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ETHICS FINAL2notes
ETHICS FINAL2notes
ETHICS FINAL2notes
Discussion
Human acts
An act that is performed only by a human being and thus is proper to man.
Not every act that a human being does is a distinctively human act. Animals, e.g.,
vegetative acts and acts of perception and of emotion, perform some acts that
human beings do also. These are actions done under the circumstances of
ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits. Acts that are performed by men
without being master of them through his intellect and will, therefore acts of man
are involuntary actions.
Human acts are actions done intentionally free and deliberate of a person these
are actions that a man properly masters for he does then with full knowledge and
his own will.
Acts proceeded from a deliberate freewill, a man is fully responsible with the
consequences of his acts ,Involves man’s responsibility and accountability of the
results of his actions .
a. Knowledge- an act done knowingly when the does is conscious and aware of
the reason and the consequences of his actions . knowledge is supplied
and the intellect to object to want the object is proposes .
b. Freedom – is an act done by the doer when the does acts by his own
initiative , it makes the doer the father of his action and thus the doer is
responsible for those acts ,he can acknowledge that he has done them
because he wanted to to do them
c. Voluntariness – an act is done willfully when the doer consent to the acts
accepting it as his own and assumes accountability for its consequences . it is
inclined to the good but man sometimes choose evil .
Acts of Man
Acts of man are instinctive, such as physiological in nature. These are actions done
under the circumstances of ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits. Acts that
are performed by men without being master of them through his intellect and will,
therefore acts of man are involuntary actions.
Acts of man are instinctive just like physiologic in nature. These are actions done
under the circumstances of ignorance
Passion, fear, violence and habit . acts performed by men without being master of
them through his intellect and will
Acts of man are also acts of person with out the proper use of reason for
example children or innate persons . acts of people asleep or under the influence of
other drugs the loss of direct responsibility is voluntarily however the power of will
might be present.
Therefore human acts are actions performer voluntarily where the actions
performed with the presence of knowledge and the control of the will we refer
these actions as deliberately voluntary and intentional to distinguished the two
Human acts are actions which man performs freely acts of man are those which
happen in a man.
1. Wish- the tendency of the will towards something whether this maybe
realizable
2. Intention – something that is attainable with out being necessarily
committing something to attain it .
3. Consent –acceptance of the will of those needed to carry out the
intention
b. Commanded – actions carried out by minds and body that are ordered by
the will. Commanded of acts- are those done either by mans mental or bodily
power under the command of the will either internal of external
Election - the selection of the will of those selected to carry
Fruition - the enjoyment of the will derived from the attainment of the thing he had
desired early
The immutability of human acts means that the person performing the acts is
liable of such acts it involves the notion of guilt of innocence. thus actions are
trustworthy or blame worthy , actions are attributed to the doer as their principal
cause .
Factors that influence man’s inner disposition toward certain actions are called
modifiers of human acts they affect the mental or emotional state of a person to
the extent of voluntariness of an act is either increased or decreased ,
Sometimes people say it is okay to sacrifice one life to save five others.
Other times, people say it's wrong. Philosophers have debated for decades
why hypothetical moral dilemmas that are logically identical can elicit
different answers. Now a brain imaging study suggests that people's
emotional responses to certain dilemmas guide their reasoning.
Suppose, in a classical moral dilemma, you see a runaway trolley with five
frightened people in it headed for a cliff. They can be saved if you hit a
switch and send the trolley onto another track where, tragically, another
person is standing who would be killed by the trolley. What to do? Most
people say that it's worth sacrificing one life to save five others. intrigued by
the dilemma of the moral dilemmas, a team led by Joshua Greene, a
philosophy grad student at Princeton University in New Jersey, used
functional magnetic resonance imaging to spy on people's brains while they
read and reasoned their way through a number of scenarios. Some
resembled the "switch tracks" dilemma, others the "push body," and some
had no apparent moral component, such as deciding whether to take a bus
or train to some destination. While deliberating the body-pushing set of
moral dilemmas--but not the other scenarios--emotion areas of the brain
How do emotions affect morality?
Emotions – that is to say feelings and intuitions – play a major role in most
of the ethical decisions people make. Most people do not realize how much
their emotions direct their moral choices. ... Emotions evoked by suffering,
such as sympathy and empathy, often lead people to act ethically toward
other
There are several types of moral dilemmas, but the most common of them
are categorized into the following:
Graded essay / activity: Answer briefly in not less than 3 paragraphs and not
more than 5.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the week the learners will be able
to
The second dimension of leader courage deals with leaders’ moral strength to
do the right thing in all situations. Moral courage entails a leader’s strength
of character to be willing to incur risk in order to act according to his or her
values and beliefs and stand up to authority to protect his or her soldiers’
welfare or defend his or her decisions. Thus, moral courage enables leaders
to live with integrity, act to uphold the loyalty to their subordinates, and
execute their duties with confidence. Subordinates can trust leaders who have
the courage to act in accordance with their values because they know the
directives they issue will be honest and based on values. Subordinates will
not depend on or trust a leader who possesses good job knowledge, has a
good set of values and beliefs, and has loyalty to subordinates but lacks the
moral courage to put these skills, values, and beliefs into action. Therefore,
a leader’s moral courage provides the force of will to do what is right
regardless of the situation and the costs the leader must incur. In combat,
this is critical because leaders’ moral courage and integrity define the moral
and ethical boundaries that subordinates must operate within
Furthermore, soldiers’ responses indicated they would trust combat leaders
who were not afraid to take a stand for what they believed in, the decisions
they made, or what is the proper way to conduct business. Leaders must
have the moral courage to handle the consequences of taking a stand with the
chain of command to fight for what they believe is right. The following
statements illustrate qualities of moral courage that lead to the development
of trust:
“Courage [is important because] a leader must be able to take risks and not
back down from confrontation.” – Private first class, infantry company forward
observer radio operator, Qayyarah West Airbase, northern Iraq
Courage is required to take action when one has doubts or fears about the
consequences. Moral courage therefore involves deliberation or careful
thought. Reflex action or dogmatic fanaticism do not involve moral courage
because such impulsive actions are not based upon moral reasoning.
Moral courage may also require physical courage when the consequences are
punishment or other bodily peril
Moral courage has been seen as the exemplary modernist form of courage
Business ethics is well l understood. Moral courage in the workplace, less so.
Here's how to tell the difference—and flex your moral courage muscles
A good measure of your values are beliefs you express to others often. For
insta nce: “I believe in freedom of expression; therefore, I don’t place any
restrictions on how our employees talk about the company on social media.”
A CEO who often expressed the value of freedom, like this example, would be
well positioned to talk about a violation of someone’s freedom in the local
communit
Also know this: While your opinion, stance, or stand won’t always be popular
or easy, to you, it will always feel right.