sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg

lzif{sM ljb\ofyL{sf] u[xsfo{ ug]{ afgL a;fNg] pkfox?

cg';Gwftfssf] gfd M ltns axfb'/ vqL
k]zf M lzIfs
kb M k|wfgfWofks
kmf]g g+= tyf O{d]n M 9848299232 / khatrit51@gmail.com
ljb\ofnosf] gfd M >L lzj Jofj;foLs dfWoflds ljb\ofno e]/L gu/kfnLsf !, hfh/sf]6

!= kl/ro
d]/f] sIffdf ljb\ofyL{x? k|fo clgoldt x'g] , ljb\ofno cfP klg lbge/L ga:g] , kf7\ok':ts
gNofpg] , NofP klg emf]nfdf gNofP/ xftdf ;dfP/ Nofpg] , s]6fx?n] cEof; k'l:tsf dfq
kfO{G6sf] uf]hLdf /fv]/ Nofpg] , b}lgs ?kdf u[xsfo{ gu/]/ cfpg] , s]lxn] sd} dfq u[xsfo{ u/]/
b]vfpg] u/]sf] kfPsf] 5' . ul0ft ljifodf u[xsfo{ g} gu/]/ cfpFbf ul0ft ljifosf] l;sfO{ pknAwL
cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . dfWoflds txsf] sIff !) df ul0ft ljifosf] ;fKtfxLs kf7\oef/ % /x]sf]
5 . SEE k/LIffdf clwsf+z ljb\ofyL{x?sf] ul0ft ljifodf u|]8 klg ;Gtf];hgs gePsf] kfPsf]
5' . u[xsfo{ ug{] afgLn] k9fO{df Wofg hfG5 . d]/f] sIffdf u[xsfo{ u/]/ Nofpg' eg]/ k|To]s lbg
u[xsfo{ lbg] u/]sf] 5' t/ klg u[xsfo{ g} gu/]/ ul0ft ljifosf] sIffdf cg'kl:yt x'g] ;Ddsf
ls|ofsnfkx? b]lvP kl5 ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ s;/L u[xsfo{ ug{ k|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ cGo lzIfs
:6fkmx?;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ pxfFx?sf] ljifodf klg u[xsfo{ gug]{ u/]sf] kfO{of] . To; kl5
ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ s;/L u[xsfo{ ug]{ afgL a;fNg ;lsG5 eg]/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljrf/ u/]/ o;nfO{
cg';Gwfgsf] ;d :ofsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/] . ;xsdL{ :6fkmx?;Fusf] 5nkmn , u[xsfo{n] l;sfO{
pknlAwdf kfg{] k|efj , u[xsfo{ ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ n]v /rgfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljb\ofyL{x?n]
u[xsfo{ gug'{sf d"Vo sf/0fx?df sIffdf k9fPsf] ljifoj:t' g} ga'em]sf] , 3/df u[xsfo{ ug{]
jftfj/0f gx'g' , u[xsfo{ w]/} x'g' , ;a} ljifosf] w]/} w]/} u[xsfo{ eP/ u[xsfo{ ug{] ;do g} gk'Ug' ,
;lhnf] nfu]sf] ljifodf a9L ;do lbg' , u[xsfo{nfO{ af]emsf] ?kdf lng' , lzIfsn] u[xsfo{ r]s
gug{' , r]s u/] klg ;'wf/]/ glbg' , uNtL u/]df b08 ;hfo lbg' cfbL sf/0faf6 of] ;d:of ;[lht
ePsf] xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . oL sf/0fx?sf] ;Gbe{df d}n] ljb\ofyL{x?sf] u[xsfo{ ug]{ afgLdf
;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nfuL s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' egL sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{] larf/ u/] .

1
@=ck]lIft pknAwL tyf p2]Zo
o; sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] d"Vo p2]Zo ljb\ofyL{x? lgoldt ?kdf u[xsfo{ u/]/ Nofpg] ck]Iff
/fv]sf] lyPF . ck]IfLt pknAwLx?df lgoldt ?kdf ljb\ofyL{x? ljb\ofnodf kf7\ok':ts NofP/
cfpg] , sIffdf ;ls|o ?kkdf ;xefuL x'g] , u[xsfo{ r]s u/fpg] , ghfg]sf s'/f sIffdf 5nkmn
ug{] afgLsf] ljsfz x'g] ck]Iff /fv]sf] lyP .

