Acids and Bases

Analytical Chemistry| Ms. Hazel DR. Samala

History of Acids and Bases

•1865 – the introduction of an antiseptic spray containing carbolic acids marks the
beginning of modern antiseptic surgery
•1869 – nucleic acids are discovered in cell nuclei. DNA and RNA are examples of
nucleic acids
•1883 – Svante Arrhenius proposes that acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) and bases
produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
•1909 – the development of the pH scale allows scientists to define the acidity of a
substance
•1923 – Scientists expand and refine the definition of acids and bases, producing the
definitions currently in use.

This presentation is intended for this class only.

History of Acids and Bases

•1933 to 1934 – Scientists develop portable pH meters

•1953 – James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin study the nucleic acid
DNA, laying the framework for today’s biotechnology industry
•1980s – Silicon-chip pH meters have no glass component. They are now widely used
in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries
•1963 – scientists discover acid rain in North America. pH measurements show
polluted rain to be 100 times more acidic than unpolluted rain
•2005 – scientists develop super-acids, which are more acidic than 100% sulfuric
acid. Applications include producing strong plastics and high-octane gasoline

This presentation is intended for this class only.

Properties of Acids and Bases

•Physical Properties

1. Taste
2. Electrical conductivity – ability to conduct electricity

•Chemical Properties
1. Reaction with litmus
2. Reaction with metals and metal carbonates
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Formation of CO2 from acetic acid (dissolved in vinegar) and sodium

hydrogen carbonate
This presentation is intended for this class only.
Properties of Acids and Bases

•Hydronium and hydroxide ions

•Hydrogen ions (H+)

•Hydroxide ions (OH-)

•Acidic solution – more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

•Basic solution – more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

This presentation is intended for this class only.

 Arrhenius Brønsted-Lowry Lewis Acid-Base
Concept Concept Concept

ACID Substances which Substances which Substances which

contain Hydrogen are considered as are electron pair
proton donors acceptors

BASE Substances which Substances which Substances which

contain hydroxyl or are considered as are electron pair
OH group proton acceptor donors

Examples Acid: HCl Acid: NH3 Acid: BF3

Base: NaOH Base: H2O Base: NH3
Arrhenius acids and bases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4HzGldIAss&t=15s

•An Arrhenius acid is any species that increases the concentration of H+

in aqueous solution.

•An Arrhenius base is any species that increases the concentration of OH-
in aqueous solution.

•In aqueous solution, H+ ions immediately react with water molecules to

form hydronium ions, H3O+.

•In an acid-base or neutralization reaction, an Arrhenius acid and base usually react
to form water and a salt.

This presentation is intended for this class only.

This presentation is intended for this class only.
This presentation is intended for this class only.
Bronsted-Lowry acid base
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVOU9c3crbc
theory
• A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any species that is capable of donating a proton—H+.
• A Brønsted-Lowry base is any species that is capable of accepting a proton, which requires
a lone pair of electrons to bond to the \text{H}^+H+start text, H, end text, start superscript,
plus, end superscript.
• Water is amphoteric, which means it can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-
Lowry base.
• Strong acids and bases ionize completely in aqueous solution, while weak acids and bases
ionize only partially.
• The conjugate base of a Brønsted-Lowry acid is the species formed after an acid donates a
proton. The conjugate acid of a Brønsted-Lowry base is the species formed after a base
accepts a proton.

This presentation is intended for this class only.

This presentation is intended for this class only.
Strong & Weak Acids: to dissociate, or not

This presentation is intended for this class only.

This presentation is intended for this class only.
 Common Strong Acids

• This presentation is intended for this class only.

Strong & Weak Bases
• A strong base is a base that ionizes completely in aqueous
solution.
• An example of it is sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
• In water, NaOH dissociates completely to give sodium ions and
hydroxide ions.

This presentation is intended for this class only.

• A conjugate pair is an acid-base pair that differs by one
proton in their formulas (remember: proton, hydrogen ion,
etc.).
• A conjugate pair is always one acid and one base.
Practice 1: What is the balanced equation for the
reaction of hydrogen phosphate acting as a weak
base in water?

This presentation is intended for this class only.

Answer:

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Practice 2: How to dissociate a strong acid?

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Practice 3: How does ionization happen to a
weak base?

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Water is amphoteric

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Autoionization of water
• Since acids and bases react with each other, this implies that water can react
with itself! While that might sound strange, it does happen (-) water molecules
exchange protons with one another to a very small extent. We call this process
the autoionization, or self-ionization, of water.
• The proton exchange can be written as the following balanced equation:

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Practice 4: Identify the role of water in the reaction
below.

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Answer:

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pH level
check..
Neutralization
Worksheet #3

1. Explain one example of a neutralization reaction.

2. Identify the general end product of a neutralization

reaction.

3. Why is neutralization important?

4. In what way you can neutralize an acid?

5. What is the neutralization reaction used in daily life?

 Thank you!

This presentation is intended for this class only.