ARCH 502 PLUMBING

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The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other appa-
Plumbing ratuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
and/or ingredients and removing them.
A trade duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila
Plumbing Trade
in 1902.
First Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspec-
Master Plumber John F. Haas
tion.
National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAM-
an association formally organized in 1935.
PAP)
The "Plumbing Code for the City of Manila" was enacted and
Manila City Ordinance 2411
placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
date of House Bill No. 962 became R.A. 1378 "Plumbing Law of
June 18, 1955
the Philippines" upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay.
date of National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by
January 28, 1959
NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.
Republic Act No. 6541 Otherwise known as the "Building Code of the Philippines".
When did President Joseph Estrada approved the Revised
December 21, 1999 Plumbing Code of 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known
as the Plumbing Law.
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and
Rain Water stored in cisterns or ponds; Cistern water for drinking should be
boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized
Natural Surface Water Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers.
Obtained from underground by means of mechanical & manual
Ground Water equipment; From springs and wells and is the principal source of
water for domestic use in most rural areas.
Acidity Caused by the entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water.
Hardness Caused by the presence of magnesium and calcium salts.
Turbidity Caused by silt or mud in surface or in ground.
Color Caused by the presence of iron and manganese.
Pollution Contamination by organic matter or sewage.
Neutralizer introduced in the acidic water treatment to raise alka-
Sodium Silicate
line.
Zeolite Process Use of an ion exchanger in hard water treatment.
Filtration Correction process for turbidity in water.
Oxidizing Filter Correction process for color problems in water.
Chlorination Correction process for pollution in water.
Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it
Aeration over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the
water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelati-
Coagulation and Precipitation
nous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered
in large dumps and disposed of.
Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete
Filtration
basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.
Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through
Sedimentation
a period of time.
Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the
Chlorination
harmful bacteria.
Dug Well Also called "shallow well" and is dugged manually.
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Similar to dug well, but constructed using an auger driven in by
Bored Well
hand or with power tools.
Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes re-
Jetted Well
ferred to as "Sand-Point Wells".
Driven Well Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen.
Drilled Well Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000m.
Piston Pump Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.
Centrifugal Pump Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force.
Piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge
from this pump is pulsating and changes only when the speed of
Reciprocating Pump
the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is introduced to
regulate the pulsation.
A piston pump that makes use of a pump driver. Can discharge
Rotary Pump
from 900 to 1200 GPM and are more efficient for viscuous fluids.
Designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media
Submersible Pump
storage receptacle.
Used in applications where excess water must be pumped away
Sump Pump
from a particular area.
Centrifugal pumps used for large applications because of their
Turbine Pump
multiple impellers.
Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to
supply water to fixtures below; usually made of galvanized steel,
Overhead Tanks
stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various
shapes and sizes.
Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected
Cistern
with a pump.
Used in Overhead Feed System; Main components include supply
Gravity Supply Tank
pipe, inlet, overflow pipe, drip pan, and gate valves.
Used in the Air Pressure System; Often used with a pump and
Pneumatic Water Tank makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure
automatically if necessary.
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length);
Range Boiler Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel; Stan-
dard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length);
Storage Boiler Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint;
Standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi.
Control of a water system. Functions include start and shut down
Valves of a system, pressure regulation, backflow check, and control of
the direction of water.
Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line
Gate Valve
(does not control flow of water).
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle.
Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line.
Operates in the same manner as globe valve (disc & seat design);
Angle Valve
Used to make a 90° turn in a line and reduces number of joints.
Located at the lower end of the pumps. Used mainly to prevent
Foot Valve
loss of priming of the pumps. Also caled "Retention Valve".
Used on water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines &
Safety Valve
other pipe lines with excessive pressure
Compression Cock Operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet.

