SOLUTION OR DESTRUCTION: PERCEIVE BENEFITS AND IMPACT OF

PROPOSED KALIWA DAM PROJECT AMONG SELECTED

BARANGAY OFFICIALS IN MANDALUYONG CITY

A Research Paper

Presented to the Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

Research members:

Balagulan, Eirene C.

Centino, Erich Jude C.

Mangune, Clark Joshua R.

Submitted to:

Mrs. Khriz Russel C. Quesada, LPT

March 2022

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 Acknowledgement

The researchers wish to express their most profound and sincerest gratitude to
the following who have generously extended their invaluable support to help, assist, and
encourage in the completion of the study. The researchers would like to thank and
appreciate the following people who encouraged them to do this research entitled
"Solution or Destruction: Perceive Benefits and Impact of Proposed Kaliwa Dam Project
Among Selected Barangay Officials in Mandaluyong City."

First of all Almighty God, the researchers would not be able to surpass every
obstacle that hindered the group, which eventually led to the completion of this paper
without the support of God. His ever-present hand has guided and prompted the group
to make this research happen successfully.

The researchers would like to express their greatest gratitude to the people who
provided the necessary permission and approval to complete this research. Without the
support of Mr. Melbhie Pescasio, Mr. Henry Jhon Albert Vilbar, Mrs. Elizabeth V. Pastor,
and Mrs. Lucile Ariette A. Bautista, this research paper would not be as half as
successful as it is now. The research group is grateful to the school administration for
providing their precious time to read throughout the research paper to offer their
approval and kind words of encouragement.

The group would also like to convey their gratitude to the validators that helped in
completing this research paper. Without the help of Dr. Violeto Coronacion and Mrs.
Erose Coronacion, the research group would not be able to further their work regarding
this research paper. They have provided the group with their time and professional
insights to give cohesive alteration that greatly improved the whole paper.

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 The researchers give their never-ending thanks and wholehearted appreciation
to the Barangay Officials of the twenty-seven barangays of Mandaluyong City who gave
their permission and time to respond to the requests of the researchers to include their
constituents to the fold and become respondents to this research paper. Without their
permission, all of the hard work and sacrifices of the group would be for naught. They
gave important data that provided the researchers the needed knowledge about the
perception and awareness of the people on the construction of Kaliwa Dam and their
personal experience on water interruption and its ramifications to their daily lives.

The research group gives their regards to their classmates, friends, and previous
teachers for the contribution of their personal experiences, knowledge, as well as their
support and encouragement to the group.

The group offers their gratitude and recognition for the important role that their
parents and loved ones provided to them throughout this endeavor. Their support and
encouragement became the most important reason for the group’s continuous effort and
hard work to complete this research without fail.The research group gives their greatest
appreciation to Mrs. Khriz Russel C. Quesada, English Teacher and Research in Daily
life 1 and 2 instructor. She has guided the group from the research’s title up to the last
paragraph of the conclusion inputted on this research paper. She provided the group
with time, an open ear, and an accepting and understanding mind about every problem
and error that the group has encountered along the way of this research paper. Mrs.
Quesada taught the researchers about everything that they have known about this
topic, without her excellent teaching and academic prowess, the group would not be
able to reach the end of this research successfully.

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 Abstract

The Kaliwa Dam Project (KDP) is one of the leading propositions to solve the
prolonged water crisis in Manila. However, KDP's construction has encountered many
delays due to asserted ramifications in the environment and economy of the country.
This descriptive study explored 108 Mandaluyong barangay officials' responses to
determine whether the KDP is a solution or destruction based on their perceived
benefits, awareness, and impacts regarding the construction and raising more
alternative solutions to the water crisis in Metro Cities. Anchored by the Prospect theory
and employed through the purposive sampling technique, this research utilized survey
questionnaires via G-forms in collecting the responses of the officials from the 21
barangays situated in Mandaluyong City, an area that encountered water scarcity in
2019, with the notion that officials will not make the same choice even when faced with
exact difficulties. Researchers then analyzed the data by applying descriptive statistics
such as the frequency and average through graphical representations. The results
indicated that most respondents had sufficient awareness regarding the consequences
of the Kaliwa Dam construction and considered the project as destruction rather than a
definite solution. Furthermore, findings suggest that the Pasig-Laguna River Basin's
Rehabilitation is the subsequent leading proposition to the KDP for officials to solve the
Manila Water Crisis. Eventually, this research will provide a hint of a clearer picture of
the Kaliwa Dam Project, whether there is a substantial reason to construct the KDP or
other alternative projects should be included and assessed first.

Keywords: water crisis, kaliwa dam, prospect theory, environment, decision-making

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 Table of Contents

Title 1
Acknowledgement 2-3
Abstract 4

Introduction 6 - 21
Rationale 6-8
Statement of the Problem 8
Research Questions 8
Frameworks of the Study 9 - 12
Literature and Studies Review 12 - 21

Methodology 22 - 26
Research Design 22
Data 23 - 24
Population 23
Sample 23
Sampling Technique 23 - 24
Data Gathering Procedure 24 - 25
Data Analysis 25 - 26

Results 27 - 43

Discussion 44 - 49
Conclusion 47 - 48
Recommendation 49

References 50 - 56

Appendices 57 - 65

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 Introduction

Manila is currently facing a massive problem regarding its water crisis. However,
instead of showing any substantial progress, the situation continues to regress. Due to
increasing water demands in the region and Climate Change exacerbating El Niño,
Manila's water shortage is predicted to worsen later (Lee, et al., 2020). Although
supplemented by La Mesa Dam, Manila's primary water supplier, Angat Dam has
struggled to reach the city's water needs—In 2019, the dam had an average deficit of
140 million liters a day. Thence, during the same year, Mandaluyong, one of the major
cities in Manila, was shocked as it experienced the peak of the city's water scarcity;
around 52,000 households in the area experienced an unexpected water shortage, and
it even excludes those who only experienced low water pressure (Sabillo, 2019a; Tnay,
2019). To avoid this tragic water shortage again, the government proposes that Manila
must find a new source for their water needs—the Kaliwa Dam (Garcia, 2019a). The
dam is said to provide 600 million liters of raw water per day, with a maximum capacity
of more than 2400 million liters per day (Mayuga, 2020). This proposed dam can
ultimately end Manila's water scarcity and will be more than enough to meet the city's
future potable water demand.

Even though the Kaliwa Dam Project (KDP) is a great proposition to end the
city's ongoing water crisis, building this project comes at a cost. Many people,
specifically environmentalists, indigenous people (IPs), and economists, are against the
KDP because its adverse effects may outweigh its benefits. According to the Haribon
Foundation (2019), the KDP will cause ecocide to the ecosystem of Sierra
Madre—thousands of animal and flora species will be trampled, including those national
treasures of the country. Furthermore, KDP's construction will make the nearby
provinces more vulnerable to floods as those areas—Barangay Pagsangahan, General
Nakar, Quezon, and Barangay Magsaysay, Infanta, Quezon—are susceptible to
erosion, landslide, and seismic related hazards (Garcia, 2019b). Aside from the
environment, IPs living in the area are said to lose their homes and livelihoods when

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construction starts (Godio, 2020). Moreover, economically speaking, this
Chinese-funded dam is said to be unviable as KDP's poor financial prospects could
bring consumers to Metro Manila with higher, long-term water bills (Cruz, 2019).
However, despite all the disapproval and lack of permits, the government and the
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) still assert that KDP will have
long-lasting benefits as they push through the project's execution (Sarao, 2021).

In addition, the MWSS insists that if the KDP project pursues, there will be no
water shortage in Metro Manila until 2035 (Rosario, 2021). At the same time, MWSS
announced that in 2021, Metro Manila would not experience any water scarcity;
however, six months after the announcement, areas of Mandaluyong and San Juan,
then again, experience a 6-hour prolonged water shortage, affecting 38,000 households
(“Gov’t vows”, 2021; Dela Cruz, 2021). Even priorly assured that there will be no water
shortage, residents from the said area have experienced almost the same scenario
back in 2019. With the inconsistencies the government is saying, it is no wonder that
researchers should check upon the actual state of the affected residents of water
shortage, significantly since water shortage varies every year. It will give a clearer
picture of whether the Kaliwa Dam should persist or not and if Mandaluyong residents
can still endure water scarcity for the sake of those who will be negatively affected by
the project.

