
The delayed firing of SCR pairs provides phase control and control over output voltage. explanati
on.
c) Draw a neat circuit diagram of class B chopper and give its operation with 4 Marks
waveform.
Circuit Diagram:
1 Mark
for circuit
diagram
1 Mark
for
wavefor
m.
2 Marks
for
explanati
on.
Operation
 The type B chopper works in second quadrant it means that the output voltage
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positive and output current negative.
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 The load current flows through load to supply side.
 When chopper CH1 is switched on, the output voltage becomes zero but load
current flows from load to supply side through LOAD – L – CH1 – LOAD because
of back emf of the load.
 When chopper CH1 is switched off, the output voltage is greater than the input
voltage because of stored energy of inductor.
 The diode D becomes forward biased and load current flows through path LOAD
– L – D – Vdc – LOAD.
 This type chopper is called as step up chopper because the output voltage is
greater than the input voltage.
 The application of this chopper is in the regenerative braking of DC Motor.
 The output voltage and current waveform is shown in the figure B.
 The diode D turns on during chopper turn off time therefore the waveform starts
from TOFF time rather than TON time.
d) Explain stator voltage control method of 3 ϕ induction motor with neat diagram. 4 Marks
There are two methods of voltage control
1) By changing applied voltage
2) Stator voltage control using Thyristorised circuit
3) Stator voltage control method using Thyristor circuit
Diagram:- 2 Marks
for
diagram
and 2
Marks for
explanati
on
OR equivalent diagram
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
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The above fig. shows the arrangement of stator voltage control using thyristor
 Two antiparallel identical thyristors are connected in each phase
 The firing angle of each pair of thyristor is controlled by control circuit.
 The voltage waveform of one phase is shown in fig. 4.7
 By adjusting firing angle (α), the effective voltage applied to the stator winding
of three phase induction motor is controlled. Thus speed control is possible.
 The Thyristor circuit can also be used as a stator to control the starting current
of motor.
3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
a) List the duty class of motor and describe continuous duty class. 4 Marks
 Continuous duty
 Short time duty
 Intermittent periodic duty
 Intermittent periodic duty with starting 2 Marks
 Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking.
 Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading.
 Continuous duty with starting and braking.
 Continuous duty with periodic speed changes.
 Continuous operation with short time loads.
Continuous duty:-
Diagram:-
1 Mark
for
diagram
OR equivalent diagram 1 Mark

The lead is constant for long duration of time. So motor has to supply a constant and for
continuous load to excessive temperature rise Example:-Pump load, Paper mill drives, explanati
fans, compressors, conveyors. on
b) Compare semi-converter drives and full converter drives on the basis of 4 Marks
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1) Quadrant operation
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2) Regenerative braking
3) Power flow
4) Harmonic contents
Particulars Semi-converter Full converter
1) Quadrant One quadrant Two quadrant
operation
2) Regenerative Not possible Very much possible
Braking
3) Power flow Unidirectional from AC to DC Bidirectional from source
to load and load to source
4) Harmonic Higher than that in full wave Remains constant
Contents converter irrespective of continuous
conduction
c) Draw a neat circuit diagram of basic chopper circuit using SCR and explain. 4 marks
Diagram:-
2 Marks
for
diagram
Or equivalent diagram
 A D.C chopper is a static device (switch) used to obtain variable d .c. voltage 2 Marks
from a source of a constant d. c. voltage. for
 Therefore chopper may be thought of as d. c. equivalent of an a. c. transformer explanati
as they have nearly same manner. on
 The solid state chopper due to various advantages are widely used in drive
purpose like trolly cars, battery-operated vehicles, traction-motor control,
control of d. c. motors, hoist, forklifts, trucks etc.
 As shown above the SCR or any other power electronic devices act as switch to
work drive more efficiently.
d) Describe the operation of rotor resistance control method of 3-phase induction 4 Marks
motor with a neat diagram.
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Ans.
Diagram:-
2 Marks
2 Marks
Or equivalent diagram
 For three phase induction motor, the starting torque is 1.5 times the full load
torque. It is possible to increase the starting torque by increasing the rotor
resistance.
 This is applicable only for slip ring induction motor where it is possible to add
extra resistance in rotor winding through slip ring-brush arrangement.
 The starting torque improve as shown in figure.
 With a given rotor resistance, the maximum torque of motor occurs at
particular value of slip.
 With no additional resistance added in the circuit the maximum torque occurs
at Q1 point and corresponding slip is s1.
 Now some resistance is added in the rotor circuit(twice than previous value)
 So rotor resistance is 2R and maximum torque is now at point Q2 with
corresponding sip s2.
 Similarly point Q3-S3 can be traced.
 The starting torque improve from Tst1 to Tst2 and Tst3 as shown.
4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
a) Describe the operation of class D chopper and explain with waveform. 4 Marks
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XXXXX2 Marks
for
diagram
Or equivalent diagram 2 Marks