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Key Cock Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet.
Ball Faucet Constructed with a ball connected to the handle.
A knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels
Water Hammer
are shut off abruptly or automatically.
The flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from
Back Siphonage a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe.
The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the
Back Flow distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing
fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.
Expansion/Contraction Caused by continuous changes of temperatures in pipes.
Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact
Friction Head Loss
with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow
Classification of public water distribution where water is obtained
Direct Pressure Distribution through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into
deep water.
Indirect Pressure Distribution (PNEUMATIC AIR PRESSURE Classification of public water distribution where water is taken form
SYSTEM) a drilled well or underground water.
Pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to
Service Pipe
the building served.
Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water
Water Meter
that passes through the water service.
The principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter
Horizontal Supply Main from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are
taken.
A water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more
Riser
to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the
Fixture Branch
water-distributing pipe.
Used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution
Controls and Valves
system.
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pres-
Upfeed System
sure from public water main.
When pressure supplied by city water supply is not strong enough,
Air Pressure (Pneumatic) System
compressed air is used to raise and push water into the system.
Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) System is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity. Also known as
"Gravity System".
A pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or waste
Standpipe disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of
fire.
A standpipe is connected to the building exterior (max ht.= 1.20M)
Dry Standpipe System ( 4 STOREY +)
for connection to fire department.
A piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line)
Wet Standpipe System connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each
level).
A piping network directly connected to the main water line, con-
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection nects to all levels of a building; additionally, a Siamese Connection
is located outside the building for additional water supply.
Upright Sprinkler Head Sprinkler head used above piping when piping is exposed.
Sprinkler head that projects through a finished ceiling when piping
Pendent Sprinkler Head
is exposed.

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Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge
Plumbing Fixture water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with
which they are connected to.
Soil Fixtures Include water closets, urinals, and slop sinks.
Scullery Fixtures Include kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, and bar sinks.
Include lavatories, bathtubs, shower baths, bidets, foot/sitz tub,
Bathing Fixtures
shower receptors, and shower compartments.
Essential part of a sanitary drainage system, conveys only waste-
Waste Pipe
water or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Essential part of a sanitary drainage system, used for ensuring
Vent Pipe the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul
Trap
air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage
or wastewater through it.
The vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings ex-
Stack
tending through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.
Branch Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
House/Building Drain
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside
of the building.
Extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with
House/Building Sewer
the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the
drainage of one building site.
2% or 20mm/m (¼" per foot) Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe.
Type of permissible trap used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry
Common P-Trap
tubs, & urinals.
Type of permissible trap about twice the size of the common P-trap.
Deep Seal P-Trap
Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater.
Type of permissible trap used for fixtures such as slop sinks that
Stand Trap are usually built low in the ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap.
Running Trap Type of permissible trap used within the line of the house drain.
Type of permissible trap used for fixtures that discharge large
Drum Trap
amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains).
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a
Ventilation
balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system.
A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a
Vent Pipe plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted
on trap seals.
The 'backbone' of the entire sanitary system connected to the
Main Soil and Waste Vent
Main Soil & Waste Stack.
The principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches
Main Vent
are connected. Also called "Collecting Vent Line".
A pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent
Individual Vent (Back Vent)
system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe serve
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
two (2) traps.

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A vertical vent line that provides additional circulation of air be-
tween the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent
Relief Vent
on a specially designed system such as a "yoke vent" connection
between the soil and vent stacks.
A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the
floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at
Yoke or By-Pass Vent
a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of
fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.
A group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest)
Circuit Vent fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent
stack.
A vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch
at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to
Looped Vent
a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest
fixture connected there. Used in spaces without partitions.
The portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows
Wet Vent
through.
A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room
Local Vent
to the outer air.
Dry Vent A vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.
The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal
Stack Vent
drain connected to the stack.
The vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of
Vent Stack
air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR) The uppermost end above the roof.
A pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but
Indirect Waste Pipe conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, in-
terceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the
Grease Trap drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line stop-
page or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage disposal.
Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall
House Trap
of the building.
Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the basement
Drain Tiles
walls & foundation.
Also called "Garage Catch Basin". Trap is filled with water &
Garage Trap
located at the lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.
Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of back
Back Flow Valve
flows.
Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (which are
Sewage Ejectors
usually higher than basement levels).
SV - General Use
Cast Iron Commercial types
XV - Extra Duty
K Copper PIPE for UNDERGROUD
L Copper PIPE for GENERAL USE
M Copper PIPE for THINNEST
ACR Copper PIPE for AIR CONDITIONING
G Copper PIPE for GAS APPLICATION
MG Copper PIPE for MEDICAL GAS
BRASS PIPE MOST EXPENSIVE steel pipe; corrosion resistant
BUSHING threaded on both the inside and the outside

