SUPER STRUCTURE - VISIBLE
SUB STRUCTURE - HIDDEN
FOUNDATION SYSTEM - transfers the lateral
loads on the substructure to the ground.
Foundation systems are classifies into 2
broad categories:
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
1. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS - or spread
foundations are employed when stable soil of
adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near
the ground surface.
1.1 INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATED FOOTINGS
- are spread footings supporting free-
standing columns and piers.
A. Block or square footings
B. Stepped Footings
C. Slope or pyramidal footings
1.2 STRIP FOOTINGS
- continuous spread footings of
foundation walls.
STEPPED FOOTINGS - change levels to
accommodate a sloping grade and
maintain depth at all points.
1.3 COMBINED FOOTINGS
A. COMBINED FOOTINGS - piles are often sunk by means of water-
supporting two or more columns. Used
where it is not possible to center the
footing beneath its supported column
as in the case of columns located at or
very near the property line.
B. CANTILIVERED FOOTINGS - used
in place of a combined footing under
the same conditions.
C. CONTINUOUS FOOTINGS - concrete pile.
supporting a line of columns &
supporting all of the columns strips at
right angles to each other.
1.4 MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATIONS
- used on soil of low bearing power where
there is a tendency towards unequal
settlement due to unequal loading of soil.
1. Flat Slabs of plain concrete
2. Beams or girders with a slab
underneath
3. Beams or girders with a slab on
top
1.5 STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
- for steel-grillage foundations the
foundation bed should first be covered with
a layer of concrete not less than 6”in
thickness.
2. DEEP FOUNDATIONS - employed when the
soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or
of inadequate soil bearing capacity. The type of
deep foundations are pile and caisson
foundations.
2.1 PILE FOUNDATIONS
- a system of end bearing or friction piles,
pile caps, and tie beams for transferring b
building loads down to a suitable bearing
stratum.
END BEARING PILES - depend principally
on the bearing resistance of soil or rock
beneath their feet for support.
- penetrate through the soft soil
FRICTION PILES - depends principally on
the frictional resistance of a surrounding
earth mass for support.
- loose soil extend to a greater depth
A. WOOD PILES - the most practicable
method of obtaining a solid and enduring
foundation for buildings of moderate height
is by driving wooden piles.
PILE RING - also called a drive
band; a steel band which encircles
the head of a timber pile to prevent it
from splitting when being driven.
B. CONCRTE PILES - either plain or
reinforced, possess many advantages over
wooden piles and, in general, can be used
in all places where wooden piles can be
driven. Used where wooden piles would be
subject to decay or deterioration.
1. PRE-CAST PILES - usually molded
in a yard or at the site allowed to cure
for 4 weeks before using. Concrete
jet.
size - 30 to 50cm in cross section
length - 20m or more
2. CAST-IN-PLACE PILES -
constructed on the ground in the
position they are to occupy, and are
often reinforced. All cast in place piles
are covered by patents.
- piles with casing is cased cast in site
- without casing is uncased cast in site
concrete pile.
C. STEEL PILES - concrete filled steel
pipes which are made to bear on rock or
hard pan. Commonly used steel piles:
◌ H - piles - usually of wide flange
section. Suitable for frestle type
structure.
◌ Box piles - rectangular or octagonal in
form filled with concrete.
◌ Tube piles - driven into the ground,
concrete is filled inside the tube piles.
D. COMPOSITE PILES - combination of
timber and concrete or steel and concrete
piles. They may be composed of timber
piles with concrete coatings held in position
by steel reinforcements in the shape pf
expanded metal or wire netting.
E. TIMBER PILES - prepared from trunks
of trees. They may be circular or
square.
diameter - 30 to 50cm
length - not exceeding 20 times its
top width
 F. SAND PILES - formed by making hole in
ground and fill with the sand and well
rammed. The sand should be moist at time
of placing.
G. JACKED PILE - jacked into the ground
by applying a downward force by a
hydraulic jack.
2.2 CAISSON FOUNDATIONS
- are cast in place, formed by boring with a
large auger or excavation by hand a shaft in
the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and
filling the shaft with concrete.
PILE
- is a slender structural member made of concrete,
steel, wood or composite materials.
- A pile is driven into the soil or formed in site by
excavating a hole and filling it with concrete.
USES OF PILES
◌ The load of super structure is heavy and its
distribution is uneven.
◌ The top soil has poor bearing capacity.
◌ Large fluctuation in subsoil water level.
◌ The structure is situated on sea shore or river
bed, where there is danger of scouring action
of water.
◌ Canal or deep drainage line exist near the
foundation.
FACTOR AFFECTING SELECTION OF TYPE OF
PILES
◌ Nature and type of structure
◌ Location
◌ Material, equipment and fund availability
◌ Type of soil and its properties
◌ Ground water table
◌ Durability of pile
◌ Case study of adjacent building
◌ Facility for pile driving
◌ Erosion of soil near structure
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
◌ Based on function
◌ Based on materials
◌ Based on method of installation
COMPACTION PILE - pile do not carry any load.
It is for increase the bearing capacity of soil.
TENSION PILE - when structure subjected to
uplift due to hydro static pressure over turning
moment. Also known as uplift pile.
ANCHOR PILES - these provided anchorage
against the horizontal pull from sheet pulling.
FENDER PILE - used to protect water front
structures against impact from ships or other
floating objects.
SHEET PILE - used as bulk heads or as impervious
cutoff to reduce seepage and uplift under
hydraulic structures.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PILE
MATERIALS
◌ Concrete pile
◌ Steel piles
◌ Timber piles
◌ Composite Pile
◌ Sand Pile
PILE CAP - protect the top of the pile from
bow of hammer on top. It is made of steel. Pile
should penetrate into the cap at least 10cm
length.
PILE SHOE - it is fitted at bottom end of pile to
protect the pile and to facilitate easy pile
driving. It is made of cast iron, steel, or
wrought iron.
PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
PILE DRIVING - the operation of inserting
pile into ground.
PILE DRIVER - equipment used for lifting
hammer and allow to fall on head of pile.
◌ Hammer driving
◌ Vibratory pile driver
◌ Watter jetting and hammering
◌ Partial angering method
LEADS - also called leaders. Used to guide
hammer and pile for alignment.
WINCHES - used for lift hammer and pile.
PILE HAMMER
◌ DROP HAMMER - oldest type of hammer
used. It is rise by a winch and allowed to drop
the top of the pile under gravity from a certain
height.
◌ SINGLE ACTING HAMMER - the ram is
raised by air or steam under pressure to the
required height.
Weight of hammer - 1000 kg to 10,000 kg
◌ DOUBLE ACTING HAMMER - raise by using
air or steam pressure and drop the hammer.
Weight of hammer - 1000 kg to 2500 kg
It can be apply - 90 to 240 blow per min.
◌ DIESEL HAMMER
◌ VIBRATORY HAMMER
PULLING OF PILE
◌ to replace the damaged piles
◌ to reuse the existing piles
◌ to prepare the data of strata
◌ to remove the pile which are driven
temporarily
◌
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PILE
◌ Bad workmanship
◌ Attack by insects on wood
◌ Buckling of pile
◌ Breakage due to over driving
◌ Load coming on pile is high than design load
◌ Improper type of pile, method of driving,
classification of soil
◌ Damage due to absence of protective cover
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF R.C.C. PILE
◌ Improperly design concrete mix
◌ Use of wrong type of cement
◌ Easy removal of concrete form
◌ Insufficient concrete cover to the
reinforcement
BUILDING - protect the building. Floor, roof, and panel does not transfer vertical loads but simply
wall. encloses the space.