It is still unclear if there will be a water shortage in Manila in later years; whether
KDP construction should continue or stop is also still unclear. Instead of focusing on
those who will be negatively affected by the construction, this research will focus on
those who will benefit from the construction, the Mandaluyong residents. Knowing the
current water shortage situation in Mandaluyong city will help researchers know if the
Kaliwa Dam Construction is still a promising solution for their prolonged water shortage.
Choosing to compromise will open doors to other researchers and the government to
find alternative ways to solve the water crisis issue. At the same time, it will strengthen
the fight against the Kaliwa Dam construction to save the Sierra Madre's environment,

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the wildlife species, and the livelihood of the people living in the area. On the other
hand, Mandaluyong residents prioritizing their water shortage problem will help the
government to be more open in making compromises in giving more thought to the
unfavorable situation bound to the wildlife species and livelihood of the people (IPs)
affected by the construction of KDP. Moreover, with the results of this research, settling
on a more profitable project for all affected sections of society will be more viable for the
current situation. It will assure the residents of Metro Manila a respite from their water
crisis for a constant and unimpeded water supply for years to come.

Granted that Kaliwa Dam Construction will resolve the water scarcity in the
National Capital Region, particularly in Mandaluyong City (Galvez, 2019), many are still
against the project; they predict that the dam's ramifications will overshadow its real
benefits to the people, especially those who live near the proposed construction area.
This descriptive study utilizing survey questionnaires will explore Mandaluyong
residents' response towards Kaliwa Dam construction to determine its benefits among
the residents compared to outweigh cost considering the environmental issues and
government investment for the project. Moreover, provide a clearer picture about the
project to explore and raise more alternative solutions to the water crisis in Metro Cities.

For the whole duration of this research project, the researchers will answer the
following questions: (1) What is the demographic profile of the Barangays in
Mandaluyong City? (1a) Duration of Residence? (1b) Water Supplier? (1c) Monthly
bill? (2) How does the water crisis affect the barangays in Mandaluyong as perceived
by barangay officials? (3) How aware are the Mandaluyong's barangay officials of the
proposed Kaliwa Dam Construction project? (4) What are the perceived benefits of the
proposed Kaliwa Dam construction project among the barangay officials? (5) What are
the perceived impacts of the proposed project among the respondents considering the
environmental issues and the government's cost of investment? By answering this set
of questions, the researchers will be able to further investigate the responses of
Mandaluyong residents with regards to the construction of the Kaliwa Dam.

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 In this descriptive study, researchers essentially depended on the Prospect
theory, less commonly known as loss-aversion theory. Developed by Daniel Kahneman
and Amos Tversky in 1979, Prospect theory states that people treat gains differently
than losses in two respects. Individuals tend to be risk-averse to gains and
risk-acceptant to losses evaluated relatively to a reference point that will help people
determine the consequences perceived in a certain situation (Kahneman & Tversky,
1979, as cited in Levy, 2003). Although it was not originally planned to give broader
generalization beyond psychology, it has eventually been applied to explain different
aspects that are happening in the fields of law, political science, and economics; As
well, it has been used to analyze various aspects of political decision-making,
particularly in international relations (McDermott, n.d.).

Prospect theory states that decision-making depends on choosing among

options that involve evaluations of the external world; decisions involve more
fundamentally internal choices across values. Hence, the essence of decision-making
consists of a trade-off between values. One good example of Prospect theory is the
former American Tennis Player, Jimmy Connor. He exclaimed that he hates to lose
more than he likes to win. Gains are treated differently than losses in that "losses
(defeat) loom larger than gains (winning)." Prospect theory only implies that people
prefer the current situation over a 50/50 chance for positive and negative alternatives
with the same absolute value; People value what they have more than "comparable"
things they do not have (Thaler, 1980, as cited in Levy, 2003).

Researchers from the journal "Prospect theory and the decision to move or stay"
also study how the theoretical contributions of prospect theory can provide a new
understanding about decisions whether to migrate or not; While less risk-averse
households will seek opportunities and migrate, more risk-averse households are less
likely to move (Clark & Lisowski, 2017). Most people dislike risk and wish to avoid the
worst outcome, and that a risk-averse decision-maker may choose a sure outcome with
a lower value than an uncertain outcome with a higher expected value, in effect paying

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a premium to avoid uncertainty. Regarding this research, risk-averse respondents may
consider Kaliwa Dam destruction (sure outcome) as it assures the affected ones and
Mandaluyong Residents a win-win situation—rural residents and the environment's
safety, IP's livelihood, and unchanged water billing. Conversely, though choosing Kaliwa
Dam is a higher-expected outcome as it will solve the water scarcity, it will give people
uncertainty about the safety and situation of the affected ones.

Furthermore, two people will not make the same choice even when faced with
the same expected utilities because their reference points are different. In short, people
do not think in terms of absolute gain but in terms of gains and losses. Prospect theory
shows that it is the gains and losses relative to a reference level that matter; in
residential mobility, the reference level is the status quo (Kathman & Tversky, 1979, as
cited in Clark & Lisowski, 2017). Although this study focuses solely on Mandaluyong
residents who experience the water crisis, they will still not make the same choices of
saying that the dam is a solution because each respondent's reference points are
different. Some respondents frequently lose water, and some do not; Some respondents
are aware of Kaliwa Dam's effects, and some are not. Those elements, the difference of
reference points, affects the respondents' responses.

Construction of the Kaliwa Dam induces tons of gains for Mandaluyong residents
and tons of losses as citizens of the country; destruction of the environment, ecosystem
imbalance, trampling of IPs lives, and higher water bills. In perspective, prospect theory
will help determine if Mandaluyong residents' response with regards to their reference
point will have an impact on the Kaliwa Dam construction decision as a water crisis
solution or destruction. This theory states that people tend to overweight options that
are certain and less risky; It is about the individual's gains and losses from a reference
point. This theory is inclined in the residents' response to identifying if Kaliwa Dam's
foreseen outcomes will outweigh its particular gain. Mandaluyong residents can benefit
from the Kaliwa Dam, but it will cause long-lasting effects to the country's environment,
water bills, IPs livelihood, and affected provinces' vulnerability. On the other hand,

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Mandaluyong residents can check these detrimental consequences from the KDP
project; they will have to endure their water crisis longer on the latter part.

With the help of Prospect theory, researchers have made a concept of this
research entitled "Solution or Destruction: Perceive Benefits and Impact of Proposed
Kaliwa Dam Project Among Selected Barangay Officials in Mandaluyong City." Based
on this study's claim, a prolonged water crisis is a reason for initiating a Kaliwa Dam
construction. However, the construction itself is not a solid answer to the water shortage
of Mandaluyong Residents. Building the dam is uncertain as it can be a quick aid, yet it
can be hazardous to many different aspects: Sierra Madre's biodiversity, IP's livelihood,
and economy. Mandaluyong experienced the water shortages themselves, knowing the
current status of their water situations and making them more aware of the possible

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consequences the construction holds— it inserts here the Prospect theory. Moreover,
the respondents' reference points: experiences regarding the water crisis and
awareness of Kaliwa Dam's effect, can significantly help identify the current prevalent
decision among the residents of Mandaluyong City regarding the continuation of the
construction of the Kaliwa Dam, whether it is a solution or destruction. Furthermore,
their response is relatively correlated in continuing the Kaliwa Dam project since their
insights will be significantly altered if negative occurrences are presented, even though
they are the beneficiary.

For the succeeding paragraphs, researchers will present the relevant literature
connected with this study; This will include the works that have been published on a
topic by accredited scholars and researchers that will enable the readers to map the
field and the research position within the context. Moreover, it will support the research
reason; this is firmly connected with showing what is known in the field. The field's
knowledge allows one to identify the gap, which the study could fill.

Current Water State in Metro Manila

Despite being an archipelagic and developing country, the Philippines remains to

experience a water crisis; even with more than 140 billion cubic meters of freshwater,
including water found in lakes, rivers, and underground cavities, with only 54% of the
said water being used every year, the whole country is facing a large amount of deficit in
its water reserves (Kritz, 2016). While according to the World Health Organization
(2019) that inadequate and intermittent water supply in Metro Manila will worsen
because of Climate change exacerbating El Niño, contributing to an increase in
temperature, drying up our water sources, In the case study of Lee, et al. (2020a),
researchers investigated if the real cause of the water shortage in the Philippines is due
to Climate change. Through a qualitative approach and the United Nations sustainable
development growth interlinkages analysis, researchers concluded that El Niño is
difficult to consider as the principal cause of the current water crisis. Instead, higher
demand is seen to be the cause of water shortage as Manila Water only gets 1,600

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million liters per day (MLD), and data from Manila Water show that customers' demand
now reaches 1750 MLD (Punongbayan, 2019). It cannot be denied that the Philippines
has an immense problem of demand and supply for water. With the rapidly rising
economy of the country and its population, the amount of water propagated to the cities
is still staggeringly low.

In 2019, Mandaluyong, one of the cities hardest hit by the unexpected water
interruption in Metro Manila, has reached the point of declaring a state of calamity within
its six villages (Galvez, 2019). However, in the first quarter of 2021, MWSS assured that
there would be enough water supply for Metro Manila (Parrocha, 2021a). However,
some areas in Manila, like Mandaluyong, still experience interrupted water supply
frequently; more than 38,000 households, commercial and business establishments in
some areas of Mandaluyong will undertake maintenance activities by Manila Water
("Manila Water announces water interruption”, 2021). These statements show
inconsistencies among the current water state in Mandaluyong City, as even though it is
announced that there will be enough water supply in Manila, Mandaluyong residents still
experience water interruption.

Mandaluyong's Awareness: Studies on the Effects of Kaliwa Dam to the Water

Shortage

Nevertheless, the assurance from MWSS is only to be seen during 2021, and to
assure water supply until 2035, MWSS is looking forward to fast-tracking its sustainable
projects (Parrocha, 2021b). In addition to the research, "Sustainable Water Security
Based on the SDG Framework: A Case Study of the 2019 Metro Manila Water Crisis",
from Lee, et al. (2019b), researchers also concluded that even climate change would
slightly continue to impact the frequency and duration of water shortages negatively, the
Philippines must establish objectives that align with the SDG targets, and one of these
is the construction of the Kaliwa Dam due to series of fundamental flaws in its
infrastructure and society that will impact Metro Manila's water security; lack of
reservoirs. Undoubtedly, with the Kaliwa dam's proposed 600 MLD water supply, it will

13
end La Mesa's Dam average deficit of 140 MLD because of Manila Water's increasing
service connections; this will end the urge to rely on the La Mesa Watershed and will
help to be independent of Angat and La Mesa Dams (Sabillo, 2019b). Also, in the
journal "Storing Water in Dam Reservoirs: Why is it Necessary?" of Yildiz and Ozguler
(2017), they stated that, aside from the purpose of improving human quality of life by
providing water, dams also provide energy through electrical hydropower which is a
reliable renewable source of energy.

In addition to being an answer to the prolonged water shortages, Kaliwa Dam

can also be an opportunity for many Filipinos to serve as a new alternative source of
renewable energy. These statements boost the support of why the Kaliwa Dam should
continue to be constructed. However, the National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA) found that Kaliwa dam demonstrated poor financial prospects. The KDP was
estimated to be higher than its proponents, far more than what they could receive from
the project's operation, increasing water tariffs and passing on some of its financial
burden to downstream concessionaires (Cruz, 2019). Although affected communities
will lose most from the Kaliwa dam's development, water consumers and taxpayers will
also shoulder the long-term risks and burdens of the project. It is urgently needed to
reassess the dam project in light of other alternatives.

Mandaluyong’s Awareness: Effects of Kaliwa Dam on the Environment

Aside from the water shortage, Kaliwa Dam construction will also affect the area of
construction—the environment. According to Bacalsco (2020), the Kaliwa Dam project
will submerge almost 300 hectares of forest ecosystems in the Sierra Madre,
endangering 126 endemic and endangered plant and wildlife species, thus destroying
the area's biodiversity. Infanta, Quezon's local government unit, also asserted that the
construction's contribution to the economic development of the country could not
overweigh the ecological services of the Sierra Madre, such as its clean water and air,
native materials, medicinal plants, and livelihood for the upland communities (provincial
residents) and the indigenous people (Bataris, n.d.). These statements clearly describe

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that the Sierra Madre and its biodiversity are the primary affected ones in the Kaliwa
Dam construction; disruption of these said components will cause problems like loss of
livelihood to the rural residents. Environmentalists and indigenous groups are raising a
proposition against this project because of its devastating effects on the environment.

On the other hand, some studies have found that disturbing the Kaliwa
watershed has only minor impacts on the area's biodiversity. According to the study of
Malabrigo, et al. (2014), researchers provided an inventory of the Kaliwa River
watershed riparian flora, including its stand structure, wildlife diversity, endemism, and
ecological status assess environmental impact regarding the proposed Kaliwa Dam
project. Through the Nested quadrat sampling technique, researchers revealed that the
Kaliwa River watershed's riparian forests are still rich in biodiversity; despite the
massive disruption, the population of species, including the endemic and endangered
species, in the area are learned to be significantly higher than to the declared numbers
of Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines. Although according to the Haribon
Foundation (2019a), Kaliwa Dam construction still has issues securing an
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources; this reflects how the project proponents have been facing problems
complying with the requirement of minimizing the construction's environmental impact.

The statements from the LGUs, news articles, and the succeeding study create
uncertainty for Mandaluyong residents regarding the Kaliwa Dam construction;
contradicting ideas and studies make people confused about whether the project is a
solution or destruction. Although a vast area of Sierra Madre will be submerged,
including significant loss of habitats for wildlife species, the Riparian Flora of Kaliwa
river watershed assessment results show that wildlife can be resilient to the project
disturbance.

Mandaluyong's Awareness: Effects of Kaliwa Dam on the Rural Areas

Aside from the construction's effects on the Sierra Madre's biodiversity, residents

15
from Quezon provinces are worried about their town's safety from disasters. According
to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), towns like
Infants are susceptible to earthquakes as it lies on a major fault. PHIVOLCS forecasts
that a magnitude 7.6 earthquake of July 18, 1880, can hit the town again. The Infanta
delta will be flooded below if the Sierra Madre's forest is denuded. The Japan
International Cooperation Agency also stated that choking the Agos River will deprive
the town's potable and irrigation water. In addition, many rice farms that yearly yield Php
180 million will be wiped out (Bondoc, 2020).

As a result, many residents from Infanta, Real, and Nakar (REINA) have
opposed the Kaliwa Dam project as they remember the tragic flash flood and mudslides
that deprived their areas on November 29, 2004, killing more than a thousand people
(Bataris, n.d.). The Quezon Governor Danilo Suarez has also bolstered the opposition
for the project as he made his commitment to the members of Save Sierra Madre
Network. The Governor said that he does not support the construction of Kaliwa Dam,
and if push comes to shove, he will bring the issue up to the national court (Estacio,
2020).

These articles' statements tell that many rural residents will be affected by this
construction; they will lose homes, livelihood, and security. However, based on the
environmental impact report of the Kaliwa Dam Project from Metropolitan Waterworks
and Sewerage System (2019), the risk of failure of the Kaliwa Dam due to dam break is
very slim. Moreover, there is nothing to be worried about if ever it occurs because it will
be gradually attenuated and will only have minimal effect on the towns of Infanta and
Gen. Nakar. Nevertheless, according to the Haribon foundation (2019b), environmental
foundations remained with their statement that around 100,000 individual lives will be
put at risk with increased chances of heavy flooding in downstream areas.

