Geomaticlab2 5em3

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT. 2016
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
AMENDMENT DATE: AUG. 2016
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
GEOMATIC LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS
COURSE CODE BNP 21303
PRACTICAL CODE PRACTICAL 2
PRACTICAL TITLE LEVELLING
DATE 25 March 2024
GROUP NO. SECTION 2 GROUP 4
(1) Tc. Hilmi Bin Kosnin

LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
(2) Ts. Mohd Sufyan Bin Abdullah
DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION 16 April 2024
RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP
COMMENTS:
TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
1
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
FACULTY OF
PRACTICAL: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
LEVELING
INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT
Organize field work and operate survey instruments with excellent skills and knowledge.
(PLO2- P5) – 10%
Level of Achievement
Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Elements
1 2 3 4 5 Level Weight Score
Equipment
/ Tools
Major Minor No mistakes Students are
Mishand-
mistakes mistakes while using comfortable P1 4 /20
Choose the ling the
while using while using equipment/ with the
suitable equipment/
equipment/ equipment / tools, but not equipment/
equipment/ tools
tools tools comfortable tool s
tool s
Experiment
Display a good Most of the

All Major Some Procedures P4 5 /25
handling and procedures
procedure procedures procedures are followed
understanding are followed
s are are missing are missing correctly
of Experiment correctly
missing
Measurement
Most data All data are
Measure and All data Most data are taken but
correctly minor data All data are P4 5 /25
taking data are are missing
taken, no are incorrect correctly
with missing or or incorrect
missing taken
efficiency incorrect
data
Respond to
Able to
Q&A respond and
Minimum Limited Able to Unable to
Respond and ability to ability to answer respond and respond and
constructivel P3 3 /15
answer to the respond answer and answer answer to
and answer sometimes y most of the constructivel the question
question
to the do not match time. y at all accordingly.
accordingly.
question. the question. times.
Disciplines
Show the good

discipline by
follows the Major flaws Minor flaws Minor flaws Conform to Conform to
rules below; to criteria, to criteria, 5 to dress dress code, all criteria
10 minutes minutes late code and minor flaw P2 3 /15
-Lab late safety to safety
Regulations &
Safety
Total
/100
Mark:
2
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or
provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.
1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : CHAN WEI HAO
__________________________________
Matrix No. : AN220176
__________________________________
2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

Name : NUR WAZIFA BINTI ZAKARIA
___________________________________
Matrix No : CN220234
___________________________________
3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : GHAAYESHTHREE A/P SUBRAMANIAM
__________________________________
Matrix No. : CN220114
__________________________________

Name : MOHADIR BIN BUDIMAN
__________________________________
__________________________________

Name : MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD ROSLI
__________________________________
__________________________________
3
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
PRACTICAL 1.1 – LEVELLING (TWO PEG TEST)
1.0 OBJECTIVE
Peg Test is a surveying operation carried out to determine if the levelling bubble
(bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of collimation) are parallel
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this practical, student are able to:
(a) To determine the levelling bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The vertical heights of points above or below a datum are simply levels or reduced
levels. The operation of determining the difference of elevation of points with respect to
each other on the earth's surface is called levelling (Duggal, Measurement of Vertical
Distances, 2013). Levelling is a branch of surveying the object which is: (1) to find the
elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum and (2) to
establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect to a given or
assumed datum. The first operation is required to enable the works to be designed
while the second operation is required in the setting out of all kinds of engineering
works. Levelling deals with measurements in a vertical plane (Punmia, Jain, & Jain,
2005). For the execution of engineering projects, such as railways, highways, canals,
dams, water supply and sanitary schemes, it is very necessary to determine elevations
of different points along the alignments of the proposed projects. The success of such
projects depends upon the accuracy of the determination of elevations. Levelling is
employed to provide an accurate network of heights, covering the entire area of the
project. Levelling is of prime importance to the engineers, both in acquiring necessary
data for the design of the project and during its execution. Levelling is done to establish
vertical control points (Agor, 2015).
1
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
Two peg test is a surveying operation carried out to determine whether the levelling
bubble and telescope line of sight are parallel. The two-peg test is used to ensure that
the line of sight produces an accurate reading and to calculate the amount of correction
required. The installer should perform this on a regular basis to ensure that the
instrument is properly levelled and produces reliable readings. (Jim Anderson. 2019).
All instruments are prone to mistakes. Checking the instrument is therefore critical. The
major mistake occurs when the line of sight is not parallel to the horizontal line of
collimation. In this instance, levels will be incorrect. The two peg test is a level-checking
test. To ensure that the instrument is in excellent working order, a two-peg test must be
performed before beginning the levelling task. This test counts the number of mistakes
and alerts the technician if an error occurs (the level must be serviced). (Sarchia
Khursheed.2017)
2
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
4.0 PRACTICE EQUIPMENTS
All groups will be issued with the following equipment:
1. Level staff
2. Tripod Stand
3. Automatic level
4. Staff bubble
3
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
5. Synthetic tape
5.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURES
(a) A peg test is required to perform by each group to check the instrument.
(b) The results of the peg test are recorded by each person in the group in their own
field book.
(c) The apparatus is set out and two point some 30 m apart is marked on the ground
with chalk.
4
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
(e) Readings in staff on each peg include back sight and foresight is read as shown in
Figure 1.1 and the height difference is calculated.
(f) Next, instrument is moved about L/10 = 3m beyond one of the pegs which normally
from staff position as Figure 1.2.
(g) Readings in staff on each peg is read again and the height difference is calculated.
6.0 OBSERVATIONS DATA AND ANALYSIS
Setting for two

