Functions Exercises

EXERCISES: FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: ytkadai@hcmut.edu.vn
HCMC — 2016.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) EXERCISES: FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE HCMC — 2016. 1 / 23
Functions of single variable Domain and range of a function
EXAMPLE 1.1
p
Find the domain and range of function f (x) = 2x + 1
EXAMPLE 1.1
p
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists of all values of x such
1
that 2x + 1 Ê 0 ⇔ x Ê − , so the domain is the
· ¶ 2
1
interval − , +∞
2
EXAMPLE 1.1
p
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists of all values of x such
1
that 2x + 1 Ê 0 ⇔ x Ê − , so the domain is the
· ¶ 2
1
interval − , +∞
2
2
Theprange of f consists of all values of y such that
y = 2x + 1 Ê 0, so the range is the interval [0, +∞)
EXAMPLE 1.2
p
Find the domain and range of function f (x) = 3 2x − 1
EXAMPLE 1.2
p
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists of all real values of x, so
the domain is the interval (−∞, +∞)
EXAMPLE 1.2
p
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists of all real values of x, so
the domain is the interval (−∞, +∞)
2
The range of f consists of all real values of y, so
the range is the interval (−∞, +∞)
EXAMPLE 1.3
Find the domain and range of function
2x3 − 5
f (x) =
x2 + x − 6
EXAMPLE 1.3
2x3 − 5
f (x) =
x2 + x − 6
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists
½
of all values of x, such
x 6= −3
that x2 + x − 6 6= 0 ⇒ so the domain is the
x 6= 2
set R \ {−3, 2}
EXAMPLE 1.3
2x3 − 5
f (x) =
x2 + x − 6
SOLUTION
1
The domain of f consists
½
of all values of x, such
x 6= −3
that x2 + x − 6 6= 0 ⇒ so the domain is the
x 6= 2
set R \ {−3, 2}
2
The range of f consists of all real values of y, so
the range is the interval (−∞, +∞)
EXAMPLE 1.4
2
1 − ex
Find the domain of function f (x) = 2
1 − e1−x
EXAMPLE 1.4
2
1 − ex
Find the domain of function f (x) = 2
1 − e1−x
SOLUTION The domain of f consists of all values of
2
x, such that 1 − e1−x 6= 0 ⇒ 1 − x2 6= 0 ⇔ x 6= ±1 so the
domain is the set R \ {−1, 1}
EXAMPLE 1.5
1+x
Find the domain of function f (x) =
ecos x
EXAMPLE 1.5
1+x
Find the domain of function f (x) =
ecos x
x, such that ecos x 6= 0 ⇒ x ∈ R so the domain is the set R
EXAMPLE 1.6
Find the domain of function f (x) = ln(x − 1) − 1
EXAMPLE 1.6
Find the domain of function f (x) = ln(x − 1) − 1

x, such that x − 1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1 so the domain is the
interval (1, +∞)
EXAMPLE 1.7
s µ ¶
1
Find the domain of function f (x) = ln 1 +
x
EXAMPLE 1.7
s µ ¶
1
Find the domain of function f (x) = ln 1 +
x

x, such that
1

µ
1

 1 +
¶ Ê e0 = 1
ln 1 + Ê 0 ⇔ x
x 1
1+ > 0


x
1 1
Ê 1 ⇔ Ê 0 ⇔ x > 0.
⇔ 1+
x x
So the domain is the interval (0, +∞)
EXAMPLE 1.8
3x
Find the domain of function f (x) = arcsin
x2 + 2
EXAMPLE 1.8
3x
Find the domain of function f (x) = arcsin
x2 + 2
x, such that
3x
−1 É2
É 1 ⇔ −x2 − 2 É 3x É x2 + 2
x +2
½ 2 ½
x + 3x + 2 Ê 0 x Ê −1 ∨ x É −2
⇔ 2 ⇔
x − 3x + 2 Ê 0 x Ê 2∨x É 1
So the domain is (−∞, −2] ∪ [−1, 1] ∪ [2, +∞)

Functions of single variable The composite function
EXAMPLE 1.9
1 x+1
If f (x) = x + , and g(x) = , find the composite
x x+2
function f ◦ g, g ◦ f , f ◦ f and g ◦ g and their domains
EXAMPLE 1.9
1 x+1
x x+2
SOLUTION We have
x+1 x+1
¶ µ
1
(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f = + x+1 =
x+2 x + 2 x+2
x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2 2x2 + 6x + 5

= + = =
x+2 x+1 (x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)
EXAMPLE 1.9
1 x+1
x x+2
SOLUTION We have
x+1 x+1
¶ µ
1
(f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f = + x+1 =
x+2 x + 2 x+2
x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2 2x2 + 6x + 5

= + = =
x+2 x+1 (x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)
Domain: R \ {−2, −1}
¶ µ
1
(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g x + =
x
x + x1 + 1 x2 + 1 + x x2 + x + 1
= = =
x + x1 + 2 x2 + 1 + 2x (x + 1)2
¶ µ
1
(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g x + =
x
x + x1 + 1 x2 + 1 + x x2 + x + 1
= = =
x + x1 + 2 x2 + 1 + 2x (x + 1)2
Domain: R \ {−1, 0}
¶ µ
1
(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g x + =
x
x + x1 + 1 x2 + 1 + x x2 + x + 1
= = =
x + x1 + 2 x2 + 1 + 2x (x + 1)2
Domain: R \ {−1, 0}
¶ µ
1 1 1
(f ◦ f )(x) = f (f (x)) = f x + = x + + =
x x x + x1
x2 + 1 x (x2 + 1)2 + x2 x4 + 3x2 + 1

= + 2 = =
x x +1 x(x2 + 1) x(x2 + 1)
¶ µ
1
(g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g x + =
x
x + x1 + 1 x2 + 1 + x x2 + x + 1
= = =
x + x1 + 2 x2 + 1 + 2x (x + 1)2
Domain: R \ {−1, 0}
¶ µ
1 1 1
(f ◦ f )(x) = f (f (x)) = f x + = x + + =
x x x + x1
x2 + 1 x (x2 + 1)2 + x2 x4 + 3x2 + 1