Mandaluyong's Awareness: Effects of Kaliwa Dam on the Indigenous People

Aside from the risk it gives to people's lives in the rural areas of Quezon, the

16
Kaliwa dam is famously known for its relationship with the Indigenous people living near
the Kaliwa watershed. The Indigenous people of Dumagat-Remontado are scared of
losing their livelihood due to the construction of Kaliwa Dam because around 5,000 IPs
will be affected, along with their farms and hunting grounds (Conde, 2019).
Nevertheless, according to MWSS (n.d.), those affected by the construction will get
proper payment from the government, construction of new houses, alternative livelihood
programs, and transportation and food allowances for those who will be transferring
houses. The Kaliwa Dam might remove the IPs from their place, giving them new
opportunities in their lives.

Mandaluyong's Awareness: Kaliwa Dam's Construction Versus Indigenous people

On a side note, in the second week of December 2019, the MWSS has garnered
the preliminary assent of the various indigenous tribes living within the affected area as
part of the Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) process the government has issued.
MWSS promised to the indigenous people of the Dumagat-Remontado that there would
be no construction of the Kaliwa dam if the IPs did not approve ("MWSS promises no
Kaliwa Dam", 2019; Cordero, 2020). Nevertheless, according to the 2020 audit report of
the Commission on Audit (COA), MWSS pushes through the Kaliwa Dam Construction
even without permits; MWSS revealed that the detailed engineering and design of the
Kaliwa Dam project was already 92.67% complete. Although IP leader Marcelino Tena
said that five out of the six clusters of tribal groups consulted by the MWSS in Quezon
for the dam's construction did not consent to the project, he said the construction of an
access road leading to the project site was ongoing despite the IP's opposition ("MWSS
Proceeds Kaliwa Dam", 2021; Arcangel, 2021).

The articles and statements regarding the MWSS give people an idea of the
agency's untrustworthiness. The word they had promised to the IPs was revoked; many
suggest that the agency and some legal officials manipulate and railroad the project's
legal process. From the MWSS previous report regarding the environmental impacts of
Kaliwa Dam, saying there will only be minor to no effects in the town and its residents, It

17
is unlikely that people will still believe in that matter, especially there are LGUs and
foundations that show counterproposition.

Mandaluyong’s Awareness: Alternatives to Kaliwa Dam

While MWSS pushes to proceed with the China-funded Kaliwa Dam construction,
A Japan-based firm named Global Utility Development Corporation (GUDC) proposed
an alternative solution to the water crisis Manila is facing; the said company wants the
country to push through construction of a low-level dam in Kaliwa watershed. Compared
to the China-funded dam, this dam is 60% less expensive and will not cause risk to the
environment and its surrounding residents, though its capacity from the proposed
mega-dam is 50 million liters less (Bonquin, 2019). This article suggests a way to
augment the water supply needed for Manila residents without disrupting Sierra Madre's
biodiversity and increasing the REINA provinces' risk through a much cheaper and safer
alternative dam. Another alternative Manila Water is proposing is the Laguna Lake
Project, which is estimated only to cost 13 billion pesos; this project aims to rehabilitate
the Pasig-Laguna River Basin (“No to Kaliwa Dam”, 2018).

In addition, neighboring countries like Israel have been successfully improving

their people's quality of life even with few water bodies and little rainfall, which is the
exact opposite happening in the Philippines that is four times abundant with water
(Ordoñez, 2021). A study about Desalination in Israel from Lipchin and Spiritos (2013)
states that increasing demand and decreasing supply of freshwater in the coming years
encouraged Israel to develop seawater desalination as an additional source. The
process of removing salt from the water is the breakthrough for Israel to alleviate its
prolonged water crisis. The Philippines, being an archipelago, can use that same
strategy to generate water for those who experience water interruption. On the other
hand, MWSS stated that desalination might balance the ratio of low water supply to the
high consumer demand, but it will not be affordable for all consumers (Cudis, 2019).
These statements show that MWSS is willing to bet on a multi-billion peso dam that will
trample many communities instead of doing less costly and perilous projects. At the

18
same time, these said alternatives give more choices for the people of Mandaluyong to
choose whether the China-funded Dam construction should continue or not and whether
it is a solution or distraction.

People's Response in Building Dams

Apparent harm to life due to a crisis is a sign of needing an immediate solution.

For the water crisis, the principal standard solution is building a dam. Although it has
some circumstances along with establishing the dam itself, public outcry should be
considered. Currently, Pakistan is building a dam, also known as the Dadocha Dam, to
suffice the extreme water scarcity in the country. According to the Associated Press of
Pakistan (2021), the Dadocha dam construction was unavoidable since it was also the
public's request to launch the dam project, aside from the consideration of water
shortage. Government cannot avoid a request, so they demand that they take the
initiative to acknowledge it. The construction of the Dadocha Dam was progressing at a
fast pace, considering that it was launched in January 2021 (Hanan, 2021).

The public's response largely contributes to whether the Kaliwa Dam's

construction plan will be approved or put on another undeterminable hiatus. Their need
for a reliable water service provider is eminent, as long as the status quo in major cities
continues to be unmitigated. A public outcry - with the same intensity as the response in
Pakistan earlier this year - will be forthcoming. Launching the appropriate water project
is essential in maintaining the public's livelihood and steering their sentiments to other
alternatives that will mitigate the ongoing water scarcity prevalent in the country. The
construction of the Kaliwa Dam is an appropriate solution that is currently being debated
in the government. It is a proposal that ensues confidence in providing enough water
supply for the whole greater Manila area. The only downside of this project was the
implicit negativity surrounding the deals made with other organizations and the
consequences of the construction on the ecological aspect of the affected communities
within the provinces.

19
 The water scarcity in the country has placed an enormous burden on every
Filipino's life, especially the residents living inside the National Capital Region. Many
factors affect this phenomenon, but the lack of governmental interference is one of the
greatest hindrances to reliable water services for every household in the country. The
Filipinos are greatly affected by this problem, but the situation in the various slums in
NCR has been facing the worst of these water shortages. Residents living in Addition
Hills, Mandaluyong City, has experienced severe water interruption throughout the
years, that most of them are forced to wake up in the early hours every day in order to
line up for water supply, that is not even enough to fulfill all of their daily obligations ("As
rain fall short", 2019). Residents like Aldrin Ricio – a part-time electrician living in
Addition Hills – have made it his duty to wake up early to find other sources of water
every single day, wondering when their involuntary responsibility will stop. The water
crisis in NCR was so severe that all residents living in the 16 adjoined cities were forced
to accept it as a new part of their lives. However, the situation is not determined to abate
immediately. With the rapidly rising population of the country and the growing need for
water in large cities, people like Mr. Ricio, who considered themselves as low-priority
members of the society, can only hope for a better future while enduring the burden of
acquiring water supply inefficiently every morning, because they understand that their
livelihood is far from the priority of the government.

In conclusion, the related literature presented above suggests uncertainties in

deciding if Kaliwa Dam is a solution or destruction. Through this research
entitled,Solution or Destruction: Perceive Benefits and Impact of Proposed Kaliwa Dam
Project Among Selected Barangay Officials in Mandaluyong City, researchers will
identify the pulse of the residents living in Mandaluyong City to acquire enough data
about each barangay's response to the proposal of continuing the construction of the
Kaliwa Dam. Although most of this research and articles are focused on the
environment and its surrounding construction affected residents, The results of this
study will fill the gaps of the previous related works of literature about Kaliwa Dam as
the leading solution to the ongoing water crisis in Manila. This review of related

20
literature has shown a much more reliable alternative than the China-funded mega-dam;
this would affect the respondents' decision to continue the mega-dam project or treat it
as destruction. Moreover, reports and research results show that disturbance in the
Kaliwa watershed and its surrounding area is safe, but some other articles and
organizations contradict this idea. More research still has to be conducted to suffice the
needed data to classify if Kaliwa Dam construction would significantly affect the
environment and induce risk to its nearby provinces.