points apart 30m Reading Staff B (S1) Reading Staff A (S2) Height difference = m
5
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
First set up
1.468 m 1.444 m 0.024 m
Reading Staff B (S1’) Reading Staff A (S2’) Height difference = m’
Second set up
1.418 m 1.395 m 0.023 m
Setting for two

points apart 60m Reading Staff B (S1) Reading Staff A (S2) Height difference = m
First set up
1.365 m 1.392 m 0.027 m
Reading Staff B (S1’) Reading Staff A (S2’) Height difference = m’

Second set up
1.393 m 1.415 m 0.022 m
Difference (m – m’)
30 m 60 m
0.005 m 0.001 m 0.005 m
If m=m’ then the instrument is OK!

If NOT then the error is ≤ 5 mm
7.0 DISCUSSION
The peg tests are done for distances of two points are 30m and 60m.
For the first set up of 30m peg test, the staff is put in the middle of two points, which is 15m
from each point. Based on the data of 30m peg test, the reading staff B (S1) is 1.468m while
the reading staff A (S2) is 1.444m. The height difference of staff A and staff B is 0.024m.
Then, the second set up of 30m peg test is done when the staff is put 3m away from staff B
and 33m away from staff A. The data shows that the reading staff B (S1’) is 1.418m and the
reading staff A (S2’) is 1.395m. The height difference of staff A and staff B is 0.023m.
For the first set up of 60m peg test, the staff is put in the middle of two points, which is 30m
from each point. Based on the data of 60m peg test, the reading staff B (S1) is 1.365m while
the reading staff A (S2) is 1.392m. The height difference of staff A and staff B is 0.027m.
Then, the second set up of 60m peg test is done when the staff is put 6m away from staff B
6
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
and 66m away from staff A. The data shows that the reading staff B (S1’) is 1.393m and the
reading staff A (S2’) is 1.415m. The height difference of staff A and staff B is 0.022m.
For 30m peg test, the difference between the height difference of first set up and the second
set up is 0.001m which is 1mm. For 60m peg test, the difference between the height
difference of first set up and the second set up is 0.005m which is 5mm. Since the error of
both tests are below or equals to 5mm, hence the instrument is in a good condition and can
accurately work.
There are a few errors may do in the two peg tests. First, physical factors such as fatigue of
muscle can lead to errors in the test. The grip strength, control and overall performance of
users can be affected and causing the test is challenging to manipulate the pegs accurately.
Besides that, lack of concentration also can result in errors during the test. The users need to
maintain their focus and attention. Moreover, the placing of pegs in wrong positions may
cause errors. The results will be inaccurate if the placement of pegs is incorrect.
The two peg test provides an organized method for professionals to confirm and record the
accuracy of their instruments, which aids in ensuring compliance with these standards. This
paperwork is necessary for legal, audit and certification requirements.
8.0 CONCLUSION
The objective of the test is achieved which is the levelling bubble and telescope line of sight
are parallel can be determined.
In the first 30m setup, the staff was positioned equidistantly between the points which is 15m
from each. The readings showed that staff B (S1) was at 1.468m and staff A (S2) at 1.444m,
with a height difference of 0.024m. In the second setup, the staff is 3m closer to B and 33m
from A, readings of S1' was 1.418m and S2' was 1.395m, resulting in a height difference of
0.023m.
For the 60m setup, the staff was placed between points which is 30m from each. The initial
readings were S1 at 1.365m and S2 at 1.392m, with a height difference of 0.027m. In the
second setup, the staff 6m closer to B and 66m from A, S1' was 1.393m and S2' was
1.415m, resulting in a height difference of 0.022m.
7
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
There was a difference of 0.001m (1mm) for the 30m test and 0.005m (5mm) for the 60m
test. Since both errors are within or equal to 5mm, hence the instrument is in good condition
and can provide accurate measurements.
9.0 REFERENCE
1. Installer, O. (2019, April 18). Two-Peg Test: How to Determine the Accuracy of Your.
Onsite Installer.
Retrieved from: https://www.onsiteinstaller.com/online_exclusives/2019/04/two-peg-test-how-
to-determine-the-accuracy-of-your-leveling-instruments
2. Sarchia Khursheed. (2017, March 9). Two Peg Test - Report. Retrieved from ：
https://www.slideshare.net/SarchiaKhursheed/two-peg-test-report
3. Duggal, S. (2013). Measurement of Vertical Distances. In S. Duggal, Surveying Volume I
(p. 225). New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
4. Punmia, B., Jain, A., & Jain, A. (2005). Levelling. In B. Punmia, A. Jain, & A. Jain,
Surveying Volume I (p. 194). New Delhi: Laxmi Publications (P) LTD.
5. Agor, R. (2015). Levelling. In R. Agor, A Textbook of Surveying and Levelling (p. 248).
New Delhi: Khanna Publishers.
PRACTICAL 1.2 – LEVELLING (Closed Loop)
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To fly reduced level from known point (Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to unknown
point.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME :

At the end of this practical, student are able to:
(a) Perform the field work procedures for levelling survey.
(b) Process the raw data to obtain the reduce level.
(c) Determine the nature of errors affecting the levelling survey.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
8
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
The vertical heights of points above or below a datum are simply levels or reduced levels.
The operation of determining the difference of elevation of points with respect to each other
on the earth's surface is called levelling (Duggal, Measurement of Vertical Distances, 2013).
Levelling is a branch of surveying the object which is: (1) to find the elevations of given points
with respect to a given or assumed datum and (2) to establish points at a given elevation or
at different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum. The first operation is
required to enable the works to be designed while the second operation is required in the
setting out of all kinds of engineering works. Levelling deals with measurements in a vertical
plane (Punmia, Jain, & Jain, 2005). For the execution of engineering projects, such as
railways, highways, canals, dams, water supply and sanitary schemes, it is very necessary to
determine elevations of different points along the alignments of the proposed projects. The
success of such projects depends upon the accuracy of the determination of elevations.
Levelling is employed to provide an accurate network of heights, covering the entire area of
the project. Levelling is of prime importance to the engineers, both in acquiring necessary
data for the design of the project and during its execution. Levelling is done to establish
vertical control points (Agor, 2015).
The principle of levelling lies in furnishing a horizontal line of sight and finding the vertical
distances of the points above or below the line of sight. The line of sight is provided with a
level and a graduated levelling staff is used for measuring the height of the line of sight
above the staff positions (Agor, Levelling, 2015).
The reduced level of a point is its height above a reference plane. In basic surveying the
reduced level of a point is calculated with reference to a horizontal line. For large distances
the curvature of the earth would introduce errors, but for the distances involved in normal use
of optical instruments the horizontal line and the level line can be considered as one and the
same. (A. FILOMENO. 2000.)
9
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
Vertical Control is the general term applied to any of the various processes by each elevation
of points or differences in elevation are determined. It is a vital operation in producing
necessary data for mapping, engineering design, and construction.
10
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
4.0 PRACTICE EQUIPMENTS
All groups will be issued with the following equipment :
1. Level staff
2. Tripod
3. Automatic level
11
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
4. Staff bubble
5. Synthetic tape
5.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURES

(a) A series of measurements of level loop is considered as shown in Figure 3.3.
(b) The measurements are started at BM A, so the first reading measurement from
Setup 1 is a back sight to BM A, and the second reading is a foresight to CP1
known as a Change Point.
12
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
(c) The leveling staff is stayed at CP1, while the instrument is relocated to Setup 2.
The sight reading is taken back to CP1, and foresight reading to TBM 1, and so
on.
(d) Subsequently, a Setup 4, a back sight reading is taken at CP3, and a foresight
reading to BM A.
(e) The traverse is then CLOSED. A check on the levels is allowed, since the sum of
all the changes in level should be zero.
TBM 1
13
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
Figure 3.3: A sample of levelling loop
6.0 BOOKING PROCEDURES

(a) The Rise and Fall Method
(b) The terms that are commonly used in the Rise and Fall Method are:
BS = Back sight,
FS = Foresight,
IS = Intermediate Sight, and
RL = Reduced Level.
7.0 REDUCTION (CALCULATION) PROCEDURES

(a) The survey accuracy is checked, must fall within the specified tolerances or be
appropriate for the project. This assessment should be conducted before leaving
the job.
(b) The following check the arithmetic of the level reductions and must be exact:
i. ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall
ii. (BS) – (FS) = RL (last BM) – RL (start BM)
(c) Misclosure should be:
i. ±(20√K) mm, where K is the length of the traverse in km.
(d) For example, misclosure is +30 mm and the length of the loop is 0.7 km. Hence
the misclosure limit is 20√0.7 = ±17 mm. Therefore, the misclosure of +30 mm is
too big (means that the levelling work is not accepted).
Cautions :
1) The levelling should not be transported while attached to the tripod. The instrument
is removed and is placed in the case when moving from one set-up point to the next.
2) The instrument case is kept closed when in the field to prevent dust.
14
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
8.0 OBSERVATIONS DATA AND ANALYSIS

BS IS FS Rise(+) Fall(-) Reduced Level (RL) Correction Adjusted RL DIST(km) Remarks
1.140 4.115 0.000 4.115 0 TBM5 (RL=4.115)
1.129 1.140 4.115 -0.001 4.114 30 CP1
1.380 1.179 0.050 4.065 -0.002 4.063 30 CP2
1.385 1.267 0.113 4.178 -0.003 4.175 30 CP3
1.215 1.275 0.110 4.288 -0.004 4.284 30 CP4
1.472 1.477 0.262 4.026 -0.005 4.021 33 TBM4
1.245 1.210 0.262 4.288 -0.006 4.282 33 CP5
1.254 1.346 0.101 4.187 -0.007 4.18 30 CP6
1.276 1.364 0.110 4.077 -0.008 4.069 30 CP7
1.180 1.227 0.049 4.126 -0.010 4.116 30 CP8
1.180 4.126 -0.011 4.115 30 TBM5
∑12.676 ∑12.665 ∑0.534 ∑0.523 ∑306

∆0.011 ∆0.011 ∆0.011
Difference between total BS and total FS = 0.011

Difference between total Rise and total Fall = 0.011
Difference between last reduced level and start reduced level= 0.011
Arithmetic check
Tikaian/selisah kerja = +0.011
Pembetulan= 0.011/10 = -0.0011
Had selisih kerja (Allowable Error)

HSK= ±20√𝐷𝐷 mm = ±20√0.306 = 11.06mm
D=306m=0.306km
9.0 DISCUSSION
The table presents a series of observations taken during a leveling survey. Then, the
calculation by rise and fall method is conducted. First, the sum of the back sight, BS and
foresight, FS are calculated, which total BS is 12.676 while total FS is 12.665. Then, the
difference between total BS and total FS is found by subtraction and get 0.011.
Next, the values of BS need to minus the values of FS. The answers are rise (+) if positive
value while fall (-) if negative value. Then the total of rise values and fall values are
calculated. The total of rise values is 0.534 and the total of fall values is 0.523. Then, the
difference between total rise (+) and total fall (-) is found by subtraction and get 0.011.
15
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
After that, the reduced level RL value is started by TBM5, which is 4.115. Then, next of the
RL values are calculated by using the RL value before and plus the rise (+) value or minus
the fall (-) value. Next, the difference between last reduced level 4.126 and start reduced
level 4.115 can be found which is 0.011.
Since the difference between total BS and total FS is equal to difference between total Rise
and total Fall and equal to difference between last reduced level and start reduced level,
which is 0.011, then the survey is considered accurate and the calculation can be continue.
Then the allowable error is calculated by using the formula ±20√𝐷𝐷 mm which D is total
distance 0.306km. The allowable error is 11.06mm higher than 0.011km or 11mm, hence the
levelling work can be accepted.
After that the arithmetic check is done. Before the calculation can found that the
disputes/disputes work is +0.011, and the levelling test is done for 10 times to finish the
closed loop. Hence, the correction should use 0.011/10 and get -0.0011. The answer is
negative to fix the errors. The correction value is used to cumulative, and the adjusted RL is
found by using the original RL to minus the correction value.
There are a few errors may be done in test. First, incorrect proper setup of the levelling
instrument, including accurate levelling and alignment may causing obtain incorrect readings.
Besides that, human errors during the observation process, such as misinterpreting the
levelling rod, documenting inaccurate values or missing checkpoints can lead to data
inaccuracies.
There are a few ways to ensure the reliability of geomatic levelling closed-loop tests, which
are adhering to rigorous procedures for instrument setup, levelling and observation as well
as enforcing quality control measures throughout data collection and processing.
10.0 CONCLUSION
The objective of the test is achieved which is to fly reduced level from known point
(Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to unknown point. The calculations are done by using
rise and fall method. After the table and data collected is recorded down, +0.011m of error is
16
EDITION: 01
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 01
PRACTICAL: LEVELING
found. Thus, there is a loop misclosure error. The error is corrected by using the rise and fall
method. Then, the adjusted reduced level is found.
11.0 REFERENCES
1. A. FILOMENO. (2000). Basic levelling Introduction to Levelling & Principles of
levelling.
https://www.academia.edu/29536586/Basic_levelling_Introduction_to_Levelling_and_Prin
ciples_of_levelling
2. Duggal, S. (2013). Measurement of Vertical Distances. In S. Duggal, Surveying Volume I
(p. 225). New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
3. Punmia, B., Jain, A., & Jain, A. (2005). Levelling. In B. Punmia, A. Jain, & A. Jain,
Surveying Volume I (p. 194). New Delhi: Laxmi Publications (P) LTD.
4. Agor, R. (2015). Levelling. In R. Agor, A Textbook of Surveying and Levelling (p. 248).
New Delhi: Khanna Publishers.
Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :
Signature/Tandatangan : Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : En Abd Sukor Bin Sarif Name/Nama : PM. Dr. Suraya Hani Binti
Adnan
Date/Tarikh : Date/Tarikh :
17

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FACULTY : ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 21303

PRACTICAL CODE PRACTICAL 2

PRACTICAL TITLE LEVELLING

DATE 25 March 2024

GROUP NO. SECTION 2 GROUP 4

(1) Tc. Hilmi Bin Kosnin

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION 16 April 2024

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMATIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

(PLO2- P5) – 10%

Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Display a good Most of the

Show the good

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

5) Group Member 4 __________________________________ (Signature)

PRACTICAL 1.1 – LEVELLING (TWO PEG TEST)

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

5.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURES

6.0 OBSERVATIONS DATA AND ANALYSIS

Setting for two

Reading Staff B (S1’) Reading Staff A (S2’) Height difference = m’

Setting for two

Reading Staff B (S1’) Reading Staff A (S2’) Height difference = m’

If m=m’ then the instrument is OK!

PRACTICAL 1.2 – LEVELLING (Closed Loop)

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME :

5.0 FIELDWORK PROCEDURES

6.0 BOOKING PROCEDURES

7.0 REDUCTION (CALCULATION) PROCEDURES

8.0 OBSERVATIONS DATA AND ANALYSIS

∑12.676 ∑12.665 ∑0.534 ∑0.523 ∑306

Difference between total BS and total FS = 0.011

Had selisih kerja (Allowable Error)

Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

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