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SLOP SINK used by janitors
A basin like fixture design to be struddled for bathing the genitals
BIDET
and posterior parts of the body. Womens hygeine
use of a special filter membrane that permits water to pass but
REVERSE OSMOSIS
NOT larger matters
NEUTRALIZING TANK Marble or limestone filtration
JET PUMP Centrifugal pump typically used for drawing water up from well
3/8 inch (10 mm) Lavatory, WATER CLOSET (fixture supply pipe SIZE)
1/2 inch (13 mm) BATHTUB, KITCHEN SINK,SHOWER (fixture supply pipe SIZE)
an underground container for the temporary storage of liquid
CESSPOOL
waste and sewage.
A pit where effluent from a septic tank is collected for gradual
SEEPAGE PIT
seepage into ground
System of absorption trenches where effluent from a septic tank
ABSORPTION/DISPOSAL FIELD
may seep into the surrounding soil.
"A watertight receptacle which the discharge of sanitary plumbing
SEPTIC TANK from a bldg. sewer separate solids from liquid and digest organic
matter
508 mm size of manhole of septic tank
STORM SEWER Carries only rainwater from storm drain/streets
SANITARY SEWER Carries REGULAR SANITARY WASTE ONLY
TRIBUNARY SEWER termination point of individual structures
intersects other sewers to separate the dry weather flow from
INTERCEPTING SEWER A.KA. COLLECTING SEWER storm-water flow which they may carry. INTERSECTION POINT
OF TRIBUNARY SEWER
A standpipe containing no water and used by the fire department
DRY STANDPIPE
to connect fire hoses to a fire hydrant or pumper truck.
USABLE BY OCCUPANTS; connected directly to the main water
WET STANDPIPR
line and connects to all levels of the building
test for water supply BY CLOSING ALL OUTLETS W/ A TEST
HYDROSTATIC WATER TEST PLUG and filling the system w/ water from the main to locate leaks
and potential problems
plugging end of the bldg. sewer at points of connection ... to
BLDG. SEWER TEST/GRAVITY TEST
conduct air/water test should be atleast 15 mins long- 1 hr.
piping system is filled w/ compressed air and bubbling soaps suds
AIR PRESSURE TEST
are used in locating escaping air
1 wc, kitchen sink , lav, shower/bathtub each family dwelling should have_____
BUTTERFLY VALVE REGULATE FLUID FLOW thru section pipe
The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying
AIR GAP
water to a tank, plumbing fixture or other device and the flood level
rim of the receptacle.
The flexible tubing connection between a service pipe and a water
GOOSENECK
main
Refers to any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which
BATTERY OF FIXTURE
discharge into a common horizontal waste or soil branch
WC ;Minimum cost. Least efficient subject to clogging, noisy. Sim-
WASH DOWN ple washout and emptying through small irregular passageway,
prohibited by some health codes
Moderately noisy. Similar to siphon jet except that trap passage-
REVERSE TRAP
way and water surface area are smaller
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A water closet that is sanitary, efficient, and very quiet. Water
SIPHON JET
enters through the rim and through the down leg.
Quiet, extermely sanitary. Like the siphon jet but having the flush-
SIPHON VORTEX ing water directed through the rim to create a vortex that scours
the bowl
a warm soak of the perineal area to clean perineal wounds and
SITZ BATH
reduce inflammation and pain
predecessor of P-traps; used before traps had to connect to a
S TRAP
ventilation line
750 mm Single trap arm distance
TRAP SEAL LOSS A common problem in traps due to INADEQUATE VENTILATION
Solid organic matter denser than water & SETTLE AT THE BOT-
SLUDGE
TOM
SCUM Lighter organic material that rise to SURFACE OF WATER
EFFLUENT sewage LIQUID CONTENT
1500 mm (L), 900 mm (W), 1200 (D) SEPTIC TANK DIMENSION
0.375 M CENTER TO SIDE WALL
WATER CLOSET DISTANCE
0.75 M WC CENTER TO WC CENTER
HIGH PRESSURE = WHITE
STEAM DIV. PIPE COLOR
EXHAUST = BUFF
DELIVERY = BRASS/BRONZE
OIL DIVISION PIPE COLOR
DISCHARGE = YELLOW
BLACK GAS DIV PIPE COLOR
GRAY PNEUMATIC PIPE COLOR
A pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply pipe
Water distribution pipes
to the plumbing fixtures and other outlets
A type of water pump with its pump motor installed on the surface
reciprocation pump
attached to a lift and push rod to activate a submerged piston.
The maximum horizontal developed length between the trap seal
5 feet
and the vertical vent inlet at the trap arm.
The location of a fire hose cabinet connected to a standpipe for
a landing of an enclosed stairway
buildings shall be at every floor level above the first floor at:
Which vent is employed where 2 or more fixture traps are installed
CIRCUIT VENT
on a horizontal soil or waste branch?
Which primary or secondary stacks is used primarily for providing
VENT STACK circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the
drainage system?
What distance should the fire-truck be from the building in order
6.7 METERS to use the ladder at a Safe angle if the level it tries to reach is 24
meters from the ground?
Rapid change from a local fire to one involving all combustible
stage 2
materials in a room is what stage of fire
40 psi - 80 psi Recommended water pressure
Any connection/arrangement between a potable water supply
system and plumbing fixture/any tank, receptacle, equipment/de-
CROSS CONNECTION
vice thru which enables NON-potable water may enter to any part
of POTABLE water system under any condition
VALVE a device for controlling the passage of fluid/ air thru a pipe
WATER MAIN water supply pipe for public/community use
PLUMBARIUS individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient rome