#= sfof{Gjog calw
pQm ;d:ofdf cfwf/Lt eO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lgDgfg';f/ Ps rs|df ;~rfng ul/Psf]
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] 5' M
klxnf] rs| M @)&#÷!)÷! b]vL @)&#÷!)÷@) ut] ;Dd -@) lbg_

$= sfo{ljwL M
Pk/f]Qm ;d:of / ;f] sf sf/0fx?sf] ;Gbe{df ca d}n] s] pkfo ckgfPdf ljb\ofyL{xc?sf] u[xsfo{
ug]{ afgL a;fNg ;lsG5 elg k"gM ;|f]t s]Gb|sf al/i7 ;xsdL{ ;fyLx?;Fu , ;|f]t AoQmL /
ljb\ofno lg/LIfs;Fu 5nkmn , u[xsfo{n] l;sfO{ pknAwLdf kfg{] k|efj, u[xsfo{ gug]{ sf/0f,
u[xsfo{ ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ tl/sfx? ljleGg j]a;fO{6x?df vf]h]/ ;ª\sng u/L cWoog, ljleGg
dgf]j}1fgLs lstfax? / k|of]ux?sf] cWoog , lzIfs lgb{]lzsf , afnd}qL ls|ofsnfksf] ;+ufnf]
cfbLsf] cWoog u/L ;dfwgsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL u/] . oL ;a}sf] cWoog kZrft d}n] lgDgf
lnlvt gofF tf}/ tl/sf / ljlwx?sf] k|of]u u/L ul0ft lzIf0f ls|ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{] / u[xsfo{
lbg] tyf r]s ug{] lg0f{o u/] M
s_ ljb\ofyL{sf ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ug{]
v_ afns]lGb|t lzIf0f ug{]
u_ lzIf0f ubf{ ICT sf] k|of]u ug{]
3_ u[xsfo{ lgoldt ?kdf lbg] , r]s ug{] / k[i7kf]if0f lbg]
oL sfo{x? s, v, u / 3 g+= sf pkfox?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfof{Gjog ug{sf nfuL la; -@)_
lbgsf] sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/] . sfof{Gjog u/L;s] kl5 ljb\ofyL{x?df b]lvPsf kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf
;"rgfx? ;ª\sng ug{sf nfuL 8fo/L l6kf]6 vfsf, ?h';"rL, >]0fLdfkg :s]n h:tf ;fwgx? ;d]t
tof/ u/] .
sfo{ of]hgf adf]lhd sfo{ ub{}hfFbf ljb\ofyL{x?sf] u[xsfo{ ug{] afgLsf] cjnf]sg u/] / tof/
u/LPsf] ;fwgx? k|of]u u/L ljb\ofyL{df cfPsf] ;'wf/af/] ;"rgf ;+sng ub{} uPF . @) lbg sf]
2
cjlw ljlt;s] kl5 d}n] 8fo/Ldf ;+sng u/]sf] ;"rgf / cGo ;fwgx?df ;+sng u/]sf ;"rgfsf
cfwf/df sfo{k|ultaf/] laZn]if0f, ;ldIff / ;+Zn]if0f u/] . h;af6 d}n] ljb\ofyL{sf] u[xsfo{ ug]{
afgLdf lgDgf ;'wf/x? ePsf] kfPF M
s_ ljb\ofyL{x? b}lgs ?kdf emf]nfdf kf7\ok':ts ;lxt lgoldt ?kdf pk:yLt ePsf]
v_ sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ ls|ofsnfkdf ;ls|o ;xefuLtf b]vfPsf]
u_ em08} () k|ltzt ljb\ofyL{x?n] u[xsfo{ ug{] u/]sf]
pk/f]Qm ;'wf/sf ls|ofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] s|ddf ljb\ofyL{x?n] u[xsfo{ ug{] , w]s u/fpg] /
k[i7kf]if0fsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] ;DalGw Aoaxf/df cfPsf] ;'wf/ / kl/jt{gsf] ;"rgf tyf tYof+s d}n]
8fo/Ldf l6kf]6 ub{} uP , ljb\ofyL{sf] Aoaxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g af/] ljb\ofnosf ;xsdL{
;fyLx?;Fu 5nkmn u/] . @) lbgsf] cGTodf ;+slnt ;a} ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|ltljDjg tyf
;'wf/sf] ;ldIff u/] . of] ls|ofsnfkaf6 d}n] w]/} xb;Dd ;a} ljb\ofyL{x? u[xsfo{ ug{] afgL k/]sf]
kfPF . ljb\ofnodf /dfO{nf];Fu cl8of] leh'cn ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] k'j{1fgsf] ljsf;
ub{} gofF kf7sf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljb\ofyL{x? lgoldt ?kdf ljb\ofnodf cfpg] , k'/} ;do ljb\ofnodf
a:g] sIffsfO{snfkdf ;ls|o?kdf ;xefuL x'g] / lgoldt ?kdf lbOPsf] u[xsfo{ u/]/ Nof pg
yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgwf{l/t l;sfO{ pknAwL k'/f ug{ , ljb\ofyL{nfO{ cem s;/L
k|efjsf/L ?kdf l;sfpg ;lsG5 / ztk|ltzt ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ u[xsfo{ ug{] afgL s;/L a;fNg
;lsG5 eGg] dnfO{ rf;f] a9]sf] 5 . t;y{ d}n] s;/L ztk|ltzt ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ ztk|ltzt
u[xsfo{ ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;S5' eGg] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L bf];|f] r/0fsf] k|of;sf nfuL
of]hgf agfpg] ;f]rdf /x]sf] 5' .

