WRITING TASK 1

I. LINE GRAPH
1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H:
+ What is the subject?
+ Where is the subject surveyed?
+ When is the subject surveyed?
+ How is the line graph shown?
B.OVERVIEW
+ Xác định xu hướng của các đối tượng (tăng, giảm hay biến động) —> Có
time
+ Xác định giá trị lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất
+ Xác định đặc điểm nổi bật
C.BODY
-GRAPH CÓ ÍT HƠN 3 LINE
Chia ý theo mốc thời gian (chia thành 2 giai đoạn và viết mỗi giai đoạn
một body)
-GRAPH CÓ NHIỀU HƠN 3 LINE
Chia ý theo các đường cụ thể (Body 1 nhóm các đường có cùng xu hướng
tăng/giảm hay có cùng giá trị lớn/nhỏ, Body 2 về các đường còn lại)
2.NOTES
– TIME LINEGRAPH: ony mention first and last year + a special year (a
peak/ a significant rise/ fall)
– BODY start with a phrase ( in 1990, the number of …)
– No perfect, continuous tenses and no passive

II.BAR CHART
1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H
B.OVERVIEW
+ Xác định xu hướng của các đối tượng (tăng, giảm hay biến động) —> Có
time
+ Xác định giá trị lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất
+ Xác định đặc điểm nổi bật
C.BODY
– Chia ý theo cách nhóm các cột có cùng xu hướng (tăng/ ổn định +
giảm), có cùng độ lớn (lớn/ nhỏ) hoặc nhóm các cột không có số liệu
nổi bật thành 1 đoạn riêng
– Các thông tin cần chú ý trong bảng:
+ Số liệu cao nhất, cao nhì
+ Số liệu thấp nhất, thấp nhì
+ Số liệu không đổi, ổn định
+ Sự khác biệt về xu hướng theo thời gian
+ Sự tương đồng về xu hướng theo thời gian.
2.STRUCTURE
– A significant disparity can be seen in <GROUP NAME>, where +
clause
—> A remarkable disparity can be seen in HOTELS, where its figures
hold the leading positions among the other categories.

– The gap narrows when we look at <GROUP NAME>, where + clause

—> The gap narrows when we look at MOTELS, where such sector
underwent a significant increase after 5 years.

– This is also true for <GROUP NAME>

—> This is also true for HOSTEL.

– A similar/ opposite pattern can be found in <GROUP NAME>

—> A similar pattern can be found in RESORT.

III. TABLE
1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H
B.OVERVIEW
+ Xác định xu hướng của các đối tượng (tăng, giảm hay biến động) —> Có
time
+ Xác định giá trị lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất
+ Xác định đặc điểm nổi bật
C.BODY
– Chia ý theo cách nhóm các cột có cùng xu hướng (tăng/ ổn định +
giảm), có cùng độ lớn (lớn/ nhỏ) hoặc nhóm các cột không có số liệu
nổi bật thành 1 đoạn riêng
– Các thông tin cần chú ý trong bảng:
+ Số liệu cao nhất, cao nhì
+ Số liệu thấp nhất, thấp nhì
+ Số liệu không đổi, ổn định
+ Sự khác biệt về xu hướng theo thời gian
+ Sự tương đồng về xu hướng theo thời gian.
– BODY 1 phải là lớn nhất/ tăng nhanh nhất/ nổi bật nhất
– Viết body theo nguyên tắc 4Ð: Ðầu - Ðỉnh - Ðáy - Ðuôi
– Nếu table có cột và hàng thì so sánh cột rồi tới hàng.
2.NOTES
– OVERVIEW: Choose the biggest and smallest number in each
category.
– TABLE SHOW YEARS: the biggest changes in number.
– BODY divide into 2 paragraphs ( first is the largest/ the most
changes categories, second is the smallest/ least changes ones).
– Describe at least 3 numbers in each BODY.
– No time use simple present.
3.STRUCTURE
– Be different from = a significant = remarkable = marginal difference
= discrepancy = dissimilarity = disparity
– Be identical to = comparable = corresponding = equivalent =
similar

