Limits, Fits and Tolerance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdHn4YP2XgI
Background, Relevance of the Topic
• Fulfilling certain Functional requirement product is Manufactured.
• Product Design considerations.
Kinematics/Mechanism involved.
Manufacturing Aspects.
Durability and Dependability.
Economical Aspects.
Marketing Aspects.
Aesthetics.
Eco friendliness.
Easy to Dispose.
Considerations of Size of Components/Mating
parts
• Exact size is difficult to Achieve.

• Material properties are not uniform.

• Manufacturing machines have inherent inaccuracies.
• Difference of Operators and machine settings also difficult to be same
• Environmental reasons
 Need of Limit, Fits and Tolerance

• Some variation in dimension is allowed.

• Interchangeability – Easy Replacement is possible
• Tolerances on mating parts decides type of Fit.
 Limits Fits and Tolerance

Limits : Two extreme permissible sizes of a part

between which the actual size is contained are
called limits.
 Limits Fits and Tolerance

Fits: The relationship existing between two parts

which are to be assembled with respect to the
difference on their sizes before assembly is called
a fit.
 Limits Fits and Tolerance

Tolerance : is defined as the total permissible

variation of a size. It is the difference between
maximum limit and minimum limit of size.
Some Examples of Fits
Some Examples of Fits
Types of Fits
 Clearance fit

Having limits of size

so prescribed that a
clearance always
results when mating
parts are assembled.
 Interference fit

Having limits of size

so prescribed that an
interference always
results when mating
parts are assembled.
 Transition fit

Having limits of size

so prescribed that
either a clearance or
interference may
always result when
mating parts are
assembled.
Hole Basis system
and
Shaft Basis system
 Hole Basis and Shaft Basis for Fits
1. Hole basis system: In this system, the different
clearances and interferences are obtained in
associating various shafts with a single hole, whose
lower deviation is zero.
Hole Basis system
 Hole Basis and Shaft Basis for Fits

2. Shaft basis system: In this system, the different

clearances and interferences are obtained in
associating various holes with a single shaft, whose
upper deviation is zero.
Shaft basis system
 Types of Tolerances
Two types
•Unilateral Tolerances
•Bilateral Tolerances
Unilateral Tolerances
Bilateral Tolerances
 Tolerance Zone
• It is the zone bounded by the two limits of size of the parts and
defined by its magnitude, i.e. tolerance and by its position in relation
to the zero line.
 Limits Fits and Tolerance
Limits : Two extreme permissible sizes of a part
between which the actual size is contained are called
limits.
+0.01
10−0.01 (10.01 mm and 9.99 mm )
10+0.00
−0.01 (10.00 mm and 9.99 mm )
10+0.01
−0.00 (10.01 mm and 10.00 mm )
−0.03
10−0.01 (9.97 mm and 9.99 mm )
Terms used with Limits Fits and Tolerance
 Terminology
Shaft and Hole: These terms are used to designate all
the external and
internal features of any shape and not necessarily
cylindrical
Zero line: It is the line of zero deviation and Zero Line: It is a line along ,which represents the basic
represents the basic size. size and zero (or initial point) for measurement of
upper or lower deviations
Basic size: Exact theoretical size arrived at by design.
Also called nominal size.
Hole Designation: By upper case letters from A, B, …
Z, Za, Zb, Zc
(excluding I, L, O, Q, W and adding Js, Za, Zb, Zc) - 25
nos. Indian
Stds
Shaft Designation: By lower case letters from a, b, …
z, za, zb, zc
(excluding i, l, o, q, w and adding js, za, zb, zc) - 25 nos
Terminology
Actual size: The size of a part as may be found by
measurement.
Maximum limit of size: The greater of the two
limits of size.
Minimum limit of size: The smaller of the two
limits of size.

Allowance: It is an intentional difference

between maximum material limits of mating
parts. It is a minimum clearance or maximum
interference between mating parts.
Deviation: The algebraic difference between a
size (actual, maximum, etc.) and the
corresponding basic size.
Actual deviation: The algebraic difference
between the actual size and the corresponding
basic size.
Terminology
Upper deviation: The algebraic difference
between the maximum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size.
Upper deviation of hole = ES (& art
Superior)
Upper deviation of shaft es
Lower deviation: The algebraic difference
between the minimum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size.
Lower deviation of hole = El (Ecart
Inferior)
Lower deviation of shaft = ei
Terminology
• Fundamental Deviation: It is one of the
two deviations which is chosen to
define the position of the tolerance
zone.
Tolerance: The algebraic difference
between upper and lower deviations. It
is
an absolute value.

• Basic Shaft and Basic hole: The shafts

and holes that have zero fundamental
deviations. The basic hole has zero lower
deviation whereas, the basic shaft
has zero upper deviation.
Terminology
Upper deviation: The algebraic difference
between the maximum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size.

Upper deviation of hole = ES : Error from

zero line (Basic Size) to superior size of
hole.

Upper deviation of shaft es: Error from

zero line (Basic Size) to superior size of
hole.
Terminology
Lower deviation: The algebraic difference
between the minimum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size.

Lower deviation of hole = EI: Error from

zero line (Basic Size) to inferior size of
hole.

Lower deviation of shaft = ei: Error from

zero line (Basic Size) to inferior size of
shaft.
Maximum/Minimum Metal Limit

• Minimum Clearance or Maximum

Interference
• Allowance (Maximum Metal Limit of
Shaft – Maximum Metal Limit of
hole).
• Allowance may be Positive or
Negative