INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS POLITICS AND

THE CONCEPT OF STATE?

MS. KRIZL KISH FLORIA DELIMA
 WHAT IS POLITICS?

KAY LAWSON HAROLD LASWELL RICARDO LAZO

Seeking and using the A STRUGGLE TO

Involving as to
power of the state to
make allocations of scare WHO GETS POWER,
resources throughout a WHAT, WHEN, CONTROL AND
given polity.
AND HOW? INFLUENCE.
 KEY CONCEPTS

POWER INFLUENCE AUTHORITY

LEGITIMACY PERSUASION INDUCEMENT

COERCION PHYSICAL FORCE GOVERNANCE

STATE

State is a community of PERSONS more or less numerous, permanently

occupying a definite portion of TERRITORY, having a GOVERNMENT of their
own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying
FREEDOM from external control (Legal Definition taken from the book of
Cruz).
 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATE

DIVINE RIGHT THEORY PATERNALISTIC THEORY

HOLDS THAT THE STATE IS OF A state is a product of evolution
DIVINE CREATION AND THE starting from Adam and Eve and then
RULER IS ORDAINED BY GOD. forms into family until it expanded
into a state.

NECESSITY OR FORCE
THEORY SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
This is known to be “MIGHT MAKES RIGHT
State has been formed through a
THEORY”.
voluntary compact among men living in
the state of nature to form a
Holds that state is created through government in order to have a
force, by some warriors who common good.
imposed their will upon the weak.
NB: State of Nature is a hypothetical setting wherein no rules
are followed and no authority exists to regulate the actions of
other individuals.
 THREE VERSIONS OF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
THOMAS HOBBES JOHN LOCKE JEAN-JACQUES
ROUSSEAU
• People in the state is not necessarily bad, •
• Men by nature are evil. People in a state of nature are not
some or few of them are rational and
necessarily bad, some of them are
• In order to scape from the good.
of them are rational and good.
state of nature, people made • Because of fear of war, people formed a
compact to surrender and • Because of fear of war, people
contract to entrust the peace and
formed a government, government
submit their will to the security to a group of representatives
who will compose the government. by which the people are the ones
LEVIATHAN ( sea monster or
directly managing the day to day
mortal God) who will act as • Obligation: PROTECTION is the duty of
affairs of the society.
the ruler. the government towards the people
while SUPPORT is the obligation of the • Government shall promote general
• Proposed RULE OF ONE will.
people towards the government.
(monarchy or tyranny).
• Proposed RULE OF THE FEW (aristocracy • Propose RULE OF THE MANY
and oligarchy). (democracy and mobocracy).
 ELEMENTS OF STATE
PEOPLE
REFERS TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE STATE.
Q? IS THERE SPECIFIC NUMBER OF PEOPLE
TO COMPOSE A STATE?
There is no legal requirement as to their
number. But it must be numerous enough
to be self-sufficing and to defend
themselves and small enough to be easily
administered and sustained. It must come
from both sexes to be able to perpetuate
themselves (Isagani Cruz).
TERRITORY
The fixed portion of the surface of the earth
inhabited by the people of the state.
Q? How big should a territory be in order
that it can be considered as an element of
the state?
As a practical requirement, it must be
neither TOO BIG to be difficult to
administer and defend nor TOO SMALL as
to be unable to provide for the needs of
the population (Isagani Cruz). For the
Philippines, it is stipulated in the 1987
Philippine Constitution ART. 1 (THE
NATIONAL TERRITORY)
 ELEMENTS OF STATE
GOVERNMENT
IS THE AGENCY OR INSTRUMENTALITY
THROUGH WHICH THE WILL OF THE STATE IF
FORMULATED, EXPRESSED AND REALIZED
(ISAGANI CRUZ). IT ACT AS PARENS PATRIAE,
OR THE GUARDIAN OF THE RIGHTS OF THE
PEOPLE.
Q? WHAT ARE THE TWO FUNCTIONS OF THE
GOVERNMENT?
1. Constituent Function- peace
and order function.
2. Ministrant Function-
development function.
SOVEREIGNTY
It is the SUPREME AND UNCONTROLLABLE
POWER by which that STATE is governed.
Q? What are the two aspects of sovereignty?
1. Internal sovereignty- power of the state
to control and direct the internal affairs
of the country without intervention
from other states.
2. External sovereignty- power o the state
to direct its external affairs without
dictation and interference from outside
forces.
HOW GOVERNMENT DIFFERS FROM OTHER SOCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS?

COMPREHENSIVE INVOLUNTARY
AUTHORITY MEMBERSHIP

AUTHORITATIVE RULES HIGHEST STAKES

LEGITIMATE MONOPOLY OF THE

USE PF OVERWHELMING FORCE
 ARISTOTLES’S SIX-FOLD CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT

First Sub-criterion Second Sub-criterion

RULERS RULE IN THE INTERESTS OF:

NUMBER OF RULER
ALL (PUBLIC) THEMSELVES (PERSONAL)

ONE MONARCHY TYRANNY

FEW ARISTOCRACY OLIGARCHY

MANY DEMOCRACY MOBOCRACY

 Difference between STATE and GOVERNMENT

STATE GOVERNMENT

PRINCIPAL CONCEPT AGENT

PERMANENT CHANGEABLE
DEPENDENT TO GOVERNMENT INDEPENDENT FROM THE STATE

Difference between GOVERNMENT and ADMINISTRATION

GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION

AGENT OR INSTRUMENT GROUP OF PERSON RUNS THE

GOVERNMENT FOR THE TIME BIENG
MACHINERY MACHINIST
 Difference between a STATE and NATION

STATE NATION

POLITICAL AND LEGAL CONCEPT RACIAL, ETHNICAL AND CULTURAL CONCEPT

Where there is a state, there is ATLEAST ONE There can be a nation even without a state.
NATION.
Presupposed a GOVERNEMENT AND TERRIROTY Do not presupposed GOVERNMENT AND
TERRITORY
It is possible for a state to composed of different nation.
A single nation may also be composed of different states.

STATE NATION

(i.e. MALAYSIA and United (Arab Nation)

States)
THREE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

POLICE POWER EMINENT DOMAIN TAXATION

It is described by Professor Freund, as the
power of promoting the public welfare by It is the inherent power The process or means by
restraining and regulating the use of liberty
of the state to acquire which the sovereign,
and property.
through its law-making
Based on two Latin maxims: private property for
Salus populi suprema est lex (the welfare of
body, raises income to
the people is the supreme law) public use upon defray the necessary
Sec utere tuo ut alienum non laedas (so use payment of just expenses of government.
your own as not to injure another’s
property) compensation.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES
1. The Malolos Constitution
2. The 1935 Constitution
3. The Japanese- Sponsored Constitution
4. The 1973 Constitution
5. The 1987 Constitution
Sources:
Political Science handout of MR. FEDERICO B. FILIPINO. MSU, Political Science Department.
Cruz, Isagani. Philippine Political Law. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc.