Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

A100 kw single stage grid-connected PV system with controlled DC-link

voltage
E. Sarath Chandrareddy, Ch. Chengaiah, D. Bullarao
Dept. of EEE, SVU College of Engg., SV University, Tirupati, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: India is country which blessed with about 300 clear sun raising days in a year. The solar energy available
Received 13 November 2020 in a year exceeds the possible energy output of all fossil fuel energy reserves in india. The proposed paper
Accepted 17 November 2020 provided control method to adjust the DC-link voltage as well as rate of change of change of DC- Link
Available online xxxx
energy in 3-phase voltage-source inverters. The proposed voltage controller used PI controllers along
with feed forward feedback .If it is possible control DC-link voltage and rate of change of DC-link voltage
Keywords: precisely while extracting maximum power from panel it is possible to decrease the DC capacitance and
Maximum power point tracking
can improve system stability. Matlab/Simulink software package is been used to make the model and
Photo voltaic
Perturb and observe
simulation system.
3- phase inverter Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
DC- link voltage Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in
PI controller Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.

1. Introduction
In present days fossil energy fuels formed by natural met with
the buried dead organisms curve with respect to its availability.
PV grid energy supplied to the utility grid is receiving high avail-
ability, while the world power demand. This is because of free
clean abundant Nature of Pv energy it is also required to maximize
power output from PV system to increase efficiency of system. So
the operating point voltage and currents which can extract maxi-
mum power from system will be varied linearly and nonlinearly
under change in environment conditions [1–3].
In this paper P&O method is used to track MPP. In P&O method
depends on voltage variations at constant step seize of time with
change in power. If step seize is small then oscillations will be small
but speed of tracking of MPPT will become slow and vice versa [4–6].
the different characteristics curves of the PV scheme for analysis
have been discussed [1]. There are two ways we can connect grid
and PV system one is two stage another one is single stage. In two
stage grid connection we need DC-DC converter to track to boost
voltage and two track MPPT this is preferred when available voltage
is very less at input side. If input voltage is high we can use single
stage scheme as it have many advantages like high efficiency relia-
bility less number of components [6]. In single-stage grid connected
system the DC-link voltage and PV panel output voltages are same.
The output voltage have to be controlled to set at MPP voltage and
the DC link voltage control can be achieved by controlling the power
transferred between grid and PV system with help of inverter
switching. For a certain available PV power decreasing or increasing
the pumped current into the grid will cause DC-link voltage level
increasing or decreasing vice versa [7–11].
In one stage grid connected inverter strategy inverter can con-
troller DC-link voltage independently so the MPP voltage across
the array can be regulated by controlling power flow out of array
If the DC- link voltage is stable and with less oscillations then we
can have an advantage of decreasing seize of DC-link capacitance.
This paper proposed design of controller to control DC-link volt-
age of 100Kw PV system with grid connection. There are three con-
troller loops DC-link voltage and current controller and MPPT
according to required speed of response their time constants
designed with first order system .the proposed controller designed
to respond to change in DC-link voltage as well as rate of change of
DC-link voltage.
2. System discription and modeling
2.1. Components and controllers

E-mail addresses: sarathreddy19@gmail.com (E.S. Chandrareddy), chinthapudisvu@ The proposed single stage system consist of PV array and DC
gmail.com (Ch. Chengaiah), bullaraodomathoti@gmail.com (D. Bullarao) link capacitor three phase inverter with required controllers and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.572
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.

Please cite this article as: E. Sarath Chandrareddy, Ch. Chengaiah and D. Bullarao, A100 kw single stage grid-connected PV system with controlled DC-link
voltage, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.572
E. Sarath Chandrareddy, Ch. Chengaiah and D. Bullarao Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Block diagram of proposed system.

Fig. 2. Block diagram of system with proposed controller.

grid synchronization through LCL filter in order to drive pure sine

current into grid. Synchronous reference frame is used in simula-
tion. There are three control loops MPPT controller will provide ref-
erence voltage and by using this reference voltage and available
power from PV panel by using feed forward controller reference
current for current controller will be generated from the output
of current controller voltage references for switching switches of
three phase inverter. PLL used to to determine angel (wt) between
grid and output of inverter voltage for synchronization as well as
injection of current to grid (See Fig. 1.).