21
 Methodology

This study uses the Quantitative type of research. According to SIS International
(2018), a Quantitative design is a structured approach to collecting and analyzing data.
It is an objective approach that focuses on understanding a problem's prevalence by
looking for the projectable results obtained from a larger population. Quantitative
research provides reports regarding the numerical results for one or more variables in
the study (Bhasin, 2019a). The researchers will use this design to accurately identify the
pulse of the residents living in Mandaluyong City, as they are the ones affected by the
water shortage in the area; using this approach will provide quantitative insights to the
study with an impartial perspective on whether the Mandaluyong residents will agree
upon the said continuation of the Kaliwa Dam construction.

Additionally, the study will use the descriptive approach to tackle not only the
prevalent pulse of the residents regarding the construction but also the current water
situation in the region. The researchers will use this specific design to meet the
questions' needed in this research regarding the number of those who agree with the
KDP construction and the current water frequency in the area. The descriptive approach
provides an in-depth description of the frequency of the extensive event that affects the
population under the study (Bhasin, 2019b). It emphasizes gathering data and making
hypotheses about the underlying issues conducted in a natural setting. This specific
approach will provide a holistic understanding in testing the prospect hypothesis of
whether the Mandaluyong residents will consider the construction of the Kaliwa Dam as
an appropriate solution or unwarranted destruction to them and the environment, as well
as numerical results regarding the water frequency in the area if the KDP construction is
still be seen as the most prominent solution in the prolonged water crisis.

22
Data

The study's respondents for this research are the 108 residents of Mandaluyong
City, as they are affected by the water shortage prevalent in the country, and they are
one of the primary beneficiaries of the construction of the Kaliwa Dam. Researchers
need about 108 respondents from the said city in order to gather enough data about the
current happenings of water scarcity in Mandaluyong, as well as to identify whether they
are in favor or not about the construction of the Kaliwa Dam. In addition, these 108
respondents should be aware of the Kaliwa Dam construction in order for researchers to
collect accurate responses regarding the construction of the said dam; this study will
use a purposive sampling method to carefully choose respondents from Mandaluyong
city that are knowledgeable about the issue regarding the Kaliwa dam. The purposive
sampling method, also known as the judgmental sampling method, is a type of
probability sampling that relies on the judgment of the researcher when it comes to
selecting samples; decision concerning the respondents to be included is based upon a
variety of criteria (Rai & Thapa, 2015). The criteria set by the researchers in this study
are; first, respondents must have been living in Mandaluyong for more than a year and
were affected by the water crisis; secondly, they are knowledgeable enough about the
construction of the Kaliwa Dam in the Sierra Madre. This study's respondents will likely
be barangay officials as they are likely informed about the Kaliwa dam construction.
With that said, four representatives from the 27 barangays in Mandaluyong will be
needed to suffice the 108 respondents of this study. The purposive sampling technique
does not require a statistical representative sample; thus, any number of samples can
be selected, as long it meets the purpose of the researchers. The researchers in this
study chose 108 respondents as their sample size for the reason that the total
population will be 189 officials from the 27 barangays; having 108 respondents will be
57% of the population. Researchers need half of the population because there is a
50/50 chance that the residents do not have access to gmail or the internet; hence,
getting at least half of the population will be reasonable for this research. This method
will help researchers to efficiently collect significant responses about the current state of

23
the Manila water crisis and, as well, with the decision of continuing the Kaliwa dam
construction.

Data Gathering Procedure

In order to gather insights from the 108 respondents from Mandaluyong City,
researchers are, first, expected to create survey questionnaires to distribute.
Researchers will create questions based on the objectives of this study, specifically
regarding the pulse of the Mandaluyong residents about the construction of the Kaliwa
Dam and the current water situation in the said area. Consequently, the research
advisers, and their subordinates, will examine the created questions to see if there is a
need for revision. Once finished, a signature from the research adviser will be given to
prove that the survey questionnaires are now ready to be distributed to the respondents.
However, before distributing the survey questionnaires, researchers will have to conduct
a preliminary orientation to make aware the Mandaluyong respondents regarding the
study's main topic, the Kaliwa Dam construction. Now that the survey questions are all
set, researchers can conduct them with their respondents using online platforms,
specifically via google forms. Because of the current pandemic, the researchers will only
be using online formats to proceed in gathering data. The online survey fuels the
researchers' needs and is also equally beneficial for the respondents' health.

To ensure the respondents' privacy, an agreement through a carefully created

question - on the first page of the questionnaire - will be asked to ensure the
respondents' affirmation of their knowledge regarding the questioning processes. The
researchers will then disseminate these questionnaires to the 108 respondents from
Mandaluyong City in the most opportune time to avoid disruption and displeasure from
the residents. The respondents will then answer questions regarding their view of the
Kaliwa dam construction if they consider it a solution to their long-running water crisis or
unwarranted destruction to themselves and the environment. The created survey
questions will also consist of questions related to the current water situation in the area.
Researchers will use survey questionnaires as their research instrument to obtain

24
statistical information about a given topic, especially since it is also frequently used in
quantitative social research. Properly constructing and administering survey
questionnaires will be a vital instrument by which statements can be created about
specific samples of people or even entire populations (Roopa & Rani, 2012).
Mandaluyong residents' responses from the survey questionnaires will help the
researchers significantly establish a tally as to whether there is enough support from the
residents to proceed in constructing the Kaliwa dam.

Data Analysis

After the researchers carefully gather data from the respondents through survey
questionnaires, the researchers will categorize the answers of the 108 residents of
Mandaluyong City to create an overview and catalog of every data gathered. The
study's gathered data will be learned, interpreted, and analyzed through the responses
and surveys such that it connotes the means in balancing the commonalities among the
responses of each participant. Univariate descriptive analysis will be used in this study
as it needs to test the relation of the independent variable to the responses of the
residents upon the said construction and the current water situation in the area; this will
help researchers to know whether the residents will approve or not to continue the KDP
construction with regards to their current water situation. Through descriptive analysis,
researchers will describe what is happening in the data and help sensibly simplify large
amounts of data. The univariate descriptive analysis is a method of describing how the
cases are distributed over the values of a particular variable (ESS, n.d.). In other words,
instead of listing all the values, it provides details on the distribution of a metric variable,
such as the frequency of the water shortages happening in Mandaluyong City and its
relation to the pulse of the residents in regards to the established project for the Kaliwa
Dam. The data shall be organized through a table and graphical analysis via Google
Spreadsheets such that it will show the responses from the respondents and their
current water situation, whether the construction of the Kaliwa Dam is a solution or
destruction. The descriptive analysis uses frequency distribution, percentage, rank, and

25
mean to determine the intensity of the respondents' response for each indicator in the
survey questionnaire. Univariate descriptive analysis is needed in this research as it will
lead to a conclusive answer by describing the relation of the respondents' response and
the current water state to whether the construction of Kaliwa Dam is a necessary
endeavor or not.

26
 Results and Discussion

As mentioned in the study, It is still unclear if there will be a water shortage in

Manila in later years; whether KDP construction should continue or stop is also still
unclear. Instead of focusing on those who will be negatively affected by the
construction, this research will focus on those who will benefit from the construction, the
Mandaluyong residents. Each will be discussed in turn.

Demographic Profile
Figure 1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ duration of
residence in Mandaluyong City.

Based on figure 1, 48.2% or 52 out of 108 barangay officials lived in

Mandaluyong City for more than seven years. Next, 40.7% or 44 barangay officials have
lived in Mandaluyong City for 5-6 years. For those 3-4 years residing in Mandaluyong
City, the data showed 8.3% or 9 out of 108 barangay officials. Lastly, based on this
figure, only 2.8% or 3 out of 108 barangay officials lived for 1-2 years in the said city.
With the accumulation of the respondents’ duration of residence in Mandaluyong City
for 3-4 years, 5-6 years, and 7+ years, on average, 9.72 out of 10 barangay officials
encountered the water interruption in 2019.

