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VERB

1. Tense: Verbs indicate the time of an action or state of being. English has several tenses,
including present, past, and future. Advanced English grammar may involve understanding more
complex tenses like present perfect continuous ("I have been waiting"), past perfect ("She had
finished"), future perfect ("They will have arrived"), etc.

2. Aspect: Aspect refers to the way in which the action or state of being is viewed with respect to
time. English has different aspects, such as simple, continuous (progressive), perfect, and
perfect continuous. For example, "I am eating" (continuous aspect), "She has written" (perfect
aspect), "They had been waiting" (perfect continuous aspect).

3. Mood: Mood indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state of being. In
English, the three main moods are indicative (states a fact or asks a question), imperative (gives
a command or makes a request), and subjunctive (expresses a hypothetical situation, wish,
suggestion, etc.). Subjunctive mood is often used in more formal or literary contexts and may
involve verb forms that differ from the indicative mood, such as "If I were you" (subjunctive)
versus "If I was you" (indicative).

4. Voice: Voice indicates the relationship between the subject and the action of the verb. In
English, there are two voices: active and passive. In active voice, the subject performs the
action, while in passive voice, the subject receives the action. For example, "The cat chased the
mouse" (active voice) versus "The mouse was chased by the cat" (passive voice).

5. Verb Forms: Advanced grammar involves understanding irregular verb forms, such as irregular
past tense forms ("go-went"), irregular past participles ("eat-eaten"), and irregular present
participles ("swim-swimming"). Additionally, mastery of phrasal verbs (verbs combined with
prepositions or adverbs to create idiomatic meanings, e.g., "look up," "give in") is important in
advanced English.

6. Verb Agreement: Advanced English grammar also involves understanding subject-verb

agreement, particularly in complex sentences where subject-verb agreement may be affected by
intervening phrases or clauses.

7. Verbals: These are verb forms that function as other parts of speech. The three main types of
verbals are gerunds (verbal nouns ending in -ing, e.g., "Swimming is fun"), participles (verbal
adjectives, which can be present or past participles, e.g., "the running water" or "the broken
window"), and infinitives (to + base form of the verb, e.g., "to read").

A verb is a part of speech used to show an action. There are several other sorts of verbs. The main verbs,
on the contrary side, are the ones that explicitly describe an activity which the particular topic is
conducting. These are the primary verbs in a phrase that carry the main meaning.

Main Verbs:
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Every verb is a term which tells us that something is being performed, whatever condition anyone is in,
or if an individual has something. Every phrase has a primary verb, an auxiliary verb, or both. The verb is
the most essential element of the subject since it characterizes or signifies the behavior, condition, or
incidence. A verb is a movement word that indicates us what the sentence’s subject seems to be doing.

What is a Main Verb:

The intense action word of the main verb that the particular topic completes is the main verb. Often
these verbs are included in a primary verb. The intense action words in a sentence are referred to as
major verbs.

Types of Main Verbs:

The three types of main verbs are listed below:

1. Transitive and Intransitive Verb

2. Regular and Irregular Verb

3. Finite and Infinite Verb

Transitive Verb: Transitive verbs are verbs which receive an object, trying to imply that they contain the
action’s recipient in the phrase.

Intransitive Verb: Intransitive verbs include those that absence a direct object.

Regular Verb: A regular verb is a word that fulfills the customary pattern for constructing its simple past
tense and past tense.

Irregular Verb: Irregular verbs include verbs which do not follow the typical tense and past participle
structures.

Finite Verb: The primary verb in a phrase is a finite verb. The origin of the word is what propels the
remainder of the phrase.

Infinite Verb: An infinite verb is something that does not vary depending on the topic to which it has
been assigned.

Function of Main Verbs:

Main verbs are the most common type of verb in the English vocabulary. Despite lexical items, they have
the real verbs, and they may be employed independently in a phrase. Therefore, in connection, it is
crucial to note that in inquiries and expressions, main verbs frequently demand a lexical item.

Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs as Main Verbs:

Transitive Verbs as Main Verb:

1. Arohi eats bananas.

2. Rahul loves dogs.

3. This plant gets very little water.

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4. Rajshree reads the novel every day.