Explanation:- for
Stage 1: explanati
 In this mode of operation, any two devices in operation. on
 With the both chopper or switches are turn ON, the current flow through the
path Vdc-S3-A-B-S4-Vdc
 Therefore the diodes D1 and D2 are turn off. The supply voltage Vdc is applied
to load circuit and load current I0 increases.
 When only one chopper is turned ON and that chopper, one of the diodes short
circuit the load branch and provide a path in which some of the energy stored in
inductance L may be dissipated in maintaining a decreasing load current I0.
 Hence, V0=Positive and I0=positive
Stage 2:
When both S3 and S4 are off the current flow from the path is
A-B-D3-Vdc-D4-A
Hence voltage has reverse polarity and load current starts to flow through the path. i.e.
reverse regenerative braking(fourth quadrant operation).
b) Compare DC and AC drive 4 Marks
DC drive AC drive to any
 Due to commutator, the machine  Commutator is absent, so four
become bulky, heavy, costly, machine is compact, cheaper differenc
sparking at brushes. es
 Due to commutator, periodic  There is no use of commutator, so
maintenance is required. motor is reliable and requires
less maintenance
 Not used in underwater and  Can be used under wate.
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moisture place Operation is not affected

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 Power converter is simple and  Inverter technology is being

inexpensive under development, power
circuit is complex
 Line conditions are very poor  For regenerative drives the
harmonic distortion of the circuit power factor is poor but for non-
regenerative drives the power
factor is better.
 Fast response and wide speed  With solid state converter the
range speed range is wide but with
conventional methods it is
stepped and limited range
 Power/ Weight ratio is very small  Power/Weight ratio is large
c) Describe the working of constant V/F control of 3 phase induction motor with a 4 Marks
neat diagram.
1 Mark
for
diagram
and 3
Marks for
expressio
n
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d) Draw labelled block diagram of Phase Locked Loop (PLL) control of DC 4 Marks
motor drive. State the function of each block.
2 Marks
for
diagram
and 2
Marks for
explanati
on
 There are various controller used for speed regulation. A PI(Proportional
Integrator) controller ideally should provide perfect speed regulation.
However due to imperfection insensing and control circuit, the closed- loop
scheme can at best achieve a speed regulation of 0.2% the phase locked-
loop(PLL) control can achieve a speed regulation as 0.002 which can be
useful in conveyors for material handling, paper and textile mills and
computer peripherals.
 The PLLs are available as inexpensive integrated circuit. The circuit as shown
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in above fig.
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 The two pulse trains-reference pulse train of frequency f’ and the feedback
pulse train of frequency f are compared in phase detector.
 Output of phase detector produces a pulse width modulated output Vc. Pulse
width of Vc depend on the difference between two input pulse train and
polarity depend on the sign of phase difference between them.
 The output of the phase detector is filtered by the loop filter to obtain a D.C.
signal and applied as control voltage to a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO,
the output of which the feedback signal f.
 Because of closed loop, VCO output frequency changes in a direction that
reduces a phase difference.
 When steady state is reached and becomes exactly equal to f then the loop is
said to have locked.
 Control voltage required by VCO to produce f equal to f’ comes fromphase
difference between the two input signals.
 If f’ is altered, f will allow the change and control voltage required by VCO will
be obtained by the phase difference between two input signals.
 It altered the converter operation such that the motor speed adjust to make
the frequency of speed encoder, output signal f equal to the frequency of
reference signal f’. By changing the motor speed can be changed.
 Excellent speed regulation is the main features of this drive. However, it has
two important disadvantages
1) Transient response is slow
2) It has low speed limit below which it becomes unstable.
e) Draw the block diagram of synchronous motor drive and state the function of 4 Marks
Ans. each block.
2 Marks
for
diagram
and 2
Marks for
Explanati
on
Block diagram of Synchronous motor drive