%= ;'wf/ tyf kl/0ffd

k|:t't ;d:of Ps} rs|sf] k|of;af6 ljb\ofyL{x?sf] Aoaxf/df lgDgflnlvt ;'wf/x? kfPsf] 5' M
 ljb\ofyL{x? lgoldt ?kdf cfˆgf z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;lxt ljb\ofnodf pk:yLt eP/ k'/f
;do ljb\ofnodf a:g] u/]sf 5g .
 ljb\ofyL{x?df ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ;xsfo{ l;sfO{sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
 ljb\ofyL{x? sIffls|ofsnfkdf ;ls|o ;xefuL x'g yfn]sf 5g .
 ljb\ofyL{x? lgoldt ?kdf u[xsfo{ u/]/ Nofp5g\ .

3
^= l;sfO{ / lgisif{
of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgaf6 dnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] l;sfO{ ePsf] 5 M
 ljb\ofyL{x?sf] :t/ , ?lr , rfxfgf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df plgx?nfO{ g} ;ls|o agfP/ lzIf0f
ug'{ kb{5 .
 Pp6f ljifodf u/]sf] k|of;n] cGo ljifodf klg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
 lzIf0fdf ICT sf] k|of]u ubf{ ljb\ogyL{x?df pT;fx ylkg] / /dfO{ /dfO{ lzIf0f
ls|ofsnfkdf ;ls|o?kdf ;xefuL x'G5g .
 b[io tyf >Job[io h:tf ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u ubf{ ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ ;lhn};Fu l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
 Learning by doing sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ lzIf0f ubf{ ljb\ofyL{x?df laifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff
:ki6 x'g] ePsfn] u[xsfo{nfO{ ;xh?kdf lnG5g\ .
 ;xsdL{;fyLx?,k':tsfno cWoog / O{d]n OG6/g]6sf] cWoogaf6 gofF gofF tf}/ tl/sf /
ljlwx?sf] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .
lzIf0f ub}{ ;d:of / sf/0fx?sf] ljZn]if0f ub{} gofF gofF ljlwx? Kl/If0f u/l lzIf0f ubf{ dnfO{
cfTdf ljZjf; a9]sf] 5 . Pp6f ;d:ofsf] ;dwfgn] csf]{ ;d:ofsf] hgd lbg] x'Fbf dnfO{ d]/f]
k]zfut ;d:of;Fu h'Wgsf] nfuL pT;fx ldn]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ d Ps of]Uo lzIfs aGb}5' eGg]
dx;'z e}/x]sf] 5 . d o:tf ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ k"gM bf];|f] , t];|f] ====cfbL rs|sf] ?kdf / cGo
;d:ofnfO{ klg ;dfwfgsf] nfuL lg/Gt/tf lbg] c7f]6 u/]sf] 5' .