BUILDING ENVELOPE - concrete, wood, glass,
metal.
NATURAL LIGHT VENT - doors and windows
CURTAIN WALL - designed to resist lateral loads
due to wind or earthquake and its own self weight.
TYPES OF CURTAIN WALLS
◌ METAL CURTAIN WALLS
◌ WINDOW WALLS
◌ R.C.C CURTAIN WALLS
◌ SPECIAL PURPOSE CURTAIN WALLS
METAL CURTAIN WALL – an exterior curtain
wall which may consist entirely or principally of
metal, or may be a combination of metal, glass and
other surfacing materials supported by or within a
metal framework.
Divide into two categories:
◌ STICK SYSTEM - most common wall
system especially on low-rise construction
and in smaller population centers.
◌ UNITIZE SYSTEM - common to large
high-rise buildings although found on
buildings as low as four stories.
MULLION AND PANEL - another type, only
vertical mullions are installed and fabricated
frames are installed.
SPECIAL PURPOSE CURTAIN WALLS - these are
the same to that of a normal curtain walls.
Additional insulating materials is use in place of
glazing to restrict sun’s heat.
TYPES OF GLASS
◌ LAMINATED GLASS - made by
sandwiching a layer of plastic between
two layers of glass.Commonly used in car
windshields, building windows, and
other applications where safety and
security are important.
◌ FLOAT GLASS - Float glass is a type of
glass that is made by floating molten glass
on a bed of molten metal.
◌ STAIN GLASS - type of glass that is made
by floating molten glass on a bed of
molten metal. Use in windows for churches.
◌ TEMPERED GLASS - shattered when
break.
◌ TINTED GLASS - reduce the amount of
heat and glare that enters a building,
which can lower energy costs for cooling
and improve occupant comfort.

