Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, are devices that convert sunlight into

electricity. They consist of multiple solar cells made from semiconductor materials,
typically silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, it excites the electrons within them,
generating an electric current.

Here's how it works:

1. **Absorption of Sunlight**: Solar panels are made up of individual solar cells, each
containing layers of semiconducting material. When sunlight strikes the surface of these
cells, photons from the sunlight are absorbed by the semiconductor material.

2. **Generation of Electric Charge**: When photons are absorbed, their energy frees up
electrons within the semiconductor material, creating an electric potential difference
between the top and bottom layers of the cell.

3. **Flow of Electrons**: This potential difference causes electrons to flow through an

external circuit, creating an electric current. This current can then be used to power
electrical devices or stored in batteries for later use.

4. **Direct Current (DC) Conversion**: The electricity generated by solar panels is typically
in the form of direct current (DC). This is then converted into alternating current (AC) using
an inverter, which is the standard form of electricity used in homes and businesses.

5. **Integration into Electrical Systems**: Solar panels are often installed on rooftops or in
open spaces where they can receive maximum sunlight exposure. They are connected
together to form a solar array, and multiple arrays can be connected to form larger solar
power systems.

Solar panels offer a sustainable and renewable source of energy, as sunlight is abundant
and inexhaustible. They produce electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other
pollutants, making them environmentally friendly. Additionally, advancements in solar
technology have led to increased efficiency and decreased costs, making solar power an
increasingly viable option for both residential and commercial applications.