IV. PIE CHART

1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H
B.OVERVIEW
+ Xác định xu hướng của các đối tượng (tăng, giảm hay biến động) —> Có
time
+ Xác định giá trị lớn nhất và nhỏ nhất
+ Xác định đặc điểm nổi bật
C.BODY
– Chia ý theo năm hoặc theo đối tượng
– Nếu chỉ có 1 Pie Chart thì trình bày từ lớn đến nhỏ nhất
– Nếu có ≥ 2 Pie Chart thì trình bày theo cách sau:
+ Cách 1: Nhóm theo các thành phần theo các xu hướng khác nhau
( tăng/ giảm/ không đổi)
+ Cách 2: Nhóm các hạng mục có cùng độ lớn để dễ so sánh và đối chiếu
2.NOTES
– Nếu có đối tượng là “OTHER” thì kể cả số liệu lớn hay nhỏ cũng nên
nhắc đến sau cùng
– Nên có CÂU KẾT/ CÂU MỞ đâu ở body là tổng kết lại xu hướng chính,
không đưa thêm số liệu
3.STRUCTURE
– Respectively = correspondingly = in that order/ in the order given
= with repsective + Noun (amount/ number/ figrue/ …) = the former,
the latter (nếu đã có nhắc đến 2 đối tượng và chỉ duy nhất 2 đối
tượng) = The first, the second = the first, the last (nếu có ≥3 đối
tượng)

V. MIXED CHART
1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H
B.OVERVIEW
+ Câu 1: nêu lên volume/ trend/ most significant của biểu đồ đầu tiên
+ Câu 2: nêu lên volume/ trend/ most significant của biểu đồ thứ hai
C.BODY
– Mỗi đoạn 1 biểu đồ
– Tập trung phân tích các số liệu ở đầu và cuối của giai đoạn cho 2
biểu đồ
2.NOTES
– Với biểu đồ có THỜI GIAN: tập trung xu hướng, điểm đầu và cuối
– Với biểu đồ KHÔNG THỜI GIAN: chú ý giá trị cao nhất và thấp nhất
(sử dụng ss hơn, bằng, nhất)

VI. MAPS
1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H
B.OVERVIEW
+ Có bao nhiêu sự thay đổi?
3 cách để trả lời:
—> Various = numerous = countless = multiple = a great variety of = a
diverse range of
—> Some = several = few = minimal = marginal = slight = small = subtle
—> Certain numbers (one/ two/ three/ …)

+ Những sự thay đổi đó là gì?

—> Accommodation (Residential, apartment, terraced houses, cottages,
…)
—> Recreational + Educational amenities (Cinemas, parks, schools,
libraries, restaurants, cafes)
—> Transport + Infrastructure (Street, traffic lights, roundabouts,
intersections, …)
—> Industrial area (factories, ports, marina (bến tàu), harbour (cảng),
docks (chỗ tàu đậu), pier (bến tàu))
—> Commercial area ≈ Recreational( shopping mall, downtowns,
shops,…)

+ Những thay đổi nổi bật nhất? (optional)

C.BODY
– Chia ý theo phương hướng (Ðông Tây Nam Bắc)
– Chia theo năm (nếu có thời gian)
 – Chia theo category (accommodation + buildings, recreational +
educational amenities, transportation + infrastructure, industrial
area, commercial area)
2.NOTES
– Mỗi sự thay đổi cần chú ý:
+ Ðịa điểm nằm ở đâu trên bản đồ?
+ Ðịa điểm đó là gì?
+ Ðịa điểm đó thay đổi như thế nào?
– Chú ý THÌ:
+ Nếu 2 map ở quá khứ thì lưu ý QKHT VÀ QKÐ
+ Nếu 1 map ở QK và 1 map ở HT thì lưu ý QKÐ và HTÐ
+ Nếu 1 map ở HT và 1 map ở TL thì lưu ý HTÐ và TLÐ
3.VOCABULARY
– DIRECTIONS
+ East - West - South - North
+ Northeast - Northwest - Southeast - Southwest —> +ERN (a)
+ Southernmost - Westernmost - Northenmost - Easternmost
+ Southward - Westward - Northward - Eastward
+ On the south tip - On the east tip - On the west tip - On the north tip
+ Eastbound - Northbound - Southbound - Westbound
+ North of the map/ the village/… NO THE north of the map/ the village
+ The left-handed, right-handed side
DIRECTION LOCATION
TO/ IN the south 10 miles FROM OPPOSITE ON THE
of OUTSKIRTS OF
the city: vùng
ngoại ô thành
phố
LOOKING 10 miles TO the NEXT TO IN THE HEART
southward south OF =IN THE
FROM CENTER OF =
IN THE MIDDLE
OF
LOOKING IN the south ALONG the OUT OF the city
further south corner of the river/ the coast/
FROM map/ village/ … the beach/ the
lake/ …
BEGINNING in ON THE COAST ON THE BANK IN THE CORNER
the OF = ON THE OF
westernmost SHORE OF
section of
TO THE LEFT/ ON THE TOP OF
RIGHT OF
the OF = ON THE OF
westernmost SHORE OF
section of
TO THE LEFT/ ON THE TOP OF
RIGHT OF
– TO vs IN
+ TO: khi hai địa điểm nằm cạnh nhau nhưng bị tách biệt
+ IN: khi 1 địa điểm nằm trong 1 khu vực nào đó
—> The school is in the Southeast of the town ( School kế bên ngôi làng
nhưng KHÔNG Ở TRONG ngôi làng)
—> The school is to the Southeast of the town ( School NẰM TRONG ngôi
làng)

