Construction and Building Materials 109 (2016) 41–46

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Effect of granite dust on mechanical and some durability properties

of manufactured sand concrete
Huajian Li ⇑, Fali Huang, Guanzhi Cheng, Yongjiang Xie, Yanbin Tan, Linxiang Li, Zhonglai Yi
Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences, No. 2 Daliushu Road, Beijing 100081, China
State Key Laboratory of High Speed Railway Track Technology, No. 2 Daliushu Road, Beijing 100081, China

h i g h l i g h t s

 Granite dust was mixed into manufactured sand concrete to replace the fly ash.
 The workability and drying shrinkage were improved.
 The mechanical and some durability properties were improved.
 Granite dust can be used as the supplementary cementitious material.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The fabrication process of manufactured sands produces plenty of dust, which not only occupies the land
Received 28 September 2015 and pollutes the environment but also causes dam breaks and collapses. To make full use of it, such gran-
Received in revised form 14 January 2016 ite dust was herein mixed into manufactured sand concrete as supplementary cementitious materials to
Accepted 21 January 2016
replace fly ash in different proportions. The mechanical and some durability properties of these concretes
Available online 4 February 2016
were studied. The results showed an improvement in the workability of the manufactured sand concrete
by introducing granite dust. The early strengths of manufactured sand concrete decreased with the fly
Keywords:
ash replacement, but the compressive strengths, bending strengths and elastic modulus increased in
Granite dust
Manufactured sand concrete
the later stage when the replacement ratio was 20%. Compared with pure cement concrete, the 56 days
Mechanical property chloride penetration resistance of the modified concretes was enhanced remarkably. Although the elec-
Durability tric flux increased with the increasing granite dust dosage, it was always located at the low permeability
Shrinkage characteristic level. The dynamic elastic modulus only had a slightly decrease after 350 freezing and thawing cycles
when the granite dust dosage was within 20%, but it obviously dropped down when that dosage reached
30%. The drying shrinkage of the modified concrete was also inhibited within 14 days, compared with the
pure cement concrete.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
As natural river sand mining is limited by the seasons and a
national mining limitation policy has already been issued in China,
there is a serious shortage of river sand, which is the main raw
material of concrete. Manufactured sands from limestone, granite,
basalt etc. have become the green and economical substitute for
river sands used in high-performance concrete [1,2]. In the manu-
factured sand fabrication process, fine particles are inevitably gen-
erated. Usually, those particles that are smaller than 75 lm and
⇑ Corresponding author at: Railway Engineering Research Institute, China
Academy of Railway Sciences, No. 2 Daliushu Road, Beijing 100081, China.
E-mail address: chinasailor@163.com (H. Li).
that have the same mineralogical composition as the mother rocks
are called stone dust or stone powder [3]. A certain content of
stone dust is allowed to exist in the manufactured sands, but the
limits are different under various standards, and the maximum is
10% [4]. However, the actual content of stone dust in the manufac-
turing process always exceeds the required value under standards.
For instance, the statistics of 24 samples in 17 granite quarries in
Guangdong province showed that the dust content was 4.7–
22.2%, in which 16 samples’ data exceeded 10% [5]. The excess dust
needs to be washed out before use. As a result, over 10 million tons
of granite sludge wastes are generated every year in China, lacking
effective utilization [6]. It is necessary and pressing to address
these issues properly to avoid such waste and pollution. Thus,
turning granite dust into a building material resource is an

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.034
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
42 H. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 109 (2016) 41–46