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A drive operating in synchronous mode as shown in fig.
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 F is the frequency command which is applied to voltage source inverter,
through a delay circuit so that rotor speed is able to track the frequency changes 2 Marks
in the circuit.
 A flux control changes stator voltage with frequency to maintain a constant flux
and constant terminal voltage below rated speed and above rated speed
respectively.
 The scheme is commonly used for the control of multiple synchronous
reluctance or permanent magnet motors in textile and paper mills where
accurate speed tracking between the motors is more on demand, which also
control multiple drive motors.
5 Attempt any two of the following 12 Marks
a) A single phase full converter fed from 230V, 50HZ supply provide a variable
voltage supply to the armature of a separately excited DC motor. The
specification of motor are 10 HP, 230V, 1200 rpm, Ra=0.25. Rated motor current
is 40A and motor voltage constant, Ka. Θ=0.182 v/rpm. The firing angle is 300.
For the rated motor current, calculate;
i) Motor torque
ii) Speed of the motor
Given data:
Supply voltage (Vs) = 230V
Frequency (f) = 50Hz
Power (P) = 10 HP = 10 × 746 = 7460 watts
Motor voltage constant (Ka) = 0.182 V/rpm
Motor armature resistance (Ra) = 0.25 ohms
Rated motor current (I) = 40A
Firing angle (α) = 300 degrees
Step 1: Calculate the motor torque (T)
T = (P × 1000) / (2π × N)
We need to calculate the speed (N) first.
Step 2: Calculate the speed of the motor (N)
N = (120 × f) / P
N = (120 × 50) / 4
N = 1500 rpm
Now we have the speed (N) in rpm. Let's calculate the torque (T).
T = (P × 1000) / (2π × N)
T = (7460 × 1000) / (2π × 1500)
T ≈ 15.87 Nm (approximately)
So, the motor torque is approximately 15.87 Nm.
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b) Draw and describe class E chopper drive 6 Marks