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water seeps to the ground travels downward thru the tiny spaces
PERCOLATION
between rocks and particles
process which moisture is carried thru plants from roots to small
TRANSPIRATION pores on the underside of leaves where it changes to vapor and
is released to the atmosphere
conveys discharge from water closet, urinal or fixtures (contains
SANITARY/ SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM fecal matter) having similar functions w/ or w/o discharge from
other fixtures
a fitting/device which provides convenient access to the sanitary
CLEAN OUT
systems pipes to clear clogs and debris
part of a tube
INVERT
LOWEST portion of the interior part of any pipe or conduit that is
not vertical
part of a tube
CROWN
UPPER portion of the interior part of any pipe or conduit is not
vertical
part of a tube
SPRINGLINE
HORIZONTAL LINE located at the pipe's widest part. In circular
pipes this level exactly DIVIDES the pipes into 2 equal pipes
HALF BATH only toilet and sink
FULL BATH toilet, sink and shower + bath tub
3/4 bath toilet , sink and shower only
a length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story
height, but in no case less than 2.43 meters within which
BRANCH INTERVAL
the horizontal branches from one floor or story of a building are
connected to the stack.
the single sloping drain from the base , to its junction w/ the main
PRIMARY BRANCH
bldg. drain
a manufactured device or a prefabricated assembly or an
on-the-job assembly of component parts, and serves as adjunct to
the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance
PLUMBING APPURTENANCE demands no additional water supply nor does it add any discharge
load to a fixture or the drainage system. It performs some useful
functions in the operation, maintenance, servicing, economy or
Safety of the plumbing system.
a vertical vent that is a CONTINUATION of the drain to which the
CONTINUOS VENT
vent connects
22.5 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg bend and SANITARY WYE what are the allowed fittings?
Vertical vent pipes shall extend _____ m distant from any part of
3.00 m, 2.10 m the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend not less
than ____ m above such roof.
Located every 8 to 10 meters & at every corner of the roof (but, to
DOWNSPOUT
avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate them every 4 to 6 m)
Drain designed to receive water collecting on the surface of a
STRAINER/ROOF DRAIN roof and to discharge it into a downspout. Designed to prevent
clogging.
Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement Used as soil,
ASBESTOS PIPE waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts Suited for concrete embed-
ment because of similar properties
CHEAPEST; Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints.