effective technological approach to realize its large-scale high

value added utilization.
Thus far, many studies have been performed on the applications
of ground limestone [7–9], and the corresponding national stan-
dard and technical specification regarding concrete with ground
limestone have been officially issued and implemented in China
[10,11]. By contrast, research on the effects of granite dust in con-
crete is scarce; the first report was utilizing it to prepare aerated
concrete and ceramics in 1991 [12]. However, the application of
granite dust in concrete has attracted much attention recently.
The study of the effects of granite dust on concrete performance
focuses on two aspects. One is the cement replacement, and the
other is the fine aggregate replacement. Elmoaty et al. [13] used
granite dust (filtered by a 0.075-mm sieve) to replace cement by
5%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15%. They found that the concrete compressive
strength and tensile strength could be improved by 5% cement
replacement, with the corrosion cracking time increasing in the
Fig. 1. XRD pattern of granite dust.
meanwhile. No obvious changes could be observed for the
microstructure and hydration products. Abukersh et al. [14] stud-
ied the workability and mechanical performances of concretes
with 20–50% red granite dust. The experimental results showed 8
that the introduction of granite dust improved the early strength
7
and elastic modulus compared with the fly ash but reduced the
concrete compressive strength. The performance of concrete mixed 6
with granite and marble wastes was studied by Bacarji and Volume (%)
coworkers [15]. The experimental and numerical analysis showed 5
that there was a strong correlation between concrete compressive 4
strength and the cement replacement ratio. In addition, it was con-
firmed that the granite and marble could be used as sustainable 3
replacements of cement. Ramos et al. studied two types of granite
2
dust with different fineness [16]. They found that the waste granite
sludge could compact the concrete substrates and reduce the alkali 1
aggregate reacting if the fineness was fine enough by grinding.
0
Meanwhile, the chloride penetration resistance could be improved 0.1 1 10 100 1000
by 70% at most, and there were no serious impacts on the strength Paticle Size (mm)
and workability. Some researchers also used the granite dust to
prepare a hot asphalt mixture [17], ceramics and bricks [18,19] Fig. 2. Size distribution of granite dust.
and so on.
Some deficiencies still exist in the research on granite dust
dust have a diameter lower than this criterion. The fine aggregates were manufac-
applications in concrete. First, field application has not been ade-
tured granite sands with a fineness modulus of 2.7, and their grading curve
quately considered in the concrete design stage, where different belonged to region II. The coarse aggregates were a 5–20-mm continuous-grading
structural parts and construction methods have different workabil- crushed stone. The superplasticizer was a polycarboxylate with a 29% water reduc-
ity requirements. Second, mineral admixtures have not been intro- ing rate.
duced in most concrete designs. With the popularization of high-
performance concrete, mineral admixtures have become abso-
lutely necessary for the concrete. Third, the effects of granite dust 2.2. Methods
on the performances of manufactured sand concrete are still insuf-
The amount of cementitious materials was fixed as 440 kg/m3. The pure cement
ficiently studied, where most comparison benchmarks have been concrete (JS4) and the concrete with 10% slag powder and 30% fly ash as the cement
natural aggregate concretes. Focusing on the above problems, replacement (JS0) were used as the benchmarks. The granite dust was used as the
granite dust was used as partial fly ash replacement in granite fly ash replacement in proportions of 33.3%, 66.6% and 100%, which are equivalent
manufactured sand concrete to achieve the comprehensive appli- to 10% (JS1), 20% (JS2) and 30% (JS3) of the total cementitious materials, respec-
tively, as shown in Table 1. The concrete slump was adjusted to 170–190 mm by
cation of granite dust and manufactured sand. The concrete slump
the superplasticizer, and the air content was adjusted to 3.5–4.5% by the air-
was designed as 180 ± 10 mm, meeting the pumping requirements. entraining agent.
The effects of the workability, mechanical property, durability and
drying shrinkage were studied by different replacement ratios.
2.3. Testing

2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Type P.O 42.5 Portland cement was used. Commercially available fly ash and
grinding slag powder were used as the mineral mixture. The granite dust was fil-
tered through a 0.075-mm sieve, and their XRD pattern is shown in Fig. 1, revealing
that the main ingredients were granite and quartz. The size distribution of granite
dust is shown in Fig. 2, and D10, D50, and D90 were 3.7 lm, 21.4 lm and 67.0 lm,
respectively. The criterion D10 (D50 or D90) means that 10% (50% or 90%) of the
The concrete slump, air content and bleeding rate were tested following the ASTM
standards [20–22]. The concrete state was observed when the concrete slump test
was implemented. The compressive strength, bending strength and elastic modulus
were measured according to the methods in BS EN 12390 [23] with
150 mm  150 mm  150 mm specimens. The chloride penetration resistance was
tested following the electric flux method in ASTM C1202 [24]. The frost resistance test
followed the rapid freezing and thawing method specified in ASTM C666/C666M
[25]. The concrete drying shrinkage was measured by the contact method in
ASTM C157 [26], and the test period began from the third day after the standard cur-
ing began.
 H. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 109 (2016) 41–46 43

Table 1
Mixture proportions of concrete (kg/m3).

