PR111 Q2 MOD5 UNDERSTANDING DATA

AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT

DATA

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 11

Practical Research 1
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Understanding Data and Ways
to Systematically Collect Data

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 What I need to Know?

It deals with understanding of qualitative research design. It describes

the principle about description of sample, data collection, and analysis,
procedures in data collection such as survey, interview and observation. It
also involves the application of imaginative research related principles to
create an output.

This module has the following lessons:

Lesson 1 - Qualitative Research Design
Lesson 2 - Description of Sampling and Data Collection
Lesson 3 - Analysis of Procedures such as Survey, Interview and
Observation
Lesson 4 - Application of Creative Design Principles for Execution

What you are expected to learn?

After going through this module, you are able and expected to:
1. Chooses appropriate qualitative research design
2. Describes sampling procedure and sample
3. Plans data collection and analysis procedures
4. Presents written research methodology
5. Utilizes materials and techniques to produce creative work

How to learn this module?

Before exploring this module, remember to do the following tips to
achieve successfully the objectives of this self-learning material.

1. Read and comprehend the lessons.

2. Read and follow instructions carefully.
3. Answer first the pre-test before you start the lesson.
4. Take note and record points for clarifications.
5. Perform any activities presented in the lesson diligently and
honestly
6. Answer the post-test to measure how much you have gained
from the topics.

What I know (Pre-test)

Answer the pre-test to measure how much you know about the topic. Choose
the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements described ethnography?

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 a. a. Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions,
periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are
studied holistically by one or more methods
b. It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.
c. Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as
a group.
d. understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s
realistic dealings with hard facts of life
2. It refers to a sampling method which requires selection of a starting
point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at
regular intervals?
a. Simple Random Sampling c. Systematic Sampling
b. Cluster Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling
3. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what
study techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing
all students, the researchers randomly select 10 students from each
of the sections to comprise their sample. What sampling method do
you think would be the best fit to use?
a. Cluster Sampling c. Systematic Sampling
b. Simple Random Sampling d. Stratified Random
Sampling
4. Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on
campus. What sampling technique could you use to build this
sample?
a. cluster sampling c.quota sampling
b. purposive sampling d snowball sampling
5.The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT:
a.Additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify
and expand certain issues
b. Data analysis seems to be straightforward
c. Consist of series of pre-determined questions
d. Can compare and contrast different answers given to the same
questions
6. Which of the following is TRUE about self-completion
survey? a.Allows more data to be gathered
b.More expensive than other methodologies
c.Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering
respondents queries concern
d.allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to
records or consult with others
7. It described as Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods,
policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by
one or more methods
a. narrative inquiry c. ethnography
b. case study d.ground theory
8. Which of the following statement is true about systematic sampling
a.groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group
separately
b. members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a
population

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 c. researchers divide the entire population into sections that
represent a population
d. each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to
be a part of a sample.
9. It refers to an observational method which involves studies of
mechanical recording or the recording by some of the other means
like photographic or electronic
a. Structured observation c. Indirect method
b. Covert observations d. objective observation.
10. It defined as is a technique of gathering data whereby you
personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours.”
a. object c. survey
b. observation d. interview

Lesson
Qualitative Research Design
1

After having a research problem and hypothesis, you need to make an

outline of your research. This blueprint is what we called research design.
Research Design is a type of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed methods approach that provides specific direction for procedures.
Others have called them strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). It
also includes collection of data, research timeline and respondents used.

What’s In?
In the previous lesson, you learned the importance of knowing and
writing Literature Review. You also learned ethical issues upon emerging into
research.
In this next lesson, it will focus on types and characteristics of a
qualitative research design. What is good in this type of research is that it is
open and flexible allowing researchers modify their design so easy.

What’s New?
Activity 5.1.1 Do the following
Think of a topic that has in your mind and imagine a portrait/painting as product
of your interest then answer the ff question:
• Why the topic is seems interesting for you?
• How will you achieve the product of your painting?
• List down you objectives and plans of achieving it

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 What is it?

The following are types of Qualitative Research Design which could

be used as technique in collecting and analyzing data:

1. Case Study
- Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies,
institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more
methods. It investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.

Advantages:
• More understanding on complex issue
• Apply variety of methodologies and sources to investigate a
research problem.
• Extend experience or add strength to what is already known
through previous research.
• Most widely used by social scientists to examine contemporary
real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of
concepts
• It can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.

Disadvantages:
• Intense exposure to the study may bias a researcher's
interpretation of the findings
• Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect
relationships.
• Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret
• The case may not be representative or typical of the larger
problem being investigated.

Example:
In the study of Acosta, Imee and Alexander Acosta(2016) entitled “SEEING
THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF
FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES”,
adoption of the 12-year program of formal basic education. This is the readiness of college
faculty members on how to deal the transition years of having no enrolees in college since
high school were being added with 2 years more.
This research provides a real-life understanding on the issue of k-12 implementation
on education.

2.Ethnography
-Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a
group. It also involves their beliefs, values and attitudes.

Example:
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled “THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN
ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY” wherein
constructing the issue of men’s identities, men’s health and well-being .The researcher
describe in details the ways which masculinities were observed every day.
The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within the two
groups engaging men’s social worlds, belongingness and sex relationships.

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3.Ground Theory
- It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in data
collected by the researcher. It is an approach that generates and modifies a
theory.

Example:
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the meaning of intimate
partner violence from the perceptions of Filipino men and women. A sample consisted of 37
Filipino women and 2 Filipino men who were recruited from a Barangay Center (Health
Center) in Manila, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The
interviews were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped. The description of the study
participants was provided by the quantitative-descriptive data. Constant comparison method
was used in categorizing the narrative data and in examining the data for examples of similar
cases and themes.
The study revealed a rich and contextualized overview that lay a foundation for
understanding the perceptions and experiences of Filipino women and men living with
intimate partner violence. The data point to recurrent themes of poverty, gambling, alcohol
and drug use, poor communication skills, jealousy and philandering. Violation of the dignity of
a person that brought with it children as victims was implicated in the cycle of violence.

4. Narrative Inquiry
-These are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to
human beings.
Example:
In the study of Theresa Andrea Nugent(2007) entitled “A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIENCES”, it describes what is happening or not from the viewpoint of the classroom
teacher towards their teaching experience to their students output. In this research, teachers
then reflect how they applied their learning to support student outcomes, the support that
students received and the barriers encountered. So in this research, there are stories
constructed by the researcher, respondents and the reader.

5. Phenomenology
-A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It
is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that
naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, care giving, defeat,
victory, and the like.
-Comparing to ethnography, phenomenology aims at getting a
thorough understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s
realistic dealings with hard facts of life. Ethnography aims at defining,
describing or portraying a certain group of people possessing unique cultural
traits.
Example:
Vapor, Victor Rey Cui (2009) explored a new Philippine phenomenon that emerged
involving Filipino physicians who went back to school to take up nursing in the Philippines in
order to migrate to foreign countries to work as nurses. The purpose of his study was to
describe and to interpret the lived experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses in the
United States. Phenomenology was used as research design, with data obtained from a
purposive sample of eight (8) self-identified physician-turned nurses in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Participants were interviewed using a single, open-ended central question. The audio
taped responses that described their lived experiences were eventually transcribed verbatim.
To interpret their experiences, clusters of themes were then generated using the Colaizzi's
(1978) method of Phenomenological Inquiry. The results of the study revealed that the
experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses involved multidimensional issues, both in the
contexts of emigration and a professional shift from physician to nurse. Being the first of its
kind, this study will enlighten society of the lived experiences of Filipino physicians who

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 compromise professional integrity by working as nurses just to emigrate to the United States.
Furthermore, this research study will contribute to the existing literature on cross-cultural
adaptation, particularly involving role compromise in an unfamiliar social and cultural context.

Source: Sanders, "Application Of Colaizzi‘S Method: Interpretation Of An Auditable Decision Trail By A

Novice Researcher

What’s More?
Activity 5.1.2 Do the following

Classify the following list of research topics according to the 5 types of qualitative research design:
Perception of Filipino Women and Men on Intimate Partner Violence
Social Responsibility: Perceived Successful Student Leadership
Experience Study of Experiences of Helping Professionals With Learning
Disabilities
Research among Drinking Youth Cultures: Reflections From Observing Participants
Gender and Climate Change Finance
Being There: Study of Student Perceptions of Instructor Presence in Online Classes
Leadership Journeys: Research Study exploring women school superintendent’s meaning-making of
Leadership Child Protection and Maltreatment in the Philippines: A Systematic Review of the Literature
The Kinship of Everyday Need: Relatedness and Survival in a Philippine Fishing Community
Biographical Research of Teacher’s Experiences of Supportive Relationships with Colleagues

What’s More?

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 What I have Learned?
Activity 5.1.3

Continuing the inquiry on the different research designs, the next step will be the
key to identifying a particular research design. The students will answer the
following questions:

1. If I could discover the reason behind a school‘s experience with

organizational development, I would ask . (Case Study)
2. If I could discover the shared lived experiences of one quality or
phenomenon in others, I would want to know about .
(Phenomenology)
3. If I could experience a different culture by living/ observing it, I
would choose to experience . (Ethnography)
4. If I could discover what actually occurred and was experienced in a single
lived event, that event would be . (Case Study)
5. If I could discover a theory for a single phenomenon of living as
shared by others, I would choose to discover the theory
of . (Grounded Theory)

What I can Do?

Activity 5.1.4 Identify the strength and weakness of the types of research
Designs

Design Strength Weakness

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 Lesson
Description of Sampling and Data
2 Collection
Data Collection is very important in the aspect of research. Researcher
should choose the proper sampling method to answer what was asked in the
research problem. According to Alicia Tuovila(2020), sampling is a process
used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations
taken in larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger
population depends on the type of analysis being performed.

What’s In?

In lesson 1, you enabled to understand the nature of qualitative design.

Deeper understanding of the different types of this design helped you led in
gathering information for your research. In this particular lesson, you will learn
the methods of sampling for you to provide the possible answers of your
research problem.

What’s New?
Activity 5.2.1 Analyze the following:

George put some cards into a basket. Then he drew 3

cards out from the basket. Is this a random sample of the
cards in the basket? Why or why not?
Source: https://www.mathworksheetsland.com/7/27randsamp/lesson.pdf

What is it?

Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods

1. Probability Sampling
- is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are
chosen using a method based on the theory of probability.
For instance, a population of 1000 members, each of these members
will have 1/1000 chances of being selected to be a part of a sample. It gets

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 rid of bias in the population and gives a fair chance to all members to be
included in the sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling – method of collecting data where every
single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance
and each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to
be a part of a sample.
b. Cluster Sampling – a method where the researchers divide the entire
population into sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters
are identified and included in a sample on the basis of defining
demographic parameters such as age, location, sex etc.
c. Systematic Sampling - a method where members of a sample are
chosen at regular intervals of a population. It requires selection of a
starting point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at
regular intervals. This type of sampling method has a predefined interval
and hence this sampling technique is the least time-consuming.
d. Stratified Random Sampling - a method where the population can be
divided into smaller groups, that don’t overlap but represent the entire
population together. While sampling, these groups can be organized
and then draw a sample from each group separately.

2. Non-probability Sampling
- is reliant on a researcher’s ability to select members at random. This
sampling method is not a fixed or pre-defined selection process which
makes it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities
to be included in a sample.
a. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling
-is the most common sampling strategy. In this type of sampling,
participants are selected or sought based on pre-selected criteria
based on the research question.
For example, the study may be attempting to collect data from
lymphoma patients in a particular city or county. The sample size may
be predetermined or based on theoretical saturation, which is the point
at which the newly collected data no longer provides additional
insights.
b. Quota Sampling
- is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset
prior to sampling. Typically, the researcher is attempting to gather data
from a certain number of participants that meet certain characteristics
that may include things such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV
status, etc.
For example , a cigarette company wants to find out what age
group prefers what brand of cigarettes in a particular city. He/she
applies quotas on the age groups of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+.
From this information, the researcher gauges the smoking trend
among the population of the city.
c. Snowball Sampling
- is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the
participants refer the researcher to others who may be able to
potentially contribute or participate in the study. This method often

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 helps researchers find and recruit participants that may otherwise be
hard to reach.

What’s More?

Activity 5.2.2 In each of the following examples, identify the Sampling

Methods being Used:

1. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average achievement

in science of fifth graders in a city’s public schools. The average fifth
grade enrolment in the city’s elementary schools is 100 students. Thus,
20 schools were randomly selected and within each of those
schools all fifth graders were tested.
2. A researcher is interested in maximum-security inmates. She group
inmates by the type of crime committed, determine the percentage of
the total in each crime category, and uses that percentage to determine
the number of inmates randomly selected from each group.
3. A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major city. Part of the
research plan calls for describing and comparing the opinions of four
different ethnic groups: African Americans, Asian Americans, European
Americans, and Native Americans. For a total sample of 300, the
researcher selects 75 participants from each of the four predetermined
subgroups.

What I have Learned?

Activity 5.2.3
Complete the MIND MAP summarizing key ideas and concepts learned from
the lesson

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 What I can Do?
Activity 5.2.4 : Analyze and answer the following

Imagine that you have arrived in Malate, Manila to conduct a case study on
working street children. A local social worker introduces you to two former
street working children and you learn that they still have lots of friends still
working on the street. As a way to identify participants for your study, you ask
the two former street working children if they can recommend and invite some
of their friends on the street to participate in the study. You also ask them to
spread word of the study in anticipation that their friends will also help you to
identify potential participants.

How would you classify this kind of sampling? 1. Quota sampling? 2.

Snowball sampling? 3. Random purposeful sampling? Explain your answer.

Lesson Analysis of Procedures such as Survey,

3 Interview, and Observation

In research methods, collection of data is included which can be

interpreted or analyzed to answer hypothesis. This lesson presents data
collection in more detail, in particular how they work in practice, the
purpose of each, when their use is appropriate and what they can offer in
students’ individual research.

What’s In?
In previous lesson, you have learned the characteristics of study of
sampling techniques and determined which and how many being selected.
You also knew the most common sampling methods used in qualitative
research such as purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball
sampling. In this new lesson, you will learn to analyze procedures in collecting
data thru Survey, Interview and Observation.

What’s New?
Activity 5.3.1
How do you collect your data for your research? Example of choosing a breed of dog
you like as your pet. How will you able to understand the breed of dog you like
(probably research using the internet, interview persons with a particular breed of dog,
survey dog breeders or observe dog owners)?

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 What is it?
The following were analysis of procedures in collecting data:

Observation

is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch,

interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours.It is a systematic data
collection approach where researchers use all of their senses to examine
people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations.

Classification of Observational Method

1. Casual and Scientific Observation

- Casual involves observing the right thing at the right place and
also at the right time by a matter of chance or by luck while scientific
observation involves the use of the tools of the measurement, but remember
that all the observations are not scientific in nature.
2. Natural Observation
- involves observing the behavior in a normal setting, no efforts are
made to bring any type of change in the behavior of the observed.
3. Subjective and Objective Observation
-The subject refers to the observer whereas the object refers to
the activity or any type of operation that is being observed.
- Subjective observation involves the observation of the one’s own
immediate experience whereas the observations involving observer as an
entity apart from the thing being observed, are referred to as the
objective observation.
4. Direct and Indirect Observation
- Indirect method of observation involves studies of mechanical
recording or the recording by some of the other means like photographic or
electronic. Direct observation is relatively straighter forward as compared to
the indirect observation.
5. Participant and Non Participant Observation
- In participant observation,a researcher may interact with participants
and become part of their community . But in the non participant type of
observation, no participation of the observer in the activities of the
group takes place and also occurs no relationship between the researcher
and the group.
6. Structured and Unstructured Observation
-Structured observation works according to a plan and involves
specific information of the units that are to be observed and also about
the information that is to be recorded. But in the case of the unstructured
observation, observer has the freedom to note down what s/he feels is correct
and relevant to the point of study.
7. Controlled and Un-controlled Observation
- Controlled observations are the observations made under the
influence of some of the external forces and such observations rarely lead
to improvement in the precision of the research results. Un-controlled

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observations are made in the natural environment and reverse to the
controlled.
8. Covert and Overt Observation
-Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an
ordinary member of the group and observes in secret. Overt observations are
when the researcher tells the group s/he is conducting research (i.e. they
know they are being observed)

Interview
-defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting
intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore
their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation.”Boyce, C. &
Neale, P. (2006)

Three different formats of interviews:

1. Structured interview- consist of a series of pre-determined questions that
all interviewees answer in the same order. Data analysis usually tends to
be more straightforward because researcher can compare and contrast
different answers given to the same questions.

2. Unstructured interview- are usually the least reliable from research

viewpoint, because no questions are prepared prior to the interview and
data collection is conducted in an informal manner. Unstructured interviews
can be associated with a high level of bias and comparison of answers
given by different respondents tends to be difficult due to the differences in
formulation of questions.

3. Semi-structured interview- contain the components of both, structured and

unstructured interviews. In semi-structured interviews, interviewer prepares a
set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees. At the same time,
additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and/or further
expand certain issues.

Source: Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for Librarians” ABC-
CLIO

Survey
-is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. If possible
the use of an already designed and validated survey instrument will ensure
that the data being collected is accurate. If you design your own survey it is
necessary to pilot test the survey on a sample of your target group to ensure
that the survey instrument is measuring what it intends to measure and is
appropriate for the target group.

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 Data Collection Method in Survey:
1. Self-completion Survey
-this is via mail, email, the internet or SMS are generally the least
expensive ,particularly for a widespread sample. They allow respondents time to
consider their answers, refer to records or consult with others (which can be
helpful or unhelpful, depending on the survey’s objectives). They also eliminate
interviewer errors and reduce the incidence of selected people (or units) being
unable to be contacted. A major disadvantage of self completion surveys is the
potentially high non- response.

2. Interviewer-based Surveys
- such as face-to-face or telephone surveys generally allow more data to
be gathered than self-completion surveys and can include the use of more
complex questionnaires. Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering
respondents’ queries or concerns. They can often pick up and resolve respondent
errors. Face-to-face surveys are usually more expensive than other methodologies

Source:Kabir, Syed Muhammad Sajjad(2016). Methodsof data Collection. Basic Guidelines

for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines, Edition: First, Chapter: 9,
Publisher: Book Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh, pp.201-275

What’s More?
Activity 5.3.2

Which among these topics can lend itself to observation technique?

Explain your choice.

1. K-12 Goals, Theories, and Methodologies

2. Historical Development of Cell Phones
3. Philippine Bridges in Metro Manila
4. Shoe Styles of UST Freshmen Architectural Students
5. Human Respiratory System
6. First Friday Mass with Quiapo Devotees
7. Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils
8. Molecular Contents of Water
9. Uniform Wearing by All Divisoria Vendors
10. Dirty Ice Cream Selling at UST Campus

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 What I have Learned?
Activity 5.3.3
Complete the data in the table

Data Collection Method Definition Advantage Disadvantage

What I can Do?

Activity 5.3.4
Circle the 16 words listed below. Words appear straight across, backword
straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally

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 Lesson Application of Creative Design Principles for Execution
4

Critical Thinking has a big role in doing research. Researchers need to

make many decisions in creating and conducting a study. The challenge of
conducting it successfully is to manage choices well throughout the study.

What’s In?
Previous lesson teaches you the different procedure in data collection.
In the application of creative design, student will understand the artworks of
research.

What’s New?
Activity 5.4.1 Do the following

Look at the image on the left and critique it by answering the questions on the
table

Describe: What do you see?

Interpret : How does this work of art make you feel?
Judge : Is this work of art successful? Why or why not?

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona LisaMona Lisa, oil on wood panel by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–06; in the
Louvre, Paris.Scala/Art Resource, New York

What is it?
By embracing a pragmatic curiosity, you will need to describe and
explain each choice made in conceptualizing and conducting the research
because each method is justified in the conduct of its usage in the study at
hand. The answer to the question, “How does it make sense to utilize an
ethnographic methodology in a study designed to explore the effectiveness of
a psychotherapy intervention?” is “Here is what I did and why these choices
make sense in the context of my study.” Without certainty in terms of
methodological destiny, researchers are left with the tools of openness and
rhetoric when it comes to defending their research choices (Chenail, 2011).

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10 steps in Qualitative Inquiries:

1. Reflect on What Interest You

-Starting with a topic about which you have a passion helps to sustain
you throughout the research process. It also helps you to find a design
that fits your passion rather than needing to find a passion that fits a design.

2. Draft a Statement Identifying your Preliminary Area of Interest and Justifying

Its Scholarly and/or Practical Importance
-Compose a simple sentence or two in which you state your beginning
area of curiosity and explain why the topic is significant, relevant, and worthy
of study. By doing so you begin to address the “so what” question right away.

3. Hone your Topic Focus

-Hone your focus by considering the choices you need to make in order
to design your study
- Consider who, what, when, where, why and how

4. Compose your Initial Research Question or Hypothesis

-Based upon your answers to the Who, What, Where, When, Why, and
How questions, compose your initial research question. In qualitative research
it is perfectly okay to make adjustments to your research question as the
inquiry develops, but it is critical that you are aware when these adjustments
are made and make the appropriate adjustments to your design.

5. Define your Goals and Objectives

-. Make sure each goal and objective can be justified and evaluated so
you can track the progress you are making and identify where problems are
arising or where adjustments are being made.

6. Conduct a Review of the Literature

-Some researchers start their qualitative research process with a
review of the literature, some delay their reviews until after the study is
completed, and some continually review the literature throughout the research
process (Chenail, Cooper, & Desir, 2010). Some qualitative researchers
explore the literature to learn what is not known about a phenomenon and
then formulate questions which will guide a discovery- oriented inquiry to
uncover new evidence about the phenomenon in question.

7. Develop your Research Design

-. Develop a research design which will allow you to address your
research question or hypothesis effectively and efficiently.

8. Conduct a Self-assessment in Order to Determine What Strengths You

Have That Will Be Useful in your Study and What Skills You Will Need to
Develop in Order to Complete your Study
-As you review your plan and identify what skills and knowledge base
you will need to complete the study successfully. Develop a growth plan for
helping you to master the competencies you will need throughout the study.

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9. Plan, Conduct, and Manage the Study
-Successful qualitative research projects involve careful management
of four different yet connected studies: (a) the study proposed, (b) the study
conducted, (c) the study reported, and (d) the study of these studies. Develop
an action plan detailing the steps you need to take in order to begin and
complete your studies.

10. Compose and Submit your Report

-Depending on the vehicle you will use to report your study (e.g.,
dissertation, thesis, scholarly paper, poster, or conference presentation),
identify the relevant policies and rules governing the form, substance, and
submission of the report (e.g., school or departmental guidelines, journal
article submission requirements, book prospectus elements, style manual of
the American Psychological Association, 2010, etc.) and report and submit
your findings in compliance with these parameters

Post-Test?
Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. It described as Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods,
policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by
one or more methods
a. case study c. ethnography
b. ground theory d. narrative inquiry
2. It defined as is a technique of gathering data whereby you
personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours.”
a. interview c. observation
b. object d. survey
3.The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT:
a.Can compare and contrast different answers given to the
same
questions
b. Additional questions might be asked during interviews
to clarify and expand certain issues
c.Consist of series of pre-determined questions
d. Data analysis seems to be straightforward
4. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what
study techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all
students, the researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the
sections to comprise their sample. What sampling method do you think
would be the best fit to use?
a. Systematic Sampling c. Stratified Random Sampling
b.Cluster Sampling d.Simple Random Sampling
5.Which of the following statements described ethnography?
a. Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies,
institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one
or more methods
b.It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.

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 c. understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s
realistic dealings with hard facts of life
d. Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as
a group.
6. It refers to an observational method which involves studies of
mechanical recording or the recording by some of the other means
like photographic or electronic
a. Covert observations c. objective observation
b Structured observation d.Indirect method
7.Which of the following is TRUE about self-completion
survey? a.Interviewers can reduce non-response by
answering respondents
queries concern
b.allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to
records or consult with others
c.Allows more data to be gathered
d.More expensive than other methodologies
8. Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on
campus. What sampling technique could you use to build this
sample?
a. snowball sampling c. cluster sampling
b. quota sampling d. purposive sampling
9.Which of the following statement is true about systematic sampling
a. researchers divide the entire population into sections that
represent a population
b.groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each
group separately
c. each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to
be a part of a sample
d.members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a
population
10. It refers to a sampling method which requires selection of a starting point
for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals?
a. Simple Random Sampling c. Cluster Sampling
b.Systematic Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling

Additional Activities
Do the following:
Go to the library and explore the internet. Look for 3 examples of
research title to each of the following methods of data analysis. Include
references
Method/s Sample research titles Reference/s

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 REFERENCES

Acosta, Alexander and Imee Acosta(2016). “Seeing Through a Magnifying Lens:

A qualitative Inquiry of K-12 Readiness of Faculty Members from Higher
Education Institutions in the Philippines”. International Refereed Research
Journal. Vol VII. October 4, 2016
Adi Bhat. Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods with Examples.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-sampling-for-social-research/
Bhattacharya,Kakal i( 2017). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research : A practical
Guide. Routledge, New York 10017
Boyce, C. & Neale, P. (2006) “Conducting in-depth Interviews: A Guide for
Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews”, Pathfinder International Tool
Series
Braceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 1.. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines.
Caleb Castillo (2018). Identifying Sampling Methods Worksheet.
https://www.scribd.com/document/394603083/Identifying-Sampling-Methods-
Worksheet
Chenail, R. J. (2011). Ten Steps for Conceptualizing and Conducting
Qualitative Research Studies in a Pragmatically Curious Manner. The
Qualitative Report, 16(6), 1715-1732. Retrieved from
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol16/iss6/13
Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for
Librarians” ABC-CLIO
Driscoll, Dana Lynn (2011). Introduction to Primary Research: Observations,
Surveys, and Interviews. Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing, Volume
2. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
https://wac.colostate.edu/books/writingspaces2/driscoll--introduction-to-
primary-research.pdf
Gil, Peter (2008). “The Everyday Lives of Men: An Ethnographic Investigation of
Young Adult Male Identity”. Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
Kabir, Syed Muhammad Sajjad(2016). Methodsof data Collection. Basic
Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines, Edition:
First, Chapter: 9, Publisher: Book Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203,
Bangladesh, pp.201-275
Nugent, Theresa Andrea(2007) .” A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF TEACHERS’
PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIENCES”. Western Michigan University, Klamazoo,Michigan
Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide. Deped.2016
Reeves,Sybil (2019) https://slideplayer.com/slide/13695337/
Tuovila, Alicia( 2020). “Sampling”.
Investopedia.com.https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling.asp

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https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=qjAlDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=types+of+qualitative+research+design&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOys24l
c_pAhWQPXAKHdJ- D9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=types%20of
%20qualitative%20research%20 design&f=false

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1902&context=dis
sertations
https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol61/youth_culture.pdf
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=op
en_access_dissertations
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=ceh
sedaddiss
https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:cj82nr11x/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/app5.167

ANSWER KEY

PRE-TEST

1. c 6. d
2. c 7. b
3. d 8. b
4. d 9. c
5. a 10. b

POST TEST

1. a 6. d
2. c 7. b
3. b 8. a .
4. c 9. d

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5. d 10. b

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