27
 Figure 2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ Water
Supplier in Mandaluyong City.

Based on figure 2, 88% or 95 out of 108 barangay officials said their main water
supplier in Mandaluyong City is Manila Water. On the other hand, 8.3% or 9 barangay
out of 108 officials said their water supplier is Maynilad. Lastly, only 3.7% or 4 out of 108
barangay officials said their water suppliers in their area are local water distilleries. With
this data shown, it truly signifies that Manila Water is the main supplier of Mandaluyong
residents in their city.

28
 Figure 3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ Monthly
Water Bill in Mandaluyong City.

Based on figure 3, 37% or 40 out of 108 barangay officials said they have Php 1 -
Php 1,000 monthly water bills. Similarly, 37% or 40 out of 108 barangay officials said
they have a Php 1,001 - Php 2,000 monthly water bill. Next, 21.3% or 23 out of 108
barangay officials have a Php 2,001 - Php 3,000 monthly water bill. On the other hand,
3.7% or 4 out of 108 residents have a Php 3,001 - Php 5,000 monthly water bill. Lastly,
only 1% or 1 resident out of 108 residents said that they have above a Php 5,000
monthly water bill. No respondents answered that they have a free monthly water bill.
This signifies that most barangay officials or 80% have a monthly water bill that costs
Php 1 - Php 1000 and Php 1,001 - Php 2,000.

29
 Water Crisis Experience
Figure 4: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ agreement in
experiencing frequent water shortage in Mandaluyong City.

Based on figure 4, 39.7% or 43 out of 108 barangay officials agreed they have
experienced frequent water shortages in Mandaluyong City. Next, 30.6% or 33
barangay officials strongly agreed they experienced frequent water shortages in
Mandaluyong City. In the third category, 14.8% or 16 out of 108 barangay officials
neither agreed nor disagreed they experience frequent water shortages in their area. On
the other hand, 9.3% or 10 barangay officials disagreed they experience frequent water
shortages. Lastly, only 5.6% or 6 barangay officials strongly disagreed they experience
frequent water shortages. With this data, it can be said that most barangay officials
have experienced frequent water shortages, for 7 out of 10 officials agreed that they
experienced frequent water shortages as based on the collected data from those who
answered agree and strongly agree.

30
Figure 5: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ agreement in
perceiving water crisis as an interruption in their daily lives.

Based on figure 5, 46.3% or 50 out of 108 barangay officials agreed they

perceived the water crisis as an interruption in their daily lives. Second, the most
number of responses from barangay officials is neither agree nor disagreed; 19.4% or
21 barangay officials answered undecided if the water crisis interrupted their daily lives.
Next, 16.7% or 18 barangay officials strongly agreed they perceived the water crisis as
interrupting their daily lives. On the other hand, 13% or 14 barangay officials disagreed
that the water crisis interrupted their daily lives. Lastly, only 4.6% or 5 barangay officials
strongly disagree that the water crisis is interrupting their daily lives. With this data, it is
evident that officials consider the water crisis as a reasonable cause of interruption in
their daily lives.

31
Figure 6: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ agreement in
perceiving that their water situation became more severe.

Based on figure 6, 48.1% or 52 out of 108 barangay officials answered neither

agree nor disagree that their water situation became more severe. Second to the most
number of responses is agreement, for 30.6% or 33 barangay officials agreed that their
water situation became more severe. Next, 9.3% or 10 barangay officials disagree that
their water situation has worsened. While 7.4% or 8 barangay officials strongly agreed,
only 4.6% or 5 barangay officials strongly disagree that the water situation has
worsened. With this data shown, many Mandaluyong officials perceived their water
situation in Mandaluyong City as stagnant, for almost half of their response is neither
agree nor disagree. However, a significant number of agreed responses can be seen
from the figure.

32
Figure 7: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ agreement in
perceiving that their water situation became better.

Based on figure 7, 51.9% or 56 out of 108 barangay officials answered neither

agree nor disagree that their water situation became better. Second to the most number
of responses is agree, for 16.7% or 18 barangay officials agreed that their water
situation became better. Next, 15.7% or 17 barangay officials disagree that their water
situation has worsened. While 10.1% or 11 barangay officials strongly agreed, only
5.6% or 6 barangay officials strongly disagree that the water situation has worsened.
With this data shown, it is evident that the condition of the water situation perceived by
barangay officials is stagnant for both figure 6 and figure 7 have most of their responses
in neither agree nor disagree.

33
 Water Crisis Awareness
Figure 8: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ awareness of
Kaliwa Dam Construction as an intended solution to the Manila Water Crisis.

Based on figure 8, 40.7% or 44 out of 108 barangay officials answered 'very

much in their response regarding their awareness of the Kaliwa Dam construction. Two
responses behind 'very much' are 'somewhat'; it is the second most number of
responses, for 38.8% or 42 barangay officials answered somewhat in their response.
On the other hand, both responses of 'undecided' and 'not really' garnered the same
number of responses, with 9.3% or 10 responses from barangay officials. Lastly, only
1.9% or 2 barangay officials have answered 'not at all.' With this data shown, it can be
seen that the Mandaluyong officials have a strong and at least somewhat awareness of
the Kaliwa Dam construction.

34
 Figure 9: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’
consideration of Kaliwa Dam Construction as the only solution to the Manila Water
Crisis.

Based on figure 9, 34.3% or 37 out of 108 barangay officials answered

'somewhat' in their response regarding their stand about Kaliwa Dam construction as
the only answer to the Manila Water Crisis. Second, the most number of responses is
'undecided,' for 31.5% or 34 barangay officials answered somewhat in their response.
Next, 18.4% or 20 barangay officials responded 'not really,' though those who answered
'very much' are 13% or 14 respondents only. Lastly, only 2.8% or 3 barangay officials
have responded to 'not at all.' With this data shown, it can be seen that the
Mandaluyong officials are considering the Kaliwa Dam as the only solution to the
prolonged water crisis; however, it can also be seen that many officials are still
undecided about the stand.

35
 Figure 10: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Barangay officials’ awareness of
Kaliwa Dam Construction being funded by the Chinese government.

Based on figure 10, 31.5% or 34 out of 108 barangay officials answered

'undecided' in their response regarding their awareness of Kaliwa Dam construction
being funded by the Chinese government. Second, most responses are 'somewhat,' for
25.9% or 28 barangay officials answered somewhat in their response. Next, 24.1% or
26 barangay officials answered 'very much,' though those who answered 'not really' are
13.9% or 15 respondents. Lastly, only 4.6% or 5 barangay officials have responded to
'not at all.' With this data shown, it can be seen that most officials have a strong and at
least somewhat awareness about Kaliwa dam being a China-funded dam. Although,
based on figure 8, most officials are aware of the Kaliwa dam, there is still a significant
number of those 'undecided' and unfamiliar with the Kaliwa dam being China-funded.

36
Figure 11: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ awareness
about the effect of the construction of the Kaliwa Dam on the environment and the local
communities of the IP’s living in Sierra Madre.

Based on the figure, 42.6% or 46 out of 108 barangay officials answered

‘somewhat’ when asked about their awareness regarding the effect of the construction
of the Kaliwa Dam on the environment and the local communities surrounding the Sierra
Madre. Following the number of responses, 26. 9% or 29 out of 108 respondents
answered ‘very much,’ and 23.1% or 25 officials responded ‘undecided. Out of the 108
respondents, only 4.6% or 5 respondents and 2.8% or 3 officials answered ‘not really’
and ‘not at all’ consecutively when asked about the question. The low numbers of
respondents who have little to non-existent knowledge about the ramifications of the
construction of the Kaliwa Dam prove the awareness of the chosen barangay officials to
the eventual effect of the construction on the local communities and the surrounding
environment of Sierra Madre.

37
Figure 12: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ perspective
about the overall benefits of the proposed plan and its ability to outweigh the
environmental, economic, and societal problems of the construction of the Kaliwa Dam.

Based on the figure above, 37% or 40 out of 108 barangay officials are currently
‘undecided’ about their opinion on the construction of the Kaliwa Dam. On the other
hand, 31.5% or 34 barangay officials answered ‘somewhat,’ meaning a good amount of
the chosen respondents agree that the construction of the Kaliwa Dam can outweigh
the negative effect that it will bring to the environment local communities in the Sierra
Madre. 13.9% or 15 respondents and 11.1% or 12 out of 108 respondents answered
‘very much’ and ‘not really’ respectively. And lastly, only 6.5% or 7 out of 108
respondents answered ‘not at all. Many of the respondents are uncertain about their
situation and the benefits and negative changes that the construction of the Kaliwa Dam
will bring to their communities. However, a quarter of the 108 respondents firmly believe
that choosing a more environmentally and economically friendly solution is more
favorable to their city.

38
Figure 13: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ awareness
of the alternative projects to solve the Manila Water Crisis.

Based on the figure, 40.7% or 44 out of 108 respondents answered ‘somewhat’

regarding their awareness of the alternative projects that the government is currently
considering to combat the water crisis in Metro Manila. It is shown above that 18.5%, or
20 respondents, answered ‘very much’ and showed their knowledge about the other
possible projects. 20.4% or 22 barangay officials are ‘undecided’ about their response,
while 14.8% or 16 officials answered ‘not really’; only 5.6% or 6 barangay officials
answered ‘not at all. More than half of the respondents showed their awareness about
the alternative projects. Based on Figure 12, many of them are more inclined to support
another project other than the construction of the Kaliwa Dam.

39
Figure 14: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ perspective
about the government considering alternatives first before proceeding with the
construction of the Kaliwa Dam.

Based on figure 14, 35.3% or 38 out of the 108 barangay officials are ‘undecided’
on whether the government should consider the alternative projects before constructing
the Kaliwa Dam. Out of the 108 respondents, 30.6% or 33 barangay officials are
‘somewhat’ in favor of having the government consider other possible proposals first
before making any decision. 28.7% or 31 respondents are ‘very much in agreement that
the government must consider another possibility. Respectively, out of all the
respondents, only 2.7% or 3 out of 108 officials chose to answer ‘not really’ and ‘not at
all' respectively, accumulating the added percentage of the people who firmly support
the construction of the Kaliwa dam to less than 6%.

40
Figure 15: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ satisfaction
about the proposed projects to solve the Manila Water Crisis.

Based on the figure above, 50.9% or 55 out of the 108 chosen barangay officials
are 'undecided' with the government's proposed projects to solve the water scarcity
problem of NCR. 23.1% or 25 of the 108 respondents are 'somewhat' satisfied with the
projects proposed by the national government. Unexpectedly, 11 or 10.2% of the 108
barangay officials answered both 'very much' and 'not really, in terms of their satisfaction
with the government's current solution against the water crisis in Metro Manila. Only
5.6% or 6 out of the 108 respondents are 'not at all satisfied with the projects proposed
by the present regime. It can be deduced through the gathered data that the chosen
respondents are mostly skeptical about the government's proposals, even if the number
of the officials who are satisfied with the suggestions surpasses the number of the
dissatisfied people.

41
 Figure 16: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ view
regarding the continuation of the Kaliwa Dam construction.

Based on figure 16, 47.2% or 51 out of 108 barangay officials answered

‘disagree’ about the reason that the project will destroy the environment. In contrast,
38.9% or 42 barangay officials answered ‘agree’ about the reason that the project will
solve the water crisis. Although 12% or 13 officials are undecided about their stand in
the Kaliwa Dam construction, 1.9% or 2 officials answered ‘no interest’, for the project
does not concern them. In accordance with these data, it can be seen that most
barangay officials are not in favor of the project, though there is also a significant
number of those in favor of it. With this result, it is apparent that the official’s agreement
regarding the continuation of Kaliwa Dam is split in half.

42
 Figure 17: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Barangay officials’ chosen
alternative projects to resolve the Manila Water Crisis.

Based on figure 17, the alternative project ‘rehabilitation of the Pasig-Laguna

River Basin’ garnered the most number of responses having 75.9% or 82 barangay
officials out of 108 Respondents. For the second-highest number of responses
regarding the alternative projects for the water crisis, both the implementation of
rainwater harvesting facilities and the Japanese-based Kaliwa dam received 62% or 67
responses from barangay officials. Next, 59.3% or 64 barangay officials answered the
alternative project of launching a massive education regarding water-efficient
management. Next, 52.8% or 57 officials consider adopting the Singapore New Water
technology, while only 51.9% or 56 officials consider the fast-tracking of the recovery of
non-revenue water. With this data shown, it is evident that barangay officials chose the
rehabilitation of the Pasig-Laguna basin as their major alternative to the Chinese-funded
Kaliwa Dam.

43
Discussion

The China-funded Kaliwa Dam Project is one of the leading propositions to solve
the prolonged water scarcity in Manila for the said government-proposed infrastructure
will provide 600 million liters of water per day. The project is noticeably seen to
ultimately cease the deficit of Manila's primary water supplier, Angat Dam, of 140 million
liters of water and provide more than enough water supply to meet the Metro cities'
future demands (Mayuga, 2020; Tnay, 2019). However, over the years, KDP's
establishment has encountered many postponements due to asserted ramifications in
the environment and economy of the country; many people, specifically
environmentalists, IPs, and economists, are against the KDP because its adverse
effects may outweigh its benefits. In this descriptive study entitled, "Solution or
Destruction: Perceive Benefits and Impact of Proposed Kaliwa Dam Project Among
Selected Barangay Officials in Mandaluyong City," researchers explored Mandaluyong
residents' response to determine whether the KDP is a solution or destruction based on
the project's beneficiaries' perceived benefits, awareness, and impacts regarding the
construction, as well as, to provide and raise more alternative solutions to the water
crisis in Metro Cities. In contrast with other studies that explored the stance of affected
and vulnerable groups due to the construction, this study applied the purposive
sampling technique to examine the KDP's beneficiaries' stance regarding the
construction's continuation. Researchers believed that even those targeted beneficiaries
of the project will not have a definitive decision to continue the project because they will
still encounter significant loss as citizens of this country, especially regarding
environmental and economic aspects, if the project persists.

From the results inferred, it is evident that Prospect theory works in regards to
this study. This theory of prospect presumes that people will not select the same choice
even when faced with the same expected utilities; that is, people consider their choices
in terms of gains and losses rather than absolute gain. The results show that most of

44
the respondents (Mandaluyong barangay officials) did face the severe water crisis in
2019 based on figure 1, and the majority perceived the water crisis as an interruption in
their lives based on figure 5—revealing that they are in need of a solution for the water
crisis. Nonetheless, based on figure 16, most respondents disagreed with the
continuation of KDP, confirming that most KDP beneficiaries are considering the dam's
construction as "destruction" rather than a definite "solution." Furthermore, based on
figures 14 and 15, respondents intend the government to consider other alternatives to
cease the water crisis and are undecided of their satisfaction with the proposed projects
regarding their water situations. With that, prospect theory confirms that KDP
beneficiaries prefer the current situation over a 50/50 chance for positive and negative
alternatives even if they experience the same absolute value, meaning they are
risk-averse to the perceived ramifications of the KDP construction. However, due to time
pressure, data gathering procedure via G-forms, and the current situation of the
country—COVID-19 Pandemic—researchers were unable to get all the responses of
the barangays in Mandaluyong for 6 out of twenty-seven barangays did not manage to
receive and accept the study's survey questionnaires; thus, making the study's
population smaller. Nevertheless, the results still show a portion of the KDP
beneficiaries' response regarding the dam's construction to resolve the water scarcity in
Metro cities.

With the limitations of having a small population stated, researchers recommend

that this study's future continuators widen the respondents' population to fully know the
stance of those who will benefit from the dam. To have more concrete and reliable
results, researchers suggest that residents of other Metro cities in NCR, aside from
Mandaluyong City, should be invited to partake in the future continuation of this
research, specifically those areas that experience drastic water shortages. Still,
researchers suggest utilizing a descriptive study to explore the stance of a large
population; researchers also urge utilizing qualitative study to extensively analyze and
understand why respondents choose a certain decision regarding the KDP's
continuation. In this research, respondents advocated for many alternative projects for

45
water scarcity and stood for that they are aware and undecided of the KDP construction
because of the showed ramifications of the project in regards to environmental and
economic aspects. However, through a qualitative study, future researchers will be able
to comprehend why the majority of respondents in this study consider the construction
as a "distraction" and give answers on why respondents chose those specific
alternatives instead of the Chinese-funded Kaliwa Dam. In terms of sampling technique,
researchers also suggest a persuasive sampling technique once a qualitative version of
this research commences. Nevertheless, once another descriptive research of this
study begins, researchers still suggest a purposive technique when collecting a certain
authority or officials' response. Yet, a probability sampling method is more
recommended as it will avoid bias and have an impartial response from the majority of
those who will benefit from the Kaliwa Dam Project.

Although the construction of Kaliwa Dam is seen to be the leading proposition to

solve the prolonged water scarcity in Manila, there is still a substantial concern
regarding the environmental and economic ramifications of the project as those may
outweigh the overall benefit of ceasing the water crisis. Instead of exploring the
response of those who will be adversely affected by the KDP, this descriptive research
examined the response of those that are part of who will benefit from the
project—Mandaluyong barangay officials. The study may seem paradoxical as those
respondents will greatly gain from the project. However, the chosen respondents will
also acquire loss in terms of the said ramifications as citizens of the country if the
construction persists, meaning there is no such definitive decision for those
beneficiaries to support the continuation of the dam. However, due to the shortage of
time, the pandemic, and only the means of the internet in gathering data, researchers
were unable to accumulate the answers from six out of 27 barangays in Mandaluyong
City. Hence, the researchers propose continuing the project through another descriptive
study with a larger population and a qualitative study to further understand the decisions
of those respondents regarding their stand to continue the Kaliwa Dam Construction.

46
Eventually, through the collected data and results of this study, researchers provide a
hint of a clearer picture of the Kaliwa Dam Project, whether it is a “solution” or merely
“distraction” not only for those affected groups but also for those who will
benefit—whether there is a substantial reason for the KDP to be done or other
alternative projects should be included and assessed first.

Conclusions
Based on the results of the methods and assessment of the study, "Solution or
Destruction: Perceive Benefits and Impact of Proposed Kaliwa Dam Project Among
Selected Barangay Officials in Mandaluyong City," researchers derived and formulated
the following conclusion in accordance with the study's problem statement:

1. Based upon the resulted demographic profile of the barangays in Mandaluyong

City regarding their duration of residence, water supplier, and monthly bill,
researchers have found that the majority of those currently living in Mandaluyong
faced the severe water crisis happened in their city as results showed that 9.72
out of 10 barangay officials encountered the water interruption in 2019. On the
other hand, researchers saw a minor mishap regarding the water supplier of the
residents as they answered Maynilad; however, still, the majority answered
Manila Water as their primary water service provider; it is also seen that some
officials acquire water from local/private water distilleries in their area.
Furthermore, researchers have found that both 40% of officials have a monthly
water bill that costs Php 1 - Php 1000 and Php 1,001 - Php 2,000, which signifies
the frugality of using water in regards to their water situation.
2. Barangay officials considered the water crisis a reasonable cause of interruption
as the majority, 46.3% officials, agreed that it adds difficulty in their daily lives.
Researchers also found that 7 out of 10 officials agreed to have experienced
frequent water shortage based on the accumulated data from those who
answered agree and strongly agree regarding the frequency of experienced

47
 water lost in their area. Moreover, researchers have also found that officials
perceived the severity and betterment of their current water situation as stagnant.
3. The officials' awareness based on the driven results shows that they are strongly
and at least somewhat knowledgeable of the Kaliwa Dam construction regarding
their own perceived awareness of the issue. Although results also show that
even if they perceived having a reasonable awareness about KDP, there is a
majority of those 'undecided' and unfamiliar with the Kaliwa dam being
China-funded. On the other hand, in terms of awareness about the environment
and the IP community, officials have a decent knowledge regarding the issue as
the number of those with little to non-existent knowledge is small. At the same
time, officials also perceived themselves as somewhat aware of the alternatives
to the KDP. All things considered, officials have a reasonable amount of
knowledge regarding the KDP issue, especially about alternative projects, the
environment, and indigenous community.
4. It is stated that Kaliwa Dam is the answer to the Manila Water Crisis; however,
there is a battle between those who perceived the benefit of the dam being
somewhat the only solution and undecided about continuing the project for the
majority, 34.3% officials, consider KDP as the sole solution while the second in
the lead, 31.5% officials, are still in doubt of the project.
5. The Kaliwa Dam Construction’s perceived impact from the chosen officials is not
solution but rather a “distraction” for the majority, 47.2% officials, disagree with
the project for it will cause destruction to the environment, as well as, 50.9% is in
doubt with their satisfaction to the government-proposed projects in solving the
water crisis in Manila. Researchers also found that officials showed a strong
insistence to the government to examine other alternatives first before continuing
the establishment of KDP.
6. Rehabilitation of the Pasig-Laguna River Basin is officials’ number one
alternative solution to Chinese-funded Kaliwa Dam in ceasing the Manila Water
Crisis. The subsequent leading propositions that officials want are the rainwater

48
 harvesting facilities and the Japanese-funded Kaliwa Dam. Educating the mass
regarding water-efficient management is also eyed by the officials as it is in the
third spot to the perceived alternatives. Also, consecutively last to be seen as a
proposition by officials are the Singapore New Water technology and the
fast-tracking of the recovery of non-revenue water.

Recommendations
On the basis of conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are offered:

● A follow-up descriptive study with a larger population should be done to fully

explore the response of the beneficiaries of the Kaliwa Dam Construction,
whether they consider it a solution or distraction. Research continuators should
include other Metro cities in NCR in taking respondents, especially from those
who experience severe water shortages.
● Future Researchers must gather more information about the alternative projects
that will resolve the Manila scarcity problem supported by the local communities
other than the Kaliwa Dam.
● A follow-up qualitative study of this research should be done to further and
extensively understand why the respondents chose those certain decisions
regarding the continuation of Kaliwa Dam.
● The response from these officials must be shown to and taken into account by
the government to see that there is no rush to construct the Kaliwa Dam, giving
the government more time to assess other affordable, eco-friendly, and humane
alternative projects to solve the water crisis.
● The gathered recommendations of the officials should be disseminated
throughout the officials of other Metro cities to make them aware of the ongoing
water crisis happening in the city and start advocacy to teach water-efficient
management.
● The future researchers of this study should attend seminars regarding water
conservation and be constantly in touch with the news to be alert with the current
situation of the construction of Kaliwa Dam.

49
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 APPENDICES
VALIDATION LETTER

57
 APPROVAL LETTER
Barangay Barangka Ibaba

Barangay Burol

Barangay Hagdang Bato Itaas

58
Barangay Hagdang Bato Libis

Barangay Hulo

Barangay Mabini-J Rizal

59
Barangay Malamig

Barangay Namayan

Barangay New Zaniga

60
Barangay Plainview

Barangay Poblacion

Barangay Vergara

61
Barangay Wack-Wack-Greenhills East

Barangay Barangka Drive

Barangay Barangka Ilaya

62
Barangay Barangka Itaas

Barangay Addition Hills

Barangay Bagong Silang

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Survey Questions

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65