4
cg";'rL !

sfo{of]hgf / ;fwgx?
s|=; ls|ofsnfk k|ls|of ;do ;fdfu|L tYof+s ;xof]uL s}lkmot
;+sngsf
;fwgx?
! ljb\ofyL{sf ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ sIffsf] k|ZgfjnL k|ZgfjnL ;xsdL{
;d:ofx?sf] k|ZgfjnL lgoldt kmf/d lzIfs /
klxrfg ug{] e/fpg] bf];|f] ljb\ofyL{x?
306L
@ afns]lGb|t v]n ljlwsf] @ lbg SjLh ?h';"rL ljb\ofno
lzIf0f ug{] k|of]u u/L ;Dd ug{ ;xof]uL /
j}oQmLs Nofk6k, ljb\ofyL{x?
lzIf0f ug{] k|f]hS6/
# lzIf0f ubf{ lel8of] / !) lbg Nofk6k, ?h';"rL ljb\ofno
ICT sf] :nfO{8 :j ug{] k|f]hS6/ / ;xof]uL /
k|of]u ug{] >]0fLdfkg ljb\ofyL{x?

$ u[xsfo{ lgoldt k|To]s lstfa 8fo/L , ljb\ofyL{x? slxn]

lgoldt j}oQmLs ?kdf lbg ?h';"rL ljb\ofyL{x?af6
?kdf lbg] , u[xsfo{ r]s ;'?df / s|; r]s
r]s ug{] / ug{] >]0fLdfkg u/fpg]
k[i7kf]if0f
lbg]

5
cg";'rL @
k|ZgfjnL !
gfdM ======================================-P]lR5s_
sIff M =========
!=3/af6 ljb\ofno ;Dd k'Ug slt ;do nfU5 <
==================================================================
@= 3/df lgDgf s'/f ePdf 5 df / gePdf 5}gdf l7s-√ _ nufpg'xf];\ .

s| ; ljj/0f 5 5}g
! 5'6\6} cWoog sf]7f
@ sf]7fdf aQL
# s';L{, 6]an, /\ofs jf afs;
$ b}lgs ;do tfnLsf
% sf]7fdf ;fyLx?
^ df]afOn
& sDKo'6/
* u[xsfo{ ug{ ;xof]u ug{]
( l5d]sL ;fyL

#= 3/df slt 306f u0fLt laifo k9\g'x'G5 < ==============================================

$= 3/df cfdf j'jfnfO{ slt ;do ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 < s'g s'g sfddf<
=========================================================================================================================
%=3/df slt hgf ;b:o x'g'x'G5 < ===================== sf] sf] -gftf
dfq}_====================================================================================================================
^= s s:n] s] s] sfd ug{' x'G5 < ========================================================================

6
cg";'rL #
k|ZgfjnL @
gfdM ======================================-P]lR5s_
sIff M =========
!= ;a} eGbf ;lhnf] / ufx|f] nfUg] laifo s'g s'g x'g<
@= ufx|f] nfUg] sf/0fx? s] s] x'g <
#= sIffdf ;xof]u ug{] ;fyL 5g sL jf b'Mv lbg] <
$= sIffdf d -lzIfs_ ;Fu ;f]Wg' kg{] s'/f g;f]w]/ a;]sf t 5}gf} <
%= u[xsfo{ lsg gu/]sf] <
^ cGo s]xL eGg' kg{] 5 ls < 5 eg] s] eGg' kg{] 5 < n]v .

7
8