– IN THE CORNER vs AT THE CORNER

+ IN THE CORNER: vị trí một địa điểm trong nhà, làng, quận, thành phố.
—> The school in the southeastern corner of the village had been
demolished to give way to a theatre.
+ AT THE CORNER: góc giao nhau của 2 con đường
—> There used to be a cafe at the corner of West Street and Park Street.

– ADJECTIVE + CORNER
Southeastern corner, Western corner
NO Southeast corner, West corner, …

– COLLOCATIONS WITH FEATURES

FEATURES
Trees/ woodland/ green areas/
forests
Buildings/ residential areas/
housing estates/ commercial
zones/ business districts/
recreational sections/ pedestrian
precinct (khu vực dành cho người
đi bộ)
Railroads/ roads/ rivers/ lakes/
pathways
cities/ facilities/ factories
changes/ modifications/
transformations/ variations/
shifts
VERBS
be cut down/ be removed/ be
chopped down/ be brought down/
cleared away/ be uprooted/ be
planted/ be grown
be constructed/ be coverted into/
be established/ be erected/ be
demolished/ be knocked down/ be
destroyed/ be pulled down/ be
removed/ be placed by
be extended/ be installed/ be
placed/ be diminished/ to make
way for/ to pave the way for/ to
make room for/ to give way to
become larger in size/
accomodate
be established/ be installed/ be
put in/ be enlarged/ be expanded/
become smaller in size/ shrink
take place/ occur/ happen/
undergo/ experience/ witness/ see/
be implemented
cities/ facilities/ factories be established/ be installed/ be
put in/ be enlarged/ be expanded/
become smaller in size/ shrink
changes/ modifications/ take place/ occur/ happen/
transformations/ variations/ undergo/ experience/ witness/ see/
shifts be implemented
– LANGUAGE OF CHANGES:
A.NEW ADDTIONS
VERB NOUN VERB NOUN
Build Building Open up Opening up
Construct Construction Occupy Occupancy
Erect Erection Add Addition
Be introduced With the Appear Appearance
to đưa vào introduction of
Set up Setting up Establish Establishment
Spring up
B.REMOVALS
VERB NOUN VERB NOUN
Cut down Cutting down Flatten Flattening
Chop down Chopping down Knock down Knocking down
Clear away Clearance Destroy Destruction
Demolish Demolition Deconstruct Descontruction
No longer exist Eliminate Elimination
= Be no longer
present
Remove Removal Get rid of
Pull down Pulling down Eradicate Eradication
Delete Deletion Disappear Disappearance
Vanish Bring down
Uproot Be erased
C.REPLACEMENT
VERB NOUN VERB NOUN
Replace Replacement = Redevelop into Redevelopment
In place of
Convert into Conversion of … Develop into Development
into…
Make into Move
Turn into Relocate = Relocation =
Rearrange Reposition =
Rearrangement
Change Change Vary Variation =
change
Be substituted Substitution Alter Alteration
with
 Rearrangement
Change Change Vary Variation =
change
Be substituted Substitution Alter Alteration
with
D.EXPANSION & REPAIR
VERB NOUN VERB NOUN
Expand Expansion Renovate Renovation
Extend Extension Recondition
Enlarge Enlargement Upgrade Upgradation
Widen Develop Development
Repair Repair Refurbish Refurbishment
Remodel Revamp
E.NARROWING DOWN
VERB NOUN VERB NOUN
Shrink Shrink Lessen
Diminish Diminishment Narrow down
Reduce in size Size reduction Dwindle
F.NO CHANGE
VERB NOUN VERB NOUN
Remain Stay immutable
unchanged
Stay the same Undergo no
development
– Useful synonyms
+ Be close to = near to = within close proximty of = be adjacent to =
place adjoin place (v) —> adjoining (a) = nearby = neighbouring = in the
neighbourhood of = within walking distance
+ Surround = encircle = enclose = be surrounded by = in the
surrounding + place
+ Line/ road + run through = go through = pass through = cross +
place/ bridge
—> The railway crossed the village (Ðường ray xe lửa đi xuyên qua ngôi
làng)
+ Line/ road intersect = meet = connect = join
—> The roads intersect near the bridge (Những con đường cắt nhau ở gần
cây cầu)
—> The main road connects HCM and Vũng Tàu
= HCM is linked to Vũng Tàu by the main road
= HCM and Vũng Tàu are joined by the main road

+ Be situated = be sited = be located = be positioned = be placed = can

be seen/ observed OR place + stood/ lie + position
—> The site = the location = the position
+ Intersection = road junction = crossroadS = road roads = traffic circle
= roundabout = rotary
+ Area = zone = region = section = district (vùng miền) = estate =
neighborhood
+ Blocks of apartments = flats = Residential area = housing area =
housing estate
+ A stretch of railroads
+ Depict = describe = illustrate = represent
+ Change = alter = modify = shift = vary = transform = differ
—> Change = alteration = modification = variation = transformation =
difference

4.STRUCTURE
A.OVERVIEW:
– S + V + [major changes/ striking transformations/ a significant
modernization/ remarkable developments/].
*V: [see/ witness/ experience/ show/ display/present]
—> The city witnessed striking transformations.

– Most noticeably, S + V (→ chỉ sự thay đổi nổi bật nhất)

*Noticeably = strikingly = prominently = outstandingly
—> Most strikingly, the city witnessed a significant modernization.

– Overall, several/ numerous/ a diverse range of/ certain numbers +

changes/ modifications/ alterations/ variations/ shifts + be made to +
place
—> In an overall view, a diverse range of changes were made to the
residential area in Poulton during the period.

– Overall, there + be + several/ numerous/ a diverse range of/ certain

numbers + changes/ modifications/ alterations/ variations/ shifts + to +
place
—> Overall, there were a variety of shifts to the residential area in
Poulton.

B. BODY
– X + be located/ sited/ positioned/ placed/ seen/…. + to DIRECTION
—> A cinema was sited to the southernmost of the town.

– The railway/ roads/ streets/ lines/ … + run through/ go through/

cross/ pass through + PLACES
—> The railway passes through the city center.

– X + be close to/ within close proximty of/ be adjacent to/ in the

 –
neighbourhood of/ within walking distance of swhere
—> The forests were in the close proximity of the residential area.

– The demolition/ removal/ reduction/ deconstruction/ disappearance/

elimination/ eradication/ … + of X + make way/ room for/ pave the
way for/ give way to Y
—> The eradication of the old hospital pave the way for a brand-new
stadium.

– X + be + no longer present / exist in + TIME, and instead we see the

addition of Y
—> The high school was no longer present in 2000, and instead there
was an addition of a modern gym center.

– Y + be + built + prepostion + place, replacing/ substituting X

—> The modern gym center was built in the heart of the city in 2000,
substituting the old high school.

VII. PROCESS
1.OUTLINE
A.INTRO
3WH - 1H
B.OVERVIEW
+ Xác định có tất cả bao nhiêu giai đoạn
+ Xác định bước đầu và bước cuối
C.BODY
– Ðối với dạng CIRCULAR/CYLICAL: vòng lặp kín
+ Tự đánh số giai đoạn và chia ý sao cho phù hợp
– Ðối với LINEAR: quá trình tuyến tính
+ Chia đoạn theo số bước (2 đoạn có số bước bằng nhau)
+ Chia đoạn theo quá trình (trước và sau khi di chuyển sản phẩm đến
một nhà máy khác)
PART MAN-MADE NATURAL PROCESS
PRODUCTION (FOR ANIMALS)
INTRODUCTION The diagram/ picture/ - The diagram/ picture
flow-chart + V + + V + the life cycle of
HOW + CLAUSE/ TO V X from egg to adult.
- The diagram/ picture
+ V + distinct stages
in the life of X, from
birth to maturity.
OVERVIEW At first glance, it is Overall, a NAME’s life
obvious that there is a cycle involves
total of X distinct NUMBER main stages
stages in the process, over which it
commencing/ starting undergoes
 + V + distinct stages
in the life of X, from
birth to maturity.
OVERVIEW At first glance, it is Overall, a NAME’s life
obvious that there is a cycle involves
total of X distinct NUMBER main stages
stages in the process, over which it
commencing/ starting undergoes
with/ at + VING/ remarkable changes
NOUN PHRASE and in size, shape and
culminating/ color. (habitats,
terminating with. feeding grounds, … )
BODY 1 + 2 - At the first stage in
the process = At the
beginning of the
process
- Secondly —> Finally
- Next —> Then —>
After that —>
Subsequently —>
Thereby —>
Simultaneously = At
the same time
- In the following
stage = In the next
stage = Following that
= Followed by =
Subsequent steps =
Once …., …. = After /
Before
- In the ORDINAL
NUMBER stage = In
stage CARDINAL
NUMBER
—> In the NINTH
stage = In stage NINE
- The ORDINAL
NUMBER stage
involves + VING/
NOUN PHRASE
- In the stage labelled
NAME OF THE GIVEN
STEP in the diagram

2.NOTES
 – Nếu là MAN-MADE PROCESS —> PASSIVE
NATURAL PROCESS —> ACTIVE
– Xác định các thông tin:
+ Có bao nhiêu giai đoạn? Trình tự của chúng?
+ Nhân tạo hay tự nhiên?
+ Mỗi giai đoạn miêu tả quá trình gì?
+ Sự liên kết giữa các giai đoạn?
– Chú ý:
+ Chủ thể hành động
+ Hành động
+ Ðối tượng bị tác động
+ Mục đích hay nguyên nhân của giai đoạn đó
+ Kết quả sau mỗi bước
3.VOCABULARY
A. NATURAL PROCESS
*ANIMALS
Experience/ Undergo Grow quickly in size = Vary in size, colors
remarkable chnages Double in size and shapes
Experience/ Undergo Shed their old skin = Grow to adult size =
significant Shed their outer layer Grow to maturity =
transformation Turn into an adult
Lay a couple of/ a Moult several times = Under optimal
massive number of thay lông, da vài lần conditions = trong
eggs điều kiện tối ưu
Begin life as eggs Breathe underwater ≠ Reach full maturity
out of the water
Incubate eggs = hatch Make mass migration Be covered with
eggs across long distances
= thực hiện di cư hàng
loạt
Hatch within X to Y The cycle repeats In adverse
days itself = start again circumstances = trong
các trường hợp bất lợi
Hatch into = nở thành The life cylce takes = Emerge = Appear =
lasts Become
The hatching process Over the course of + External ≠ Internal gills
= quá trình nở TIME = mang ngoài ≠ mang
trong
Feeding grounds = Grow the hind ≠ front
khu vực kiếm ăn legs
*PLANTS
Circulation = tuần Circulate sth through Evaporation of
hoàn —> The sth = lưu thông khí water(n) —> Evaporate
circulation of sth khắp nơi vào —> (v): làm bay hơi
Cooled air is circulated
throughout the
building.
Intrusion = sự xâm Vapour = sương Condense —>
nhập —> Salt water Condesation
intrusion = sự nhiễm
mặn.
Precipitation = rainfall Be termed = Be
commonly called as

B. MANUFACTURE
*SOLID
Lay = đặt Wind = cuộn lại Reverse = lật lại
Squeeze = ép Shrink = co lại Collect = Gather =
Accumulate
Convey = carry = Be baked in the sun = Adjust = điều chỉnh
transport = deliver = Be dried in the sun
transfer = distribute
Fade = làm phai màu Draw from = extract Bend = curve
from
Form = Create Rotate = Revolve = Fold = gấp lại ≠ Unfold
Spin = Circle
Harden = làm cứng lại Mix = trộn Press = nén, ép, bóp,
≠ Soften ấn
Grind = nghiền Absorb = hấp thụ Combine = tách ra ≠
separate
*LIQUID
Cool down Enter Melt into = hoà vào
Condense Move = flow Evaporate
Circulate = tuần hoàn Flow into Pour into
Filter out = lọc Lead to Melt ≠ freeze
*GAS
Expand = giãn nở Be fuelled by Compress = nén, cô
đọng
Heat up = Burn Release = Send out Ignite = bốc cháy
*OTHERS
Transfrom sth into sth Circulate sth through Furnace = lò luyện
sth kim, lò sửoi
Release sth into sth Obtain sth by doing Pile up = chất đống =
sth heaps = loads of
Shred = xé Pour = đổ Fermentation = lên
Transfrom sth into sth Circulate sth through Furnace = lò luyện
sth kim, lò sửoi
Release sth into sth Obtain sth by doing Pile up = chất đống =
sth heaps = loads of
Shred = xé Pour = đổ Fermentation = lên
men
Convert = chuyển hoá Be dug out of the Be placed onto a metal
ground grid = vỉ
Be put through a roller Break it into small Be mixed with
= được đưa đến băng chunks = đập nát
chuyền thành mảnh nhỏ
Well-shaped = hình Be laid in a drying Store sth in sth = cất,
dạng đẹp oven = được đặt vào dự trữ
một cái lò nung
Pipe sth to sth = dẫn Drive sth = vận hành Molten (a) = nóng
bằng đường ống chảy

4.STRUCTURE
– S + V + O + which + V’
—> The beans are then passed to a machine which is responsible for
grinding them.

– S + V + O + where + S’ + V’
—> The beans are then passed to a machine where they are ground into
powder.

– MÔ TẢ CHỨC NĂNG: Allow/ enable + Something + to V

Be responsible for + VING
—> The beans are then passed to a machine which is responsible for
grinding them.

– MÔ TẢ MỤC ÐÍCH: In order to + V = With the purpose of VING = With

the intention of VING = With the aim of
—> They are packed into large snacks in order to be trasported to the
factory by train.

– Before + BEING + V3/ED = Prior to + BEING + V3/ED

—> The fruits must be collected from the trees before being rinsed by
warm water.

VIII. DIAGRAM LANGUAGE

1. LANGUAGE
A.VOCABULARY AND PHRASES
TREND VERB NOUN
GO UP increase = rise = grow increase = rise =
= climb growth = upward trend
ROCKET UP soar = leap to = jump rocket = leap = jump =
TREND VERB NOUN
GO UP increase = rise = grow increase = rise =
= climb growth = upward trend
ROCKET UP soar = leap to = jump rocket = leap = jump =
= shoot up = soar = boom
mushroom = boom
GO DOWN decrease = decline = decrease = decline =
fall = drop = reduce fall = drop = downward
trend = reduction
DIP plunge = dive = plunge = dive =
plummet = slump = plummet = slump
dip
NO CHANGE remain/ stay + stable = stability
constant = the same =
unchanged =
immutable; stablize;
level off; reach a
plateau at
CONSTANT CHANGE fluctuate = oscillate fluctuation = variation
between A and B =
vary
HIGHEST POINT hit/ reach the highest
point of = reach a
peak of = peak at =
reach a high of
LOWEST POINT hit the lowest point of
= fall to a low of =
reach the bottom of =
bottom out at
NOTES:
VERB: Increase + to: mốc
+ by:khoảng
NOUN: Increase + to: mốc
+ of: khoảng

B.ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

TREND ADJECTIVE ADVERB
SMALL CHANGE slight = marginal = slightly = marginally =
moderate = fractional moderately =
fractionally
SLOW CHANGE gradual = slow = gradually = slowly =
steady steadily
LARGE CHANGE considerable = considerably =
significant = significantly =
substantial = dramatic substantially =
= overwhelming = dramatically =
 fractionally
SLOW CHANGE gradual = slow = gradually = slowly =
steady steadily
LARGE CHANGE considerable = considerably =
significant = significantly =
substantial = dramatic substantially =
= overwhelming = dramatically =
enormous overwhelming =
enormously
FAST CHANGE rapid = sharp = rapidly = sharply =
sudden = tremendous suddenly =
= swift = noticeable = tremendously = swiftly
steep = vast = abrupt = noticeably = steeply
= abruptly
C. DATAS
- DESCRIBE PERCENTAGES