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Vitrified Clay Pipe
LEAD PIPE
TOGGLE BOLTS
PLASTIC ANCHORS
stage 1: PRE FLASHOVER OR GROWTH PHASE
Stage 2: FLASHOVER
stage 3: fully developed fire (stable phase)
stage 4: Decay (cooling period)
Internal fire spread due to:
aims of fire safety design
1. FIRE AVOIDANCE
FIRE ZONING
F.R. ZONE 1 = LIFE RISK AREAS
F.R. ZONE 2 = HIGH FIRE RISK AREAS
F.R. ZONE 2 = HIGH FIRE LOAD AREAS
F.R. ZONE 2 = HIGH LIFE RISK AREAS
2. FIRE DETECTION
VISUAL FIRE DETECTION
MECHANICAL FIRE DETECTION
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OLDEST IN SEWER LINES; 750 mm, made of clay, brittle and
cracks easily; highly resistant to most acids
OLDEST FOR PLUMBING SYSTEMS; poisonous, injurious NOT
RECOMMENDED to convey water for human consumption; highly
resistant to acid.
are used when attaching pipes to
hollow masonry units; with spring-operated wings
Can be installed in smaller holes
Stage of fire growth which involves flaming combustion of an item
and may lead to a spread of fire; or a smoldering, poorly-ventilated
fire with substantial smoke.
Stage of fire growth defined as rapid change from a local fire to
one involving all combustible materials in a room.
Stage of fire growth wherein all materials in compartment are
alight; maximum rate of heat release is dependent on either avail-
able ventilation or quantity of fuel.
Stage of fire growth defined as gradual consumption of fuel in the
compartment.
1. spread between rooms and floors
2. Congested High Fire Load Areas
3. loss of integrity of fire walls
4. proximity of bldgs.
• To prevent fire
• To safeguard the lives of occupants and firefighters
• To reduce damage on the building, its contents, and on surround-
ing buildings
Reducing the possibility of accidental ignition of construction ma-
terials, as well as fittings and fixtures (applied fire zoning and fire
load)
mostly used in HOSPITALS
areas in which all occupants are ambulant and able to move
unaided away from a fire
- eg. Outpatient department; Service Zone
areas which, due to their function, are
more usually susceptible to an outbreak of fire, or to a rapid spread
of fire or smoke.
- eg. Kitchen or Boiler Room
areas which, because of their construction or contents, contain
large amounts of combustible
materials, thereby constituting a fire load in excess of that normally
found
- eg. Gas Storage, Linen Closets
areas in which persons may reside and are not able to move
unaided away from a fire.
- eg. Intensive Care Unit, Operating Department
Visual Fire Detection
To visually expose FIRE RISK and FIRE LOAD areas to building
occupants
provide peepholes on doors for fire prone areas or SHOULD be
visually accessible
Makes use of manual and automatic (electric/ electronic) methods
of informing the occupants in charge that a fire has occurred in a
given location.
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3. FIRE GROWTH RESTRICTION
Manual means of restricting FIRE GROWTH
growing fire is extinguished
immediately and at providing adequate time for firemen to arrive,
control the fire and evacuate the occupants
Actively extinguishing or slowing down the development of a fire
before the full involvement of the room. This is done by the room's
local occupants.
Means:
1. Fire Extinguisher
2. Water Supply
3. Fire Blanket
4. Bucket of Sand
will put out fires in ordinary combustibles, such as wood and paper.

CLASS A

should be used on fires involving

flammable liquids, such as grease, gasoline, oil, etc.

CLASS B

are suitable for use on electrically

energized fires. This class of fire extinguishers does not have
a numerical rating. C = non-Conductive

class c

are designed for use on flammable

CLASS D
metals and are often specific for the type of metal in question

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Dry Chemical extinguishers
Halon extinguishers
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers
Sprinklers distance
4. FIRE CONTAINMENT
5. FIRE CONTROL
where should the fire hydrants be located?
hydrants height from above ground
2 techniques for smoke control
7. FIRE ESCAPE PROVISIONS
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multiple purpose use. They
contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flam-
mable gas as a propellant
contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that takes place
when fuels burn. These types of extinguishers are often used to
protect valuable electrical equipment since them leave no residue
to clean up. Halon extinguishers have a limited range, usually 1.2
to 1.8 meters. The initial application of Halon should be made at
the base of the fire, even after the flames have been extinguished
extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C (liquids and
electrical) fires. Since the gas disperses quickly, these extinguish-
ers are only effective from 1.0 to 2.4 feet. The carbon dioxide is
stored as a compressed liquid in the extinguisher; as it expands, it
cools the surrounding air. The cooling will often cause ice to form
around the "horn" where the gas is expelled from the extinguisher.
Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply the agent even after
the fire appears to be out
3.6 to 6 meters apart w/ 175 psi
The more combustible the contents of a building, the smaller the
compartment should be. Joints must be filled with non-combustible
materials to prevent the spread of smoke or flame.
ensure that all areas inside and outside the building are covered
by reach of the firehose; Covers those devices and systems which
aid
firefighters in actively extinguishing the fire
should be w/in 3 meters max from the curb.
for siamesse connection standpipes should be visible w/in 60
meters from the hydrant
unobstructed and fire hose connection at least 0.3 m above grade
1. SMOKE CONTAINMENT BARRIER
2. SMOKE DISPERSAL
1. PROTECTED ESCAPE ROUTES (provided escape time for 60
mins)
2. provide ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF ESCAPE should be as far
as possible from the main escape route