Module-V CE23105 Bridