Biophilic Design

LINK 1 | BIOPHILIC DESIGN AS AN APPROACH TO ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY

Urbanization is causing a decline in the connection between humans and nature, leading to
cognitive, social, emotional, psychological, and physiological issues. This research explores
biophilic design, a concept that focuses on preserving and improving experiences with nature in
built environments. The study uses mixed methods, including qualitative, quantitative, and
comparative methods, to explore the experiences and characteristics of biophilic design. The goal
is to improve residents' environmental attitudes and understanding, leading to green life styles
and environmental sustainability. This approach could renew the connection between nature and
humans.

The building sector and metropolitan areas have grown significantly in human history, with
humans being deeply connected to their culture and environment. However, modern
industrialized lifestyles, including technological advances and shifting societies, are harmful to
mental health, leading to a rise in psychopathologic patients. To build sustainable living
environments and protect the environment, it is crucial to incorporate the principles of the natural
world into architectural designs, as not doing so may endanger civilization and the environment.

Sustainable architecture focuses on meeting current demands without compromising future

generations' needs. It addresses economic, ecological, and social factors. Architectural Modernity
has separated humans from nature, causing a disconnect. Biophilic concept aims to bridge the
gap between nature and humans by incorporating natural light, materials, and experiences into
modern environments.
Methodology
This research explores the significance of biophilic design in relation to nature, using literature
from sources like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. It employs mixed methods,
including qualitative, quantitative, and comparative methods, to explore experiences, attributes,
and characteristics of biophilic design in relation to building environment sustainability and
ecological development.
See Figure 2

Biophilic design is a key theme in achieving sustainability and ecosystem protection, especially
in regions with natural features. It focuses on reconnecting humans with nature, as urban
expansion leads to smaller building footprints and increased stress-related illnesses. Biophilic
design aims to create good habitats for people as biological organisms in the built environment,
requiring repeated and sustained engagement with nature. Stephen Kellert's book identifies over
70 mechanisms for engendering a biophilic experience in architecture, emphasizing the inherent
human inclination to affiliate with natural systems and processes, especially life-like features of
the nonhuman environment. This approach is essential for the benefit of humankind and the
environment.

The definition of biophilic design

Biophilia, a term derived from the Greek word for "love of nature," was first used by Erich
Fromm in Germany. Edward Wilson, an American biologist, introduced the term in the 1980s,
emphasizing the importance of re-engaging humans with nature. Biophilic design aims to create
meaningful connections between natural and artificial environments, improving health and
welfare. This approach involves incorporating nature gradually into architecture, using organic
materials and mimicking natural phenomena. Stefen Kellert, a social ecology researcher, defines
six components of biophilic design.
The advantages of biophilic design The advantages of maintaining vegetation around environments could
go interminably. The same holds for a plant that is intended to grow on a wall. Having access to the
environment is naturally essential, and bringing it inside interior spaces has a profoundly good effect on
our human well-being. While technologically evolved urban culture, somehow there is a loss with nature.
The following benefits of incorporating biophilia into the architectural design are said to exist (Kellert,
2008): Table 1.

 A lessen tension and anxiety symptoms

 Reduced blood pressure and muscular tension are signs of improved physical health.
 A renewal of mental and emotional strength.
 A feeling of being more socially connected.
 It preserves a clean environment and removes pollutants.
 Positive effects that may be measured on productivity and creativity.
 Even though they are seated inside a structure, they nevertheless sense a connection to nature.
 Reduce energy use and protect natural resources.
 It is among the environmentally friendly methods for green building certification.
 It aids patients' healing and recuperation after sickness and severe surgery.
 Interaction with the natural environment has also been linked to healthy childhood maturation.

For the residences, places of employment, educational institutions, and public areas, biophilic design
provides considerable economical and health benefits, Figure 4. When Biophilic design concepts are used
within homes, one get a wonderful sense of serenity and security, mental healing, and therefore enhanced
productivity (Kellert, 2008).
The patterns of biophilic design
Unwin's linguistic architecture incorporates patterns and configurations to address social
behavior, spatial, and architectural constraints. Christopher Alexander's pattern language
framework provides solutions for building, focusing on individual decisions and absorbing
necessary traits. Patterns are valuable tools in architecture, as seen in Unwin's 'Entrance Room'.
This research aims to apply Alexander's pattern language framework to biophilic design patterns
related to architectural solutions.

Biophilic design involves respecting and loving nature, resulting in rich, satisfying, and lastingly
successful environments. Terrapin Bright Green's study, '14 Patterns of Biophilic Design,'
defines these qualities using science and psychology. By implementing these principles, we can
create ecologically sound, aesthetically satisfying, and economically rewarding environments. A
few contributing biophilic design features can collectively improve a space's well-being.

Biophilia impacts health through psychological, cognitive, and physiological processes. Patterns
influence stress decrease, cognitive function, and emotion, attitude, and preference. Most
patterns affect at least one element, but most touch multiple types.

Biophilic design forms were developed to advise and help in the design progression, with the main goal
of explaining the relationship between the features of constructed and natural settings (Terrapin, 2014).
Biophilic design patterns are quite adaptable and can be executed in design consuming a variety of forms
based on individual necessities; the integration of patterns treats to increase the positive effects on
wellbeing, and participating design strategies can result to a modify for users from changed societies and
human population statistics (Terrapin, 2014).

Biophilic design patterns, influenced by science, aim to inform and aid in the design phase by
expressing linkages between natural and constructed features and people's reactions.

Following the definition of each pattern, it is addressed in regard to the following (Wilson,1993):

 The expertise discusses briefly how the pattern could affect how a location feels.
 Foundations of the Pattern focuses on important scientific data that connects human physiology to
ecology and urbanism.
 Collaborating with the Pattern focuses on design qualities, examples, and concerns, while Relationship
to Other Patterns highlights prospects for integrated biophilic design techniques.
The 14 patterns are classified into three groups: Nature in Space, Natural Analogues, and Nature of Space
Exploring the Table 2 below to learning details about each design and how it might be applied in the
architectural design (Terrapin, 2014).
Biophilic Design Application
The intentions of the biophilic idea are to offer a fresh, more organic dynamic mechanism for the
wonderful experience of nature in the building envelope in order to work within the constraints of
contemporary creative design and expected environmental standards (Kellert, 2017). In order to create an
appropriate habitat for humans in a modern, organic constructed environment that cares for their health,
fitness, and welfare, biophilic design is used (Kellert, 2017). Figure 8.

3.1. Experiences and characteristics of biophilic design

With constructed, metropolitan areas dominating the natural landscape, biophilic design is all about
bringing the outside inside to enhance one's physical and mental wellbeing. Adding materials from nature
to your space may benefit you in a number of ways, including Wilson (1984):  Enhancing the mood.

 Enhancing the sense of imagination and creativity.

 Increasing the bar for the productivity.
 Regaining the vigor, strength, and mental clarity.

Wilson's biophilia theory, which posits an innate emotional connection to living organisms,
sparked the biophilic design concept movement. Kellert and Wilson applied this concept to
constructed environments, focusing on sustainable, place-based, and vernacular aspects. Kellert's
2008 recommendations for biophilic design included organic and vernacular dimensions, which
represent human affinity for nature and the society and ecology of a location.

Biophilic design features include water, air, sunshine, plants, animals, sensory variety,
exploration, and social connection to place. It recognizes that the environment can take the form
of an ambiance, process, or experience. Biophilic design issues include environments,
soundscapes, energy, interactions, and experiences to create a pleasurable, meaningful, and
enjoyable living experience. The final target of design is the impact of the design as a lived
experience.

The core concepts of biophilic design are represented by three different forms of nature experiences
(Calabrese, 2017). Figure 9. These include the experiences of space and place, as well as the direct and
indirect experiences of nature (Kellert, 2015):
LINK 2:
Biophilic design can transform our urban environments, enhance human connections with buildings and
improve health and wellbeing. Incorporating biophilic principles in buildings can enhance employee
creativity and productivity, increase sales in retail environments, improve student academic performance
and shorten patient recovery times. There are, however, a number of frameworks for integrating biophilic
design which can make it challenging for businesses to recognise both the importance and benefits to
their building design. To fully embed biophilic design would require a shift in approach towards value.
Future nature-based and human-oriented design methodologies enforced by legislative changes are
therefore recommended.

The integration of nature into the built environment is crucial due to the growing global
population and the potential impact of "Nature deficit disorder" on behavioral disorders, anxiety,
and sadness. The benefits of nature, such as cultural, religious, and therapeutic healing, have
been well documented, and the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of outdoor
activities for mental health and wellbeing. However, despite spending up to 90% of our lives in
buildings, the incorporation of nature into building design, known as "biophilia," was rated of
'average' importance by four hundred companies surveyed for a sustainable buildings market
study.

Kellert and Wilson's 'Nine Values of Biophilia' emphasize the positive and negative aspects of
nature. Kellert (2008) integrates these values into building designs through six elements and 72
attributes, linking the natural world to human interpretation. The framework goes beyond plant
inclusion.
In practice it about putting the person at the centre of a development by optimising their mental and
physical state using:
• Natural/ artificial lighting and air flow,
• Choosing material, texture and colour variations based on nature,
• Providing personalised workspaces with views and refuge space and,
• Customising it to meet cultural needs (BRE Trust, 2020; Browning et al., 2014).

Kellert's (2008) framework for nature-based design has over seventy attributes, but refinement
by Kellert and Calabrese (2015) provides a clearer framework with 24 attributes. However, this
complexity and barriers to the construction industry require further education and training.
Browning et al. (2014) offer biophilic design guidance with "Fourteen Patterns of Biophilic
Design," highlighting cognitive, psychological, and physiological benefits. The fluidity of
defining 'Nature' is further complicated by Browning et al.'s disagreement on defining 'Nature',
suggesting that anything humans create is an extension of our phenotype.

Biophilic design, based on theories like Ulrich's Stress Recovery Theory and Kaplan's Attention
Restoration Theory, has been shown to improve health and wellbeing. Studies have shown that
incorporating biophilic elements in interior settings can increase creativity and productivity,
boost sales, and improve learning performance. In schools, classrooms with natural daylight and
greenery have better test results and faster learning ratios. Hospitals also report faster recovery
times and reduced medication needs. Biophilia, a key factor in improving quality of life, is linked
to factors like indoor air quality, technology, and wayfinding. Overall, biophilic design can
enhance overall well-being and quality of life.

Western architects and planners often overlook biophilic elements, despite their benefits. This
requires a significant shift in value, driven by policy and legislation. Singapore has actively
embraced green infrastructure solutions, but motivation and benefits remain unclear due to data
availability.

Biophilia, a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of nature in construction, has not yet
gained mainstream acceptance. To change this, research is needed to appraise the value of
attributes like plants, images, and colors. Biophilic design should focus on the connection
between people, place, climate, and culture, requiring future nature-based and human-oriented
methodologies enforced by legislative changes. This approach prioritizes the person at the center
of design.

SUMMARY OF STUDIES
Urbanization is causing a decline in the connection between humans and nature, leading to
cognitive, social, emotional, psychological, and physiological issues. This research explores
biophilic design, a concept that focuses on preserving and improving experiences with nature
in built environments. The study uses mixed methods, including qualitative, quantitative, and
comparative methods, to explore the experiences and characteristics of biophilic design. The
goal is to improve residents' environmental attitudes and understanding, leading to green life
styles and environmental sustainability. This approach could renew the connection between
nature and humans.

Sustainable architecture focuses on meeting current demands without compromising future

generations' needs. It addresses economic, ecological, and social factors. Architectural
Modernity has separated humans from nature, causing a disconnect. Biophilic concept aims to
bridge the gap between nature and humans by incorporating natural light, materials, and
experiences into modern environments.

Biophilic design is a key theme in achieving sustainability and ecosystem protection,

especially in regions with natural features. It focuses on reconnecting humans with nature, as
urban expansion leads to smaller building footprints and increased stress-related illnesses.
Biophilic design aims to create good habitats for people as biological organisms in the built
environment, requiring repeated and sustained engagement with nature. Stephen Kellert's book
identifies over 70 mechanisms for engendering a biophilic experience in architecture,
emphasizing the inherent human inclination to affiliate with natural systems and processes,
especially life-like features of the nonhuman environment. This approach is essential for the
benefit of humankind and the environment.

The definition of biophilic design

Biophilia, a term derived from the Greek word for "love of nature," was first used by Erich
Fromm in Germany. Edward Wilson, an American biologist, introduced the term in the 1980s,
emphasizing the importance of re-engaging humans with nature. Biophilic design aims to
create meaningful connections between natural and artificial environments, improving health
and welfare. This approach involves incorporating nature gradually into architecture, using
organic materials and mimicking natural phenomena. Stefen Kellert, a social ecology
researcher, defines six components of biophilic design.
Biophilic design forms were developed to advise and help in the design progression, with the
main goal of explaining the relationship between the features of constructed and natural
settings (Terrapin, 2014). Biophilic design patterns are quite adaptable and can be executed in
design consuming a variety of forms based on individual necessities; the integration of
patterns treats to increase the positive effects on wellbeing, and participating design strategies
can result to a modify for users from changed societies and human population statistics
(Terrapin, 2014).

Biophilic Design Application

The intentions of the biophilic idea are to offer a fresh, more organic dynamic mechanism for
the wonderful experience of nature in the building envelope in order to work within the
constraints of contemporary creative design and expected environmental standards (Kellert,
2017). In order to create an appropriate habitat for humans in a modern, organic constructed
environment that cares for their health, fitness, and welfare, biophilic design is used (Kellert,
2017).

Biophilic design can transform our urban environments, enhance human connections with
buildings and improve health and wellbeing. Incorporating biophilic principles in buildings
can enhance employee creativity and productivity, increase sales in retail environments,
improve student academic performance and shorten patient recovery times.

FINDINGS
The advantages of biophilic design The advantages of maintaining vegetation around
environments could go interminably. The same holds for a plant that is intended to grow on a
wall. Having access to the environment is naturally essential, and bringing it inside interior
spaces has a profoundly good effect on our human well-being. While technologically evolved
urban culture, somehow there is a loss with nature. The following benefits of incorporating
biophilia into the architectural design are said to exist (Kellert, 2008).

 A lessen tension and anxiety symptoms

 Reduced blood pressure and muscular tension are signs of improved physical health.
 A renewal of mental and emotional strength.
 A feeling of being more socially connected.
 It preserves a clean environment and removes pollutants.
 Positive effects that may be measured on productivity and creativity.
 Even though they are seated inside a structure, they nevertheless sense a connection to
nature.
 Reduce energy use and protect natural resources.
 It is among the environmentally friendly methods for green building certification.
 It aids patients' healing and recuperation after sickness and severe surgery.
 Interaction with the natural environment has also been linked to healthy childhood
maturation.

The 14 patterns are classified into three groups: Nature in Space, Natural Analogues, and
Nature of Space Exploring the Table 2 below to learning details about each design and how it
might be applied in the architectural design (Terrapin, 2014).

Nature in the Space Natural Analogues Nature of the Space

Design that incorporates Natural analogue patterns Humans' natural curiosity

natural elements like use components indirectly and fascination with the
vegetation, water features, related to nature to trigger unknown are influenced by
and fragrances fosters a brain well-being, re-creating area patterns, such as
connection with the natural biophilic feelings of obstructed views, design
environment through connectedness to the reveals, installations, and
diversity, mobility, and outdoors through fabrics, moments of mystery, which
multisensory interactions. artwork, light, forms, or when combined with other
patterns. patterns maximizes the
impact of biophilic design.

• Visual Connection with
Nature: An examination of
natural components, life
systems, and natural processes.
• Non-Visual Connection with
Nature: Stimuli are auditory,
tactile, olfactory, or gustatory
in nature, living systems, or
natural processes.
• Non-Rhythmic Sensory
Stimuli: Probabilistic and
transient relationships with
nature can be statistically
evaluated but not accurately
anticipated.
• Thermal & Airflow
Variability: Precise
fluctuations in air temperature,
relative humidity, skin airflow,
and surface temperatures
simulate natural habitats.
• Biomorphic Forms &
Patterns: Conceptual allusions
to curved, patterned, textured,
or numerical compositions seen
in nature.
• Material Connection with
Nature: Nature-inspired
materials and features that, with
little processing, mirror the
local environment or geological
to create a particular feeling of
location.
• Complexity & Order:
Substantial sensorial
information is organized in a
large building comparable to
that seen in nature.
• Prospect: A clear vision over
vast distances for observation
and planning.
• Refuge: A space to retreat
from environmental
circumstances or the primary
flow of activity, where the
individual is sheltered from
behind and above.
• Mystery: The potential of
additional information is
realized by partially blocked
views or other cognitive
gadgets that urge the user to
explore further into the
surroundings. •Risk/Peril: A
recognizable threat combined
with dependable safety.

• Presence of Water: A
situation in which seeing,
hearing, or feeling water
improves one's perception of a
location
.
• Dynamic & Diffuse Light:
Using different levels of light
and shadow that fluctuate over
time to simulate natural
situations.
 • Connection with Natural
Systems: Natural processes,
particularly seasonal and
temporal fluctuations that
characterise a healthy
ecosystem, must be recognised.

Biophilic Design Application

The intentions of the biophilic idea are to offer a fresh, more organic dynamic mechanism for
the wonderful experience of nature in the building envelope in order to work within the
constraints of contemporary creative design and expected environmental standards (Kellert,
2017).

Experiences and characteristics of biophilic design

With constructed, metropolitan areas dominating the natural landscape, biophilic design is all
about bringing the outside inside to enhance one's physical and mental wellbeing. Adding
materials from nature to your space may benefit you in a number of ways, including Wilson
(1984):

 Enhancing the mood.

 Enhancing the sense of imagination and creativity.
 Increasing the bar for the productivity.
 Regaining the vigor, strength, and mental clarity.

Wilson's biophilia theory, which posits an innate emotional connection to living organisms,
sparked the biophilic design concept movement. Kellert and Wilson applied this concept to
constructed environments, focusing on sustainable, place-based, and vernacular aspects.
Kellert's 2008 recommendations for biophilic design included organic and vernacular
dimensions, which represent human affinity for nature and the society and ecology of a
location.

Biophilic design features include water, air, sunshine, plants, animals, sensory variety,
exploration, and social connection to place. It recognizes that the environment can take the
form of an ambiance, process, or experience. Biophilic design issues include environments,
soundscapes, energy, interactions, and experiences to create a pleasurable, meaningful, and
enjoyable living experience. The final target of design is the impact of the design as a lived
experience.