No. Cement Slag powder Fly ash Granite powder Manufactured sand Crush stone Super-plasticizer Air-entraining agent Water
JS0 264 44 132 0 780 1076 5.28 0.132 154
JS1 264 44 88 44 780 1076 5.28 0.088 154
JS2 264 44 44 88 780 1076 5.50 0.035 154
JS3 264 44 0 132 780 1076 7.06 0.101 154
JS4 440 0 0 0 780 1076 7.26 0.141 154

3. Results and discussion 70

JS0
JS1
3.1. The effect of granite dust on workability of fresh concrete

Compressive strength (MPa)

60 JS2
JS3
Table 2 shows the fresh concrete workability. Compared with
50 JS4
the pure cement concrete JS4, the concrete state is improved by
mixing granite dust or mineral admixtures, and the needed super-
plasticizer amount is reduced correspondingly. As the densities of 40
granite dust (2.85 g/cm3), slag powder (2.90 g/cm3) and fly ash
(2.60 g/cm3) are all less than that of cement (3.13 g/cm3), the paste
30
volume will increase after adding them into the concrete mixtures.
Thus, the workability is improved by a better parcel effect for the
aggregates with reduced sludge viscosity. Among them, the con- 20
crete slumps are slightly less than that of JS0 after the granite dust
is used, contrary to the superplasticizer dosage. This indicates that 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
the granite dust offers less improvement in the concrete workabil- Age (day)
ity than fly ash. In addition to the density difference, this phe- (a)
nomenon is also caused by the grain effect, as most fly ash is
spherical while the granite dust is carinal. However, based on this 70
effect, there seems to be a synergistic air-entraining effect in the JS0: y =13.21x + 13.01,R2 = 0.990
JS1: y =10.62x + 14.72,R2 = 0.976
JS2, as the needed amount of air-entraining agents is the least
Compressive strength (MPa)

60 JS2: y = 12.40x + 13.29,R2 = 0.993

when similar air content (4 ± 0.5%) is achieved. On one hand, bub- JS3: y = 8.930x + 10.52,R2 = 0.989
bles could be introduced easily because of the reduced sludge vis- JS4: y = 8.361x + 26.20,R2 = 0.997
cosity by mixing granite dust or mineral admixtures. On the other 50
hand, the concrete with granite dust has a better air-entraining
effect as the fly ash contains porous carbon, which could adsorb
40
air-entraining agents.

30
3.2. The effect of granite dust on mechanical properties

3.2.1. Compressive strength 20

The effects of the granite dust dosage on the concrete compres-
sive strength are shown in Fig. 3. With increasing age, all the man- 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
ufactured sand concrete compressive strengths present a similar Age logarithm (ln (day))
development tendency (Fig. 3(a)). The compressive strength and (b)
the age logarithm have linear relations in which the linear correla-
tion coefficients are all above 0.989. However, the slopes in the Fig. 3. Effect of granite dust content on the manufactured sand concrete compres-
regression equations are different, revealing the different growth sive strength: (a) compressive strength versus age; (b) compressive strength versus
age logarithm.
rates of the compressive strengths, as shown in Fig. 3(b). The
3 days and 7 days compressive strengths of manufactured sand
concrete are decreased by mixing the granite dust or mineral
admixtures. Nevertheless, the compressive strengths increase all the samples, indicating that the cementitious activity of granite
rapidly in the later period. The compressive strengths of JS0 and dust is less than that of fly ash. Among the concretes mixed with
JS2 at 28 days and 56 days exceed that of the pure cement concrete granite dust, the compressive strength of JS2 is the maximum.
JS4. Additionally, the later period strength of JS0 is the highest in The reason for this is related to the grains’ close packing, as the
void fraction of the powders reaches the minimum when the
replacement ratio is 20%. When the replacement ratio reaches
Table 2 30%, the strength of manufactured sand concrete decreases observ-
The workability of fresh concrete. ably, where the compressive strengths at 28 days and 56 days are,
No. Slump/mm Air Bleeding State of the concrete respectively, 13.3 MPa and 14.3 MPa lower than that of JS4.
content/% rate/% Although the granite dust could enhance the sludge compactness
JS0 185 ± 30 4.0 ± 0.5 0 Sticky, good condition by granularity optimization, the activity of granite dust is inferior
JS1 170 ± 30 4.2 ± 0.5 0 Sticky, good condition to that of fly ash. The physical effects on improving the size distri-
JS2 180 ± 30 4.5 ± 0.5 0 Sticky, good condition bution will be less than the dilution effects of the cementitious
JS3 185 ± 30 3.8 ± 0.5 0 Moderate viscosity, slight bleeding
materials when the replacement ratio is too high. As a result, the
JS4 190 ± 30 4.3 ± 0.5 0 Poor wrap
replacement ratio should be controlled at approximately 20% to
44 H. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 109 (2016) 41–46

improve or maintain the compressive strengths of the manufac-

tured sand concretes.