VERB + NUMBER
Stand at = comprise = be = constitue = make up = account for =
consist of = take up = represent = reach = amount to = form

PHRASES FOR DATAS

– Take up the remaining X%

– Continue to be the major + Noun (producer/company/country…) =

rank/ become/ come/ be the first/ highest position = be the dominant
sector/ contributor = hold the leading position in = have/ show a
predominant presence = dominate = noun-dominated
 – Overtake = surpass = outnumber = outweigh = exceed

USEFUL PHRASES
– CONNECTION: Regarding + Noun = With respect to + Noun =
Concerning + Noun = With regard to + Noun = In terms of = In relation
to = Likewise = Similarly = Conversely = On the other hand = By
contrast = In contrast to = Meanwhile = However = To be more
specific = As opposed to = In comparison
*School A has 500 students, as opposed to school B, which has 700
students.
*500 students choose school A, compared to 700 students, who opted for
school B.

– TIME PARAPHRASE: For the years X to Y = In X-yearly intervals =

Within a time span of X years = Between X and Y = From X to Y =
From X until Y =For = During = Over + the next/ previous time =
During the same period = Throughout the period examined/ studied
= Over the latter half of the year, century, period = During the
remainder of the period = From that time on

– BODY LINKING + OVERALL: According to the table/chart = As is

shown/ illustrated/ seen in the diagram = It can be observed from
the chart (that) = It is striking/ apparent/ evident from the graph/
figures = The first obvious feature of this chart is that = Strikingly =
Subsequently = At a first glance = The most notable detail is that =
It is worth noticing that

2.EFFECTIVE STRUCTURES
A. DESCRIBE DATA
The figure for/ The percentage of + verb + adv + to/ by + data + time
—> The number of cars in Parkville increased significantly to 1500 in
2016.

– There + be + a/an + adj + noun + number + in X + time

—> There was a significant increase to 1500 in the number of cars in
2016.

– The + experienced/ witnessed/ saw/ underwent + a/an + adj + noun

+ number + time
—> The number of cars witnessed a significant increase increase of 500/
to 1500 in 2016.

– Time + witnesssed/ experienced/ saw/underwent + a/an + adj +

 –
noun + number + in X
—> 2016 witnessed a significant increase of 1500 in the number of cars in
2016.

– Noun + verb + before + gerund

—> The number of doctors in Cho Ray hospital reached a peak of 600
people in 2017 before falling to 550 a year later.

– After + gerund, noun + verb

—> After rising significantly from 400 people in 2015 to 600 in 2017, the
number of doctors in Cho Ray hospital decreased slightly to 550 in 2018.

– Noun + verb, gerund

—> The number of doctors in Cho Ray hospital rose steadily, climbing
from 400 in 2015 to 600 in 2017.

– In year, data + of category + Verb + Noun

—> In 2021, 24% of total spending went on food.

– In year, Noun + Verb + data + of category

—> In 2021, food went on 24% of total spending.

– Noun + Verb + X%
—> Men account for 25% in surveyed activities.
—> Students who participated in Mythology class constituted 25%

– X% + of + Noun + Verb
—> 76% of the Vietnamese population favors football.
—> 12% of contestants joined archery.

B.COMPARISON
– S1 + to be similar to/ the same as + S2
—> The percentage of girls attending the English training course was
similar to that of boys in 2002.
—> The percentage of girls attending the English training course was the
same as that of boys in 2002.

– S1 + be + từ chỉ cấp độ + as many/ much as + S2

+ higher/greater than +
– There + Be + từ chỉ cấp độ + as many/ much Noun + as + Noun 2
*Từ chỉ cấp độ: twice=two times=twofold, trebled=threetimes=threefold,
four times=fourfold, …
—> The number of students in grade 1 is twice as many as the number of
of students in grade 2.
—> Coffee in France is twice as cheap as in the UK.

– S1 + doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled/ quintupled/ + S2

—> Sales have quadrupled in the last five years.

– The highest/ lowest figures were recorded in + Category

—> In addition, while passenger vehicles registered the highest figures
over the period examined, the opposite was recorded in light trucks.

– Noun 1 + be + the (second/third/…) most popular + Noun 2, with

X% + Ving
—> Soccer is the most popular sport in the UK, with up to 85% of its
population getting involved in such sport.