2.2. Design of current controller

The current- controller have to generate reference trajectory so

as to push pure sinusoidal current into grid, using ABC to DQ trans-
formation for grid voltage and inverter output currents (edeq idiq) .
the output of current controller is given by fallowing equation (1)
and (2). And by adding inductance effect in equation effect of rate
of change of voltage effect can be included.
Fig. 3. Flow chart for P&O MPPT.

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E. Sarath Chandrareddy, Ch. Chengaiah and D. Bullarao Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. Characteristics of PV array.

Fig. 5. Output voltage of Inverter vs Time.

did age which will be adjusted by amount of grid current injection. PI

Vd ¼ ed þ L  wLiq ð1Þ
dx controller is used to make the error zero so that PV output voltage
is exactly at MPP voltage point. A feed forward feedback is added to
diq output of PI controller to generated id REF as shown in Fig. 2.
Vd ¼ ed þ L  wLid ð2Þ
dx Because of the feed forward power feedback it is become easy to
generate reference current which we can drive into grid which is in
phase with voltage which means we are pushing only active com-
2.3. DC-link voltage control ponent of current into grid, reference for reactive current is always
zero so that reactive power feed into grid by this PV system is zero
For the proposed system PV output voltage is equal to DC-link which is clearly show in Fig. 2.
voltage and it is input to inverter. This should be fixed at MPP volt-
3
E. Sarath Chandrareddy, Ch. Chengaiah and D. Bullarao Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
System Parameters.

Parameter Name Simulated Value

Power rating 100 KW
Open circuit voltage 907.5 V
Grid voltage 400 V
Filter inductances 500uH,500uH
Filter capacitor 100uF
DC capacitor 1000uF
Grid frequency 50HZ
Switching frequency 10 KHZ

The fallowing figure shows simulation results of proposed

Fig. 6. Output Voltage of PV array vs Time.
2.4. MPPT algorithms
As PV system efficiency is very less so it is required to extract
maximum power available from PV array based on availability of
temperature and insulation. As MPP point is function of insulation
and temperature it is required to track MPP point continuously
here we used P&O algorithm is used to track MPP. This MPPT algo-
rithm perturb the operating voltage to one direction and if power
supplies from PV array increases operating point will move to next
step change and vice versa this process will continue until change
in power is zero that is required MPP point the flow chart of P&O
algorithm shown in Fig. 3 and characteristics of PV system show
in Fig. 4. (See Fig. 5.Fig. 6.Fig. 7.)
3. Simulation results
The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and sim-
ulated parameters of system inthe Table 1.
system.
It can clearly seen that maximum power which is available is
100KW and the same extracting at MPP voltage point it can be
compared with PV array characteristics as well..
The THD of PV grid current is very less (0.77%) as it shown in
Fig. 8. So the current which is injected into grid is pure sinusoidal
because of LCL filter.
If any change in climate leads to change in insulation .which
will affect the available power for a sudden change of insulation
from 1 Kw/m2 to 0.5 Kw/m2 the amount of current pushed into grid
will change at same voltage based on available power and this
transition also settles in two cycles of waveform which is shown
in Fig. 9.
4. Conclusition
DC-link voltage controller of single stage grid connected three
phase photovoltaic system is presented in this paper. This con-
troller designed to respond DC-link voltage variations very quickly
so that the ripples in DC-link voltage is less there by DC-link capac-
itor seize can be reduced and system stability is also high as time
taken to reach study state for climate variations is very less. The
proposed controller with feed forward power feedback is pre-
sented and Simulation results which are provided in results shows
the ability of proposed controller in study sate as well as in climate
disturbances.

Fig. 7. Output power vs Time.

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E. Sarath Chandrareddy, Ch. Chengaiah and D. Bullarao Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 8. FFT analysis for Inverter current.

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Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.