3.2.2. Bending strength

Fig. 4 shows the manufactured sand concrete bending strength
with the granite dust as fly ash replacement. The granite dust could
reduce the 7 days bending strengths but enhance them at 28 days
and 56 days, especially the latter one. Taking the 56 days bending
strength as an example, sample JS2 has the maximum value, 26.9%
higher than that of the pure cement concrete JS4 and only 11.8%
higher than that of JS0. The bending strengths of JS4 are stable with
increasing age, which is related to the higher cement dosage per unit
volume and the faster early hydration in pure cement concrete. The
bending strengths of concrete mixed with granite dust, fly ash and
slag powder could continuously increase with age.
The compressive strength is the major indicator in concrete
structures design. Besides, the bending strength is always
demanded in these codes which are related to the concrete slabs, Fig. 5. Relation between the bending strength and compressive strength of the
such as the high speed railway ballastless track concrete filling concrete.
layer and concrete pavement. From a practical point of view, the
correlation between bending strength and compressive strength
50
are usually set up based on empirical data. Here, such correlation
in the manufactured sand concrete with granite dust was com-
28 days
pared with ACI 318 [27] and CEB-FIP MC 1990 [28] to verify the 56 days
Elasticity modulus (GPa) 40
conformance. In this study, such a relationship exists between
the above two (as shown in Fig. 5) and is closer to that of CEB-
FIP, especially in the high strength range. 30

3.2.3. Elastic modulus 20

The elastic moduli of manufactured sand concrete with the
granite dust as fly ash replacement are shown in Fig. 6.
The 56 days elastic moduli of the manufactured sand concrete 10
slightly increased by 3.2–11.4% as compared to the 28 days ones.
Both the 28 days and 56 days elastic moduli of the concretes with
20% replacement are the respective maximums. The granite dust is 0
JS0 JS1 JS2 JS3 JS4
the inert filler and forms the framework in concrete, and the elastic
modulus of the concrete with granite dust is hence improved. The Types of manufactured sand concretes
relation model of compressive strengths and elastic moduli has
Fig. 6. Effect of granite dust content on the elastic modulus of manufactured sand
been presented in most specifications. According to the Chinese concrete.
standard GB 50010-2010 [29] and ACI 318 [27], the actual elastic
moduli of manufactured sand concrete with granite dust
outclasses the estimated value from the compressive strengths.

Fig. 7. Relation between the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the
manufactured sand concrete.

Therefore, there are enough safety margins utilizing the estimated

Fig. 4. Effect of granite dust content on the manufactured sand concrete bending values directly based on the current specification, as shown in
strength. Fig. 7.
 H. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 109 (2016) 41–46 45

3.3. The effect of granite dust on chloride penetration resistance 100

The electric fluxes of the manufactured sand concrete with

Relative dynamic modulus (%)

granite dust as fly ash replacement are shown in Fig. 8.
The 56 days electric flux decreases significantly in the range of
28–54% as compared with the 28 days data. Herein, the electric
flux of JS4 has the minimum decrease, while that of JS0 has the
maximum decline of 54%. The chloride penetration could be
reduced by adding slag powder or fly ash, as could also be achieved
by granite dust. In accordance with the standard ASTM C 1202 [24],
the 56 days electric flux of JS3 with complete fly ash replacement is
still located at the low permeability level. Although the granite
dust could improve the chloride penetration resistance of concrete,
the effects are distinctly lower than those of the fly ash and slag
powder. With the increasing granite dust content, the ameliorative
effects on the chloride penetration resistance are gradually
decreased. When the fly ash or slag powder is used, the concrete
pore structure is improved. In addition, the chloride ions could
be anchored by chemical bonding with their internal activated alu-
minum oxide and silicon oxide [30]. Nevertheless, the granite dust
only has the physical filling effects without chemical bonding of
the chloride ions.
3.4. The effect of granite dust on frost resistance
The frost resistance is not only the parameter index to charac-
terize concrete frost resistance performance but also the important
comprehensive index to reflect the concrete durability. Fig. 9
shows the dynamic moduli of the different manufactured sand
concretes, in which JS0 has the minimum modulus decrease after
350 freezing and thawing cycles. By contrast, the dynamic elastic
moduli are 2.5% or 2.9% lower than that of JS0 when the replace-
ment ratio is 10% or 20%, respectively, showing slight decreases
of the frost resistance and meeting the requirements of F350
[31]. F350 requires that the dynamic elastic modulus stays above
60% or the mass loss rate is below 5% after 350 freezing and thaw-
ing cycles. It is the index to evaluate the freezing-thawing resis-
tance class. In Chinese railway industry standard TB 10005-2010
[31], F350 is mandatory when the design working life is 100 years
under freezing-thawing circumstance. When the replacement ratio
reaches 30%, the dynamic elastic modulus shows an obvious
decrease. It decreases to 82.5%, which is 11.8% less than that of
JS0 after 350 rapid freezing and thawing cycles. It can still be used
in the concrete structure in cold region as it meets F350 require-
ments. The concrete frost resistance depends on its air content
2.9%
95
90
JS4 11.8%
JS3
85 JS2
JS1
JS0
80
75
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Frost and thaw cycles
Fig. 9. Effect of granite dust content on the frost resistance of manufactured sand
concrete.
and strength. For the concretes in the same strength grade, the
frost resistances increase with the increasing air content because
of the decreasing air void spacing factors. For the concretes with
the same air content, the frost resistances increase with the
increasing strength, as the capability of defending against freeze–
thaw damages would be enhanced [32]. In these samples, the air
content of JS3 is only 3.8%, and its compressive strength is
14 MPa lower than that of JS0. That is the main reason that its frost
resistance decreases significantly. However, appropriate content of
granite dust, such as in JS2, does not have obvious adverse effects
on the concrete frost resistance and could be used in cold areas and
severe cold regions.
3.5. The effect of granite dust on drying shrinkage
The drying shrinkage performance of the manufactured sand
concrete with granite dust as the fly ash replacement is shown in
Fig. 10. Both the granite dust and the mineral admixtures have pos-
itive effects on the inhibition of concrete drying shrinkage. The
drying shrinkage of all the other samples before 14 days is less
than JS4. However, the ameliorative effects of granite dust are
somewhat lower than those of fly ash and slag powder. There is
a critical replacement threshold for the effects on concrete drying
shrinkage. Within 20% replacement, inhibition effects of granite
dust on the concrete drying shrinkage could be observed. When

3000 600
28d ays
56d ays medium
2500 permeability 500
Drying shrinkage (10 )
-6
Electric flux (C)

2000 400
JS4
low
1500 300
JS3
permeability
JS2
1000 JS1
200
JS0
extremely low
500 100
permeability

0 0
JS0 JS1 JS2 JS3 JS4
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Types of manufactured sand concretes Age (day)

Fig. 8. Effect of granite dust content on the chloride penetration resistance of Fig. 10. Effect of granite dust content on the drying shrinkage of manufactured
manufactured sand concrete. sand concrete.
46 H. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 109 (2016) 41–46
the replacement ratio reaches 30%, the long-term dry shrinkage
deformation is instead enhanced. The reason for this is that the
concrete volume deformation before and after the hydration reac-
tion is reduced with the lower cement amount when an appropri-
ate amount of granite dust is used. However, the free water
increases as the water used for the cement hydration is reduced
in this process. When the replacement ratio exceeds the critical
point, the drying shrinkage caused by the free water evaporation
becomes dominant [33]. Thus, JS3 has the largest drying shrinkage
deformation.
4. Conclusion
It is viable to use granite dust as the supplementary cementi-
tious material in concrete. Various conclusions can be made as
follows:
(1) Granite dust could improve concrete workability. When
granite dust is utilized, a lower superplasticizer dosage is
needed to obtain the same slumps, and the needed air-
entraining agent dosage is the minimum to achieve similar
air content.
(2) Concrete early strengths are reduced by introducing granite
dust. When the replacement ratio is controlled within 20%,
the manufactured sand concrete possesses higher long-
term compressive strengths, bending strengths and elastic
moduli.
(3) The chloride penetration of the concrete with granite dust is
better than that of pure cement concrete. Although the elec-
tric flux increased with increasing fly ash replacement, the
56 days chloride penetration resistances were still located
at the low permeability level, even when the replacement
ratio reached 30%.
(4) The effects of granite dust on the concrete frost resistance
are related to the replacement ratio. When the replacement
ratio is within 20%, the maximum decrease of the dynamic
elastic moduli is only 2.9% after 350 freezing and thawing
cycles, revealing that the granite dust could be used in the
preparation of concrete under the cold weather conditions.
(5) The drying shrinkage of concretes before 14 days could be
reduced by introducing the granite dust. When the replace-
ment ratio reaches 30%, the long-term dry shrinkage defor-
mation will be enhanced.
(6) Synergistically considering the workability, mechanical
property, durability and shrinkage performance, the opti-
mum dosage of granite dust is 20% of the total cementitious
materials.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the financial support of the Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51378499), Technological
Research and Development Programs of China Railways Corpora-
tion (J2013C014, J2015G007) and Research Project of Transport
Department of Guangdong province.
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