SILICON SEALANT & RUBBER

ANCHORS - curtain wall anchors connect the

wall to the building and can be broadly
grouped as both gravity and lateral load
anchors (fixed) or as just lateral load anchors
(slotted).

TWO TYPES OF ANCHORS

◌ CONCRETE EMBEDED
◌ MOUNTING LUG ASSEMBLY

CONCRETE EMBEDED - type in

which anchors are embedded in
concrete.

MOUNTING LUG ASSEMBLY - lug is

provided which the panel is fixed.

PRESSURE PLATE - produced in the

same alloys as the main framing members and
are not usually finished.

SNAP CAPS - or dress caps are firstly a

decorative cover over the pressure plate and
exposed fasteners.

FASTENERS - screws and bolts are used in the

assembly of the curtain wall framing.

WINDOW WALL – installed between floors or

between floor and roof and typically composed of
vertical and horizontal framing members.

R. C.C. OR PRECAST CURTAIN WALL - most

commonly used precast concrete components for
building envelopes. This type of precast concrete
Dubai is home to 17 of the 100 highest
skyscrapers on earth WILLIS TOWER
◌ Height - 442 meters
BURJ KHALIFA - TALLEST BUILDING ON ◌ tallest building until 1996
EARTH ◌ It’s design is called a BUNDLED TUBE
◌ Location - Middle-eastern emirate of
Dubai TAIPEI 101
◌ Height - 828 METERS ◌ Height - 508 meter tall
◌ 6 years in construction ◌ Location - Taiwan
JANUARY 2010 - open the burj khalifa ◌ (SOM plan is 10 meter taller)
in the world
◌ 900 APARTMENTS HANCOCK
◌ 160 ROOM HOTEL ◌ made of steel and glass
◌ 37 FLOORS of OFFICES ◌ Height - 240 meters
◌ constructed in the 1970's
1.5 billion tower opened in 2010 ◌ problem - building swayed and over 5000
glass panels blew out
FEBRUARY 2004 - breaks ground at the burj sit
DAVID BRADFORD - construction manager
PETER IRWIN - wind engineer
JOHN ZERAFA - facade project director
JUMP FORM - fastest way to build a tower like
birch is with reinforced concrete.
- one new floor every week using
this system
12 hours -

Burj Khalifa is the brainchild of Dubai property

developer called EEMAR
EEMAR - property developer, top architecture
firms Skidmore Owings and Merrill (based on
chicago (home of skyscraper))
Chief Engr. - BILL BAKER

Structural system of Burj Khalifa is called the

BUTTRESS CORE - center hexagon middle of
the bldg. Buttresses are the three wings
around the hexagon.

25 separate ingredients to create concrete

that stays liquid but turns solid extremely fast.

◌ new floor every 3 days

192 PILES - depth of a 50 meters to support a

3.7 meter thick raft of solid concrete
- hold building weighs over 500,000 tons

after 3 years of break ground, the construction

reaches 512 METERS & 141 FLOORS

BURJ KHALIFA
◌ 900 apartments
◌ 160 room hotel
◌ 37 floors of offices

PANELS
24, 348 PANELS - must be installed on the
exterior
6.4 meters long and weighs 750 kg

WENDELL ALARMS

PIPE
136 meter tall pipe weighing over 350 tonnes