Ans.
2 Marks
for
diagram
and 4
Marks for
operation
Operation :
Stage 1:
When S1 and S2 are ON
The current will flow a path Vdc + -S1-A-B-S2-Vdc-
V0=Positive and I0=Positive
We get first quadrant operation.
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i.e.forward motoring operation of chopper drive
Stage 2:
When S1 and S2 are OFF
The current will flow a path A-B-D3-Vdc--D4-A
V0=Negative and I0=Positive
We get fourth quadrant operation
i.e reverse regenerative braking operation of chopper drive
Stage 3:
When S3 and S 4 are ON
The current will flow a path Vdc+-S3-B-A-S4-Vdc-
V0=Negative and I0=Negative
We get third quadrant operation.
i.e reverse motoring operation of chopper drive.
Stage4:
When S3 and S4 are OFF.
The current will follow a path B-A-D1-Vdc-D2-B
V0= Positive and I0= Negative
We get second quadrant operation.
i.e forward regenerative braking operation of chopper drives.
This gives all four quadrant operation of d.c. chopper drive
OR equivalent explanation
c) Describe the operation of stepper motor drive employing micro-controller with a 6 Marks
neat diagram.
Ans.
4 Marks
to
explainat
ion and 2
Marks for
diagram
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Stepper motor drive control using microcontroller
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 Stepper motors are widely used in printers, automated machine tools, disk drive,
automotive dashboard instrument clusters and other application requiring precise
motions using computer control.
 To simplify the design effort and reduce cost of end product that use stepper
motors, low cost 8, 16 and 32 bit micro controller with integrated stepper motor
drive circuits.
 Special logic and high current drive circuits are required to drive stepper motors.
 These can be designed using discrete logic or special interface ICs which may result
in either increased end product cost or both.
 Stepper motor drive can be controlled with various techniques, but efficient way of
controlling the motor by using micro controller.
 Sun tracking solar panel project is intended to generate the maximum amount of
energy by automatically adjusting the solar panel. In this a stepper motor
controlled by a programmed micro-controller of 8051 family is interfaced to the
solar panel to maintain the solar panels face always perpendicular to the sun
 The programmed micro-controller generates stepped electric pulses at regular
interval to the stepper motor for rotating the solar panel.
 The driver IC is used to drive the stepper motor as the controller is unable to
provide the power requirement of the motor.
 In this way we can use stepper motor drive using micro-controller for much more
application.
6 Attempt any THREE of the following 12 Marks
a) Draw circuit diagram of single phase dual converter and describe its operation 6 Marks
with quadrant diagram
Ans. It consist of a two converters:
1) Rectifier (Converts A.C. to DC) 2 Marks
2) Inverter (Converts D.C. into A.C.)
1 Mark
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 Two full converters are arranged in anti-parallel pattern and connected to the
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same D.C. motor. These converts can provide four quadrant operations. Generally,
dual converters are used for the reversible D.C. drives or variable speed D.C. drives.
 It is used for high power applications. The basic block diagram is shonwn in fig.
1 Mark
The dual converter can operate in all four quadrants. So both the load voltage and load
current can be reversed. The four quadrant operation is given in fig.
The quantities in four quadrants can be summarized in tubular form as follow
2 Marks
Quadrant Voltage across motor Current of motor
I +ve +ve
II +ve -ve
III -ve -ve
IV -ve +ve
Operation of Dual Converter
 Converter-1 works in two quadrants-Quadrant I and Quadrant IV
 Quadrant I operation- When firing angle (ɑ)<900, it operate as a rectifier. It
produces a positive average output voltage and load current.
 Quadrant IV operation- When firing angle (ɑ) >900, it operate as a inverter. It
produces negative average output voltage and direction of current is not changed.
That is why the motor current remains positive.
 Converter-I works in two quadrant- Quadrant II and Quadrant III
 Quadrant II operation-When firing angle (ɑ)<900, It operate as a rectifier. It
produces a positive average output voltage and load current.
 Quadrant III operation- When firing angle (ɑ)>900, it operates as a inverter.
 For single-phase inverter and three-phase inverter, the average output voltage is
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given by the following equation
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V01= Vmax COS ɑ1
V02= Vmax COS ɑ2
V01 and V02= Output voltage of converter 1 and converter 2
ɑ1 and ɑ2= Firing angle of converter 1 and converter 2
 There are two methods of operation in dual converter:
i) Non circulating current mode
ii) Circulating current mode
 In case of non-circulating mode, only one converter conducts and other converter
is temporarily blocked. There is no requirement of reactor to be connected
between the two circuits.
 The circulating mode of operation requires sophisticated control system and the
load is not continuous. To overcome these difficulties, a dual converter which
operates with circulating current is used. A current limiting reactor is connected
between the D.C. terminals of both the converters.
b) Explain with sketches the operation of chopper control DC drive in solar and 6 Marks
battery operated vehicles.
Ans. 1. Determine the maximum power point of PV at various levels of irradiation and
temperature. 3 Marks
2. The high gain (HG) cell and a DC-to-DC boost converter are combined with
increasing the PV voltage to high levels, to separate the system from the array
when there is low light. The water pumping system is then powered by the
backup battery. The next section provides a thorough explanation of the
proposed system.
3. The resulting dc voltage feds a three-phase synchronous reluctance motor
drive that operates centrifugal pump load.
4. The perturb and observe approach is utilized to get the maximum power out of
the solar PV module, and indirect field-oriented control is implemented to
accomplish smooth starting of synchronous reluctance motor
5. The experimental analysis is performed that confirms the effectiveness of the
proposed system.
 Battery operated vehicle
3 Marks
Let us consider a permanent magnet DC drive as shown in the figure below. The drive
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has chopper control and DC drive facility. The Lf and Cf are the filters which are used to
filter the harmonics which is generated by the chopper. MS is the manual switch and RS
is the reversal switch. The inductance L keeps the ripple in motor current low.
Motoring Operation
For motoring operation, the manual switch is kept close. The transistor switch operates
at a constant frequency to obtaining variable DC voltage for starting and speed control.
When the transistor is on the current flows through the source to Lf, MS, L, R,
armature S and T. When the transistor is closed the current flows through S, D1, MS, L
and R.
Regenerative Braking Operation
For regenerative braking operation, the manual switch is kept open. The motor
armature is reversed by the help of reversal switch which makes the B positive with
respect to A. When the transistor is on the current flows through T, D2 and L. When the
transistor is closed the current flow through D1, Lf and battery, D2 and L and hence
charge the battery.
c) State the stages involved in textile mills and types of drives used for it 6 Marks
1) Ginning: The process of separating seeds from raw cotton is called ginning. Speed
range is 250-1450 rpm.
2. Blowing: The ginned cotton is opened up and cleaned in the blowing room. Speed 4 Marks
range is 1000-1500 rpm. for stages
3. Carding: The process of converting cleaned cotton into flat sheets is called carding. and 2
Speed range is up-to 1450 rpm. marks for
4. Straightening: The thick fibers called slivers are converted to uniform straight types
fibres. Speed range is up to 1000 rpm.
5. Combing/Lap operation: This process upgrades the fiber. Speed range is 1000 rpm.
6. Spinning: The thread is thinned down. Speed range is 500 rpm.
7. Winding, warping and sizing: For these operations speed range is 100 rpm.
8. Looms: The weaving of cloth into yarn is done in looms. Speed range is 600-750 rpm.
Types of drives used in textile mills
1) Squirrel cage induction motor drives
2) Pulley and Belt
3) Gear drive
4) Sprocket and chain
5) Variable drives
6) Simple drives
7) Four quadrant drive
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

c) Draw a neat circuit diagram of single phase semi-converter. 2 Marks

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

d) State the types of SCR controlled drives. ½ Marks

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

a) List out the selection criteria of electric drives. 4 Marks

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

OR equivalent diagram 1 Mark

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Or equivalent diagram 2 Marks

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

moisture place Operation is not affected

 Power converter is simple and  Inverter technology is being

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Block diagram of Synchronous motor drive

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

b) Draw and describe class E chopper drive 6 Marks

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

Subject Name: Industrial drives and control Subject Code: 22629

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