= + 2 = =
x x +1 x(x2 + 1) x(x2 + 1)
Domain: R \ {0}
x+1
¶ µ
(g ◦ g)(x) = g(g(x)) = g =
x+2
x+1
x+2
+1 x+1+x+2 2x + 3
= x+1
= =
x+2
+2 x + 1 + 2x + 4 3x + 5
x+1
¶ µ
(g ◦ g)(x) = g(g(x)) = g =
x+2
x+1
x+2
+1 x+1+x+2 2x + 3
= x+1
= =
+2 x+2
x + 1 + 2x + 4 3x + 5
½ ¾
5
Domain: R \ − , −2
3
Functions of single variable Inverse functions
EXAMPLE 1.10
If f (x) = x5 + x3 + x, find f −1 (3) and f (f −1 (2))
EXAMPLE 1.10
SOLUTION
1
f (x) = 3 ⇔ x5 + x3 + x = 3 ⇔ x = 1 ⇒ f −1 (3) = 1
EXAMPLE 1.10
SOLUTION
1
f (x) = 3 ⇔ x5 + x3 + x = 3 ⇔ x = 1 ⇒ f −1 (3) = 1
2
f (f −1 (2)) = 2
EXAMPLE 1.11
Find a formula for the inverse of the function f (x) if
4x − 1
f (x) = .
2x + 3
EXAMPLE 1.11
4x − 1
f (x) = .
2x + 3
SOLUTION
4x − 1
1
y = f (x) =
2x + 3
EXAMPLE 1.11
4x − 1
f (x) = .
2x + 3
SOLUTION
4x − 1
1
y = f (x) =
2x + 3
4x − 1
2
y= ⇔ 4x − 1 = (2x + 3)y
2x + 3
−1 − 3y
⇔ (2y − 4)x = −1 − 3y ⇔ x =
2y − 4
EXAMPLE 1.11
4x − 1
f (x) = .
2x + 3
SOLUTION
4x − 1
1
y = f (x) =
2x + 3
4x − 1
2
y= ⇔ 4x − 1 = (2x + 3)y
2x + 3
−1 − 3y
⇔ (2y − 4)x = −1 − 3y ⇔ x =
2y − 4
−1 − 3x
3
y = f −1 (x) =
2x − 4
EXAMPLE 1.12
Find a formula
p
for the inverse of the function f (x) if
f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x.
EXAMPLE 1.12
Find a formula
p
f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x.
SOLUTION
p
1
y = f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x
EXAMPLE 1.12
Find a formula
p
f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x.
SOLUTION
p
1
y = f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x
p p
2
y = 1 + 2 + 3x ⇔ y − 1 = 2 + 3x
2 (y − 1)2 − 2
⇔ (y − 1) = 2 + 3x ⇔ x =
3
EXAMPLE 1.12
Find a formula
p
f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x.
SOLUTION
p
1
y = f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x
p p
2
y = 1 + 2 + 3x ⇔ y − 1 = 2 + 3x
2 (y − 1)2 − 2
⇔ (y − 1) = 2 + 3x ⇔ x =
3
2
(x − 1) − 2
3
y = f −1 (x) =
3
EXAMPLE 1.13
1
f (x) = x2 − x, x Ê
2
EXAMPLE 1.13
1
f (x) = x2 − x, x Ê
2
SOLUTION
1
y = f (x) = x2 − x
EXAMPLE 1.13
1
f (x) = x2 − x, x Ê
2
SOLUTION
1
y = f (x) = x2 − x
2
y =x2 − x ⇔px2 − x − y = 0
1− 1+4y p
x = 1 + 1 + 4y 1
⇔ p2 ⇒ x = because x Ê
1+ 1+4y 2 2
x= 2
EXAMPLE 1.13
1
f (x) = x2 − x, x Ê
2
SOLUTION
1
y = f (x) = x2 − x
2
y =x2 − x ⇔px2 − x − y = 0
1− 1+4y p
x = 1 + 1 + 4y 1
⇔ p2 ⇒ x = because x Ê
1+ 1+4y 2 2
x= 2
p
1 + 1 + 4x
3
y = f −1 (x) =
2
EXAMPLE 1.14
Find a formula·for the¸ inverse of the function f (x) if
π 3π
f (x) = sin(x), x ∈ , .
2 2
EXAMPLE 1.14
π 3π
f (x) = sin(x), x ∈ , .
2 2
SOLUTION Let t = x − π ⇒ x = t + π h π πi
1
y = f (x) = sin x = sin(t + π) = − sin t, t ∈ − , .
2 2
EXAMPLE 1.14
π 3π
f (x) = sin(x), x ∈ , .
2 2
1
2 2
2
y = − sin t ⇔ sin t = −y
⇔ t = arcsin(−y) = − arcsin y ⇔ x = − arcsin y + π
EXAMPLE 1.14
π 3π
f (x) = sin(x), x ∈ , .
2 2
1
2 2
2
y = − sin t ⇔ sin t = −y
⇔ t = arcsin(−y) = − arcsin y ⇔ x = − arcsin y + π
3
y = f −1 (x) = − arcsin x + π.
Functions of single variable Symmetry
EXAMPLE 1.15
Determine whether f is even, odd, or neither
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
EXAMPLE 1.15
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4
x +1
EXAMPLE 1.15
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4
x +1
x
3
f (x) =
x+1
EXAMPLE 1.15
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4
x +1
x
3
f (x) =
x+1
4
f (x) = x|x|
EXAMPLE 1.15
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4
x +1
x
3
f (x) =
x+1
4
f (x) = x|x|
5
f (x) = 1 + 3x2 − x4
EXAMPLE 1.15
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4
x +1
x
3
f (x) =
x+1
4
f (x) = x|x|
5
f (x) = 1 + 3x2 − x4
6
f (x) = 1 + 3x3 − x5
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) =
x2 + 1
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) = - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4
x +1
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) = - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
x +1
x
3
f (x) =
x+1
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) = - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
x +1
x −x
3
f (x) = - neither f (−x) =
x+1 −x + 1
4
f (x) = x|x|
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) = - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
x +1
x −x
3
x+1 −x + 1
4
f (x) = x|x| - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
5
f (x) = 1 + 3x2 − x4
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) = - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
x +1
x −x
3
x+1 −x + 1
4
f (x) = x|x| - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
5
f (x) = 1 + 3x2 − x4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
6
f (x) = 1 + 3x3 − x5
SOLUTION
x
1
f (x) = - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
x2 + 1
x2
2
f (x) = 4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
x +1
x −x
3
x+1 −x + 1
4
f (x) = x|x| - odd f (−x) = −f (x)
5
f (x) = 1 + 3x2 − x4 - even f (−x) = f (x)
6
f (x) = 1 + 3x3 − x5 - neither f (−x) = 1 − 3x3 + x5
Elementary functions Linear function
EXAMPLE 2.1
Recent studies indicate that the average surface
temperature of the earth has been rising steadily.
Some scientists have modeled the temperature by the
linear function T = 0.02t + 8.50, where T is
temperature in o C and t represents years since 1900.
1
What do the slope and T −intercept represent?
2
Use the equation to predict the average global
surface temperature in 2100
EXAMPLE 2.1
1
2
SOLUTION
1
The slope is m = 0.02 and T −intercept is 8.5
EXAMPLE 2.1
1
2
SOLUTION
1
The slope is m = 0.02 and T −intercept is 8.5
2
T (2100) = 0.02 × 2100 + 8.50 = 50.5o C
Elementary functions Polynomials
EXAMPLE 2.2
Find an expression for a cubic function f if f (1) = 6
and f (−1) = f (0) = f (2) = 0
EXAMPLE 2.2
Find an expression for a cubic function f if f (1) = 6
and f (−1) = f (0) = f (2) = 0
SOLUTION Suppose f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Since
f (1) = 6 and f (−1) = f (0) = f (2) = 0, we have


 f (1) = a.13 + b.12 + c.1 + d = 6
 f (−1) = a.(−1)3 + b.(−1)2 + c.(−1) + d = 0


 f (0) = a.03 + b.02 + c.0 + d = 0
f (2) = a.23 + b.22 + c.2 + d = 0


 

 a+b+c = 6 
 a = −3
 
 −a + b − c = 0  b=3
⇔ ⇔

 8a + 4b + 2c = 0 
 c=6
 
d=0 d=0
 
 

 a+b+c = 6 
 a = −3
 
 −a + b − c = 0  b=3
⇔ ⇔

 8a + 4b + 2c = 0 
 c=6
 
d=0 d=0
 
Therefore f (x) = −3x3 + 3x2 + 6x.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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Functions Exercises

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EXERCISES: FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLE

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

SOLUTION The domain of f consists of all values of

SOLUTION The domain of f consists of all values of

So the domain is (−∞, −2] ∪ [−1, 1] ∪ [2, +∞)

x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2 2x2 + 6x + 5

x + 1 x + 2 (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2 2x2 + 6x + 5

x2 + 1 x (x2 + 1)2 + x2 x4 + 3x2 + 1

x2 + 1 x (x2 + 1)2 + x2 x4 + 3x2 + 1

Therefore f (x) = −3x3 + 3x2 + 6x.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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