5. I drink tea every morning.

Intransitive Verb as Main verb:

1. Bird is chirping.

2. The lion is howl.

3. Dad snores.

4. I am hungry.

5. Rahil is singing.

Common Mistakes while using Main Verbs:

If there are inconsistencies inside the usage of in main verb tenses, it affects context and understanding.
The mistake might be a tense misrepresentation, an improper adjustment of future tense forms, or
perhaps an inappropriate tense transfer in a group of words. Main Verb tenses could also be uneven
across a paragraph. A typical language error occurs when a text begins in the present tense then
eventually transitions to the past tense for no obvious cause.

Examples:

INCORRECT- That book is belonging to me.

CORRECT- That book belongs to me.

INCORRECT- Everyone are hardworking.

CORRECT- Everyone is hardworking.

INCORRECT- Rohan looks sadly.

CORRECT- Rohan looks sad.

INCORRECT– They have built the house since April last.

CORRECT– They have been building the house since April last.

INCORRECT– The lemon are tasted sour.

CORRECT– The lemon taste sour.

How to Differentiate between Main Verbs and Helping Verbs?

The basic distinction among main verbs as well as helping verbs the fact that the main verb would be the
major verb in a phrase and symbolizes the major action performed either by topic within statement,
meanwhile the helping verb is employed in conjunction with both the main verb to convey the verb’s
tense.

Identifying Main Verbs:

We can determine the main verb inside a verb by analyzing the individual’s principal activity or condition
of becoming. To discover the primary verb, you should first fully understand the phrase and then utilize
that comprehension to determine the different pieces that comprise its significance. The main verb is
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contained within the predicate and conveys the principal activity or condition of becoming the
statement’s target. The primary verb might function independently or be supplemented by phrases that
gives importance and richness.

Examples of Main Verbs in Sentence:

1. She plays hockey in school.

2. We are going to Agra.

3. He could eat all day.

4. The kite was flying high.

5. I am writing a story on animals.

6. It rains a lot in Meghalaya.

7. They sang beautifully in the party.

8. I lived here since my childhood.

9. He is begging for food and water.

10. India is developing rapidly.

In English grammar, Main verbs can be classified into several types based on their semantic roles,
usage, and characteristics. Here are some common types of main verbs:

1. Action Verbs: These verbs denote physical or mental actions performed by the subject. They
describe activities or processes that someone or something does.

 Example: "She runs every morning."

2. Stative Verbs: Also known as state verbs, these verbs describe a state of being, a condition, or a
state of mind rather than an action. They typically express thoughts, emotions, possession, or
senses.

 Example: "They are happy."

3. Dynamic Verbs: Dynamic verbs express actions or processes that are ongoing or changing. They
describe activities that have a duration and can be performed.

 Example: "He is driving to the store."

4. Stative-Dynamic Verbs: These verbs can function both as stative and dynamic depending on
context. They may express both a state and an action.

 Example: "She knows the answer." (stative)

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 Example: "She is knowing the answer as we speak." (dynamic, less common)

5. Linking Verbs: Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement (a word
or phrase that renames or describes the subject). They do not express action but rather
establish a relationship or identity between the subject and the complement.

 Example: "He is a doctor." (linking "is" connects the subject "He" with the complement
"doctor")

6. Modal Verbs: Modal verbs indicate possibility, necessity, permission, or ability. They modify the
meaning of the main verb and often express degrees of certainty or obligation.

 Example: "She can swim."

7. Phrasal Verbs: Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb and one or more particles (usually
prepositions or adverbs). They often have idiomatic meanings that are different from the
individual meanings of the verb and particle.

 Example: "He put off the meeting."

8. Transitive Verbs: These verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning. They act upon
or affect something or someone.

 Example: "She bought a new car."

9. Intransitive Verbs: Intransitive verbs do not require a direct object to complete their meaning.
They express actions or states that do not transfer to an object.

 Example: "He slept peacefully."

1. To be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been): "He is a doctor."

2. To seem: "She seems happy."

3. To appear: "The situation appeared dire."

4. To become: "They became good friends."

5. To feel: "I feel tired."

6. To look: "You look tired."

7. To sound: "The music sounds beautiful."

8. To smell: "The flowers smell wonderful."

9. To taste: "The soup tastes delicious."

10. To remain: "He remained calm."

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11. To keep: "She keeps calm under pressure."

12. To grow: "The flowers grew beautiful."

13. To prove: "His theory proved correct."

14. To turn: "The milk turned sour."

15. To come: "The cake came burnt."

16. To go: "The project went smoothly."

17. To get: "Her mood got better."

18. To stay: "The weather stayed sunny."

Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, are verbs that accompany the main verb in a
sentence to express grammatical features such as tense, aspect, voice, mood, or negation. They provide
additional information about the main verb and help to convey the intended meaning accurately. Here
are some key points about auxiliary verbs:

1. Tense and Aspect: Auxiliary verbs are used to indicate the tense or aspect of the main verb.
They work in conjunction with the main verb to form various verb phrases.

 Examples:

 Present tense: "She is reading a book." (the auxiliary verb "is" indicates present
tense)

 Past tense: "They have finished their homework." (the auxiliary verb "have"
indicates past tense)

 Progressive aspect: "He is working on a project." (the auxiliary verb "is"

indicates progressive aspect)

 Perfect aspect: "She has eaten lunch." (the auxiliary verb "has" indicates perfect
aspect)

2. Voice: Auxiliary verbs are also used to form passive voice constructions.

 Example: "The cake was baked by Mary." (the auxiliary verb "was" is used to form the
passive voice)

3. Modal Auxiliaries: Modal auxiliary verbs express modalities such as possibility, necessity,
permission, or ability. They modify the meaning of the main verb and often indicate the
speaker's attitude or opinion.

 Examples:
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 Possibility: "They might arrive late." (the modal auxiliary "might" indicates
possibility)

 Necessity: "You must finish your assignment." (the modal auxiliary "must"
indicates necessity)

 Permission: "She can go to the party." (the modal auxiliary "can" indicates
permission)

 Ability: "He could swim when he was five." (the modal auxiliary "could"
indicates ability)

4. Negation: Auxiliary verbs are used to form negative sentences by adding the word "not" or its
contracted forms after the auxiliary verb.

 Example: "I do not like coffee." (the auxiliary verb "do" is used for negation)

5. Questions: Auxiliary verbs are used to form questions by inverting the subject and the auxiliary
verb or using the auxiliary verb at the beginning of the sentence.

 Examples:

 Subject-auxiliary inversion: "Are you coming to the party?" (the auxiliary verb
"are" is used to form the question)

 Auxiliary at the beginning: "Did she finish her homework?" (the auxiliary verb
"did" is used to form the question)

Linking verbs, also known as copular verbs, are a type of verb that connects the subject of a
sentence to a subject complement, which provides additional information about the subject. Linking
verbs do not express action but instead establish a relationship or identity between the subject and the
complement. Here are some key points about linking verbs:

1. Examples: Common linking verbs include "be" (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), "seem,"
"appear," "become," "feel," "look," "sound," "smell," "taste," and "remain."

2. Function: Linking verbs link the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, which can be a
noun, pronoun, adjective, or noun phrase that renames or describes the subject. The subject
complement provides information about the subject's state of being, condition, or identity.

3. Subject Complements: Subject complements following linking verbs can take different forms:

 Predicate Nominative: A noun or pronoun that renames or identifies the subject.

 Example: "She is a doctor." (predicate nominative "a doctor" renames the

subject "She")

 Predicate Adjective: An adjective that describes or modifies the subject.

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 Example: "He seems happy." (predicate adjective "happy" describes the subject
"He")

 Predicate Noun Phrase: A noun phrase that functions as the subject complement.

 Example: "They are students at the university." (predicate noun phrase

"students at the university" describes the subject "They")

4. No Action: Unlike action verbs, linking verbs do not express an action performed by the subject
but instead establish a relationship or state of being.

5. Not Always "to be": While "to be" (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) is the most common
linking verb, other verbs such as "seem," "appear," and sensory verbs like "feel," "look,"
"sound," "smell," and "taste" can also function as linking verbs.

6. Cannot Take Direct Objects: Linking verbs cannot take direct objects. Instead, they connect the
subject with the subject complement.

7. Usage in Different Tenses: Linking verbs can be used in various tenses to express different
states or conditions of the subject.

 Present tense: "She is tired."

 Past tense: "He seemed happy."

 Future tense: "They will be doctors."

The phrase "used to" is a construction in English that indicates something that was habitual or
customary in the past but is no longer true in the present. It is often used to talk about past habits,
actions, or states that occurred repeatedly or over a period of time but have since changed. Here's how
it's typically used:

1. Formation: The structure of "used to" in a sentence is straightforward:

 Subject + used to + base form of the verb

 Affirmative: I used to play basketball every weekend when I was younger." "I used to
smoke cigarettes, but I quit years ago."

 Negation: "She didn't use to like sushi, but now she loves it."

 Questions: "Did you use to live in New York?"

2. Distinction from "Use for": "I use this pen for writing."
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3. Usage: "Used to" is commonly used in spoken and written English to discuss past habits,
preferences, routines, or states that have changed. It's particularly useful for expressing
personal experiences and changes over time.

"Be/Get used to + it/ smt /doing smt" indicates familiarity or adaptation to something. It suggests
someone is accustomed to a situation, experience, or environment. Here are examples of how "be used
to" can be used in sentences:

1. Familiarity with a Situation:

 "He is used to working long hours."

 "They are used to living in a busy city."

2. Adaptation to an Environment:

 "She is used to the noise of the traffic outside her apartment."

 "The children are used to the hot climate in their hometown."

3. Getting Accustomed to an Experience:

 "I'm still not used to driving on the left side of the road."

 "They are slowly getting used to the new school schedule."

4. Lack of Surprise or Discomfort:

 "She wasn't surprised by the criticism; she's used to it."

 "He didn't complain about the spicy food; he's used to eating spicy dishes."

"Get used to" and "be used to" are both phrases used to indicate familiarity or adaptation to something.
However, they are used in slightly different contexts:

1. Get Used to:

 This phrase describes the process of becoming accustomed to something new or

unfamiliar. It implies a transition period during which someone is adjusting to a new
situation, experience, or environment.

 Example: "It took me a while to get used to the new job."

2. Be Used to:

 This phrase describes the state of being accustomed to something. It indicates that
someone is already familiar with a situation, experience, or environment and has
adapted to it.
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 Example: "She is used to working long hours."

 After a few weeks, she will be used to the new schedule."

In summary, "get used to" refers to the process of becoming accustomed to something, while "be used
to" indicates the state of already being accustomed to it.

Complex object / Mürəkkəb tamamlıq

In English grammar, a "complex object" typically refers to a sentence structure where the object
of a verb is itself a clause or a phrase containing a verb. This structure adds complexity to the
sentence by including additional layers of meaning or information.
1. Let- let- let - icazə vermək + tamamliq + 1) go
2. Make-made- made - məcbur etmək,düzəltmək

1. See-saw ( görmək)
2. Notice-noticed ( görmək)
3. Observe- observed (müşahidə etmək) + tamamliq + 1) go
4. Watch- watched ( izləmək) 2) going
5. Feel- felt ( hiss etmək)
6. Hear-heard ( eşitmək) to go/ goes/ went/ worked

Fel+ to + fel

let to go

Let me go

Mother let me go and stay there

Mother wanted me to go and stay there.

She let us go and asked not to be late. ( Başqa cümlələrdir )

 Make + cansiz + to go
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to Lay – laid – laid – laying - qoymaq

to Lie- lied - lied --- yalan danismaq

to Lie- lay- lain – lying - uzanmaq

Rise – rose- risen --- qalxmaq rice – düyü

Raise- raised- raised --- qaldirmaq

SO/ TOO/ALSO/EITHER/NEITHER

"So," "too," "also," "either," and "neither" are all words that can be used to indicate agreement,
addition, or similarity in English grammar, but they are used in slightly different ways. Here's how each
one is typically used:

1. So:

 "So" is used to indicate agreement or confirmation.

 Example: "She likes chocolate, and I do too."

 Example: "I'm tired, and so is he."

 It can also be used to indicate a consequence or result.

 Example: "It was raining, so we stayed indoors."

2. Too:

 "Too" is used to indicate addition or agreement, often in response to a statement.

 Example: "I love ice cream." "Me too!"

 Example: "She is coming too."

 It can also be used to indicate excessive or an undesirable extent.

 Example: "It's too hot in here."

3. Also:

 "Also" is used to add more information or another point.

 Example: "She likes swimming. She also enjoys hiking."

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 Example: "He's a good singer. He also plays the guitar."

4. Either:

Negative construction:

 "I don't like mushrooms, and she doesn't either."

Conditional construction:

 "If he doesn't want to go, I won't either."

 "Either" is used to indicate one of two options, usually in a negative context or when
presenting a choice.

- "You can have either tea or coffee."

- "He can come either today or tomorrow."

 It can also be used in affirmative sentences to emphasize the possibility of both options.

- "Either way, we'll finish the project on time."

5. Neither:

 "Neither" is used to indicate not one nor the other of two options.

- "Neither option seems appealing."

- "I can neither confirm nor deny the allegations."

Həmçinin

Too/ as well – təsdiq cümlələrində sonda . I like reading, too.

Also – təsdiq cümləsində ortada . I also like reading

Either/ at all - inkar cümləsində sonda. I don’t like reading, either.

So do I / Neither do I
Bu testlərdə

1) Cümlədə xəbərə bax

Ted knows English. – indiki sadə zamandır.

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2) Xəbərin təsdiq və ya inkar olmağına bax

Ted knows English. – təsdiq cümlədir.

3) Təsdiq olanda variantlarda inkarları, inkar olanda təsdiqləri çıx

Ted knows English.

A) So am I

B) So do I

C) Neither am I

D) Neither do I

E) I don’t know , too

4) Ardıcıllıq düz olmalıdır

So do I. So I do. I do so

Neither do I. Neither I do. I do neither

5) so, too , also təsdiq cümlələrində

İnkar olanlar: never, not, no, hardly, scarcely, rarely, either ( inkarda

sonda olur)

6) Have / has/ had + to və ya isim gələrsə do/ does/ did –lə əvəz elə.

7) but olanda bir tərəf inkardırsa digər tərəf təsdiq olur, və ya əksinə

We have to do everything in time, ...

A) so he has

B) neither does Simon

C) so does Simon

D) but they don’t

E) but they have

F) but they do

G)so Simon does

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Complete the sentence / Cümləni tamamla

1. Cümlənin ortasında , bağlayıcıdan sonra mübtəda xəbər gəlməlidir,

köməkçi öndə olanda çıxmaq lazımdır

I wander when …

A) does Jane come

B) will Jane come

C) has Jane come

D) did Jane come

E) Jane will come

2.

when

what time bitmis zaman olmaz have done

how long ago

how often

when + have to/ have + isim olar

how long/ since when + bitmiş zamanın sualıdır

!!! I wonder when he will come

When + kecmis bitmis zaman olar

indiki bitmiş + ... since... + keçmiş sadə zaman

3.

1) To ask - soruşmaq

2) Want to know - bilmək istəmək

3) Wonder - bilmək istəmək + that

4) Be interested - maraqlanmaq

5) Tell + ( tamamliq olarsa that olar) /// tell me that/ tell if

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6) Doubt – şübhələnmək

I want to know ...

1) who was awarded Nobel prize ( who – dan sonra xəbər gələ bilər)

2) if he was awarded Nobel prize

3) when he has awarded Nobel prize

4) that he was awarded Nobel prize

4. Bağlayıcının sağ və sol tərəfini uzlaşdır. İsimdən sonra what gəlməz

These are the films ... lately.

1) that have been demonstrated

2) what have been demonstrated

3) demonstrated

4) which has been demonstrated