Lecture (9)

Problem (1):
Two tanks are connected together in the following unusual way Fig (1). The
density of the incoming liquid, p, is constant. The cross-sectional areas of the two
tanks are A1 and A2. w2 is positive for flow from Tank 1 to Tank 2. The two valves
are linear with resistance R1 and R2.

Fig (1)
Required:
(a) Develop a model for this system that can be used to find h1, h2, w2, and w3 as
functions of time for any given variations in inputs.
(b) Perform degrees of freedom analysis. Identify all input and output variables
Assumptions:
• The density of the incoming liquid, ρ, is constant.
• The cross-sectional areas of the two tanks are A1 and A2.
• w2 is positive for flow from Tank 1 to Tank 2.
• The two valves are linear with resistances R2 and R3.
Basics:
Total continuity equation
Mathematical model consistency:
{Mass flow into the system - Mass flow out the system = time rate of change}
**For tank#1:
W1_W2_W3 = dm/dt
m=ρ V
m=ρ h1A1
W1_W2_W3 = d ρ h1A1/dt
W1_W2_W3 = d ρ h1A1/dt
W1_W2_W3 = ρ A1 (dh1/dt)
**For tank#2:
W2_0.0 = dm/dt
m=ρ V
m=ρ h2A2
W2 = d ρ h2A2/dt
W2 = ρ A2 (dh2/dt)
Linear valve
Assume that:
P1: pressure at the bottom of the tank 1
P2: pressure at the bottom of the tank 2
P0: the ambient
**For linear valve #1:
W2= [ P1-P2/R1]
P1 = ρ h1 g/gc & P2 = ρ h2 g/gc
W2= [ h1-h2] [ρ g/gc] [1/R1]
**For linear valve #2:
W3= [ P1-P0/R2]
W3= [ h1-h0] [ρ g/gc] [1/R2] but h0=0.0
W3= [ h1 ρ g/gc] [1/R2]
Check the degree of freedom:
[Degree of freedom= No of unknown – No of equations]
No of unknown (w1, w2, w3, h1, h2) =5
No of equations=4
[Degree of freedom= 1]
Parameters: g, gc, ρ, R1, R2, P1, P2, P0

Problem (2):
A closed stirred-tank reactor with two compartments is shown in Fig.2. The basic
idea is to feed the reactants continuously into the first compartment, where they
will be pre-heated by energy liberated in the first exothermic reaction, which is
anticipated to occur primarily in the second compartment. The wall separating
the two compartments is quite thin, thus allowing heat transfer; the outside of
the reactor is well insulated, and a cooling coil is built into the second
compartment to remove excess energy liberated in the reaction.

Fig.2.
Required:
Develop a mathematical model for this process.
Basics:
Total continuity equation
Assumptions:
• The density, ρ, is constant.
• Perfect mixing
• Constant volume
Mathematical model:
{Mass flow into the system - Mass flow out the system = time rate of change}
For the first compartment:
ρq0- ρq1 = dm/dt
ρq0- ρq1 = d(ΡV1)/dt %ρ
q0- q1 = d(V1)/dt but V1 is constant
q0- q1 =0.0
q0=q1 → (1)
For the second compartment:
1 ρq1 = dm/dt
ρq1- ρq2 = d(ΡV2)/dt %ρ
q1- q2= d(V2)/dt but V2 is constant
q1- q2 =0.0
q1=q2 → (2)
From (1), (2):
q0=q1 =q2
Basics
Energy equation
Assumptions:
• Density ρ, Volume V, and specific heat Cp are constant.
• Neglect K.E and P.E
• Neglect the work done by the system impeller
• No heat loss to the ambient (isolated reactor)
Mathematical model:
For the first compartment
q is the volume flowrate (liquid)
q0ρCpTi – q1ρCpT1 + QG +Q= d(ρV1CpT1)/dt
• QG=0.0 (as no chemical reaction in the first compartment)
• Q= UA(T2-T1) = +ve → T2> T1
• ρ, V1Cp are constant
q0ρCpTi – q1ρCpT1 + UA(T2-T1) = ρV1Cp dT1/dt
• q0=q1 =q2
q0ρCp (Ti –T1) + UA(T2-T1) = ρV1Cp dT1/dt
For the second compartment
Q1ρCpT1 – q2ρCpT2 + QG +Q= d(ρV2CpT2)/dt
• QG=0.0
• q0=q1 =q2
• ρ, V1Cp are constant
• Q= Q cooling + Q losses to the first compartment
• Q= UCAC(T2-TC) + UA2(T2-T1)
Q0ρCp (T1 –T2) - UCAC(T2-TC) - UA2(T2-T1) = ρV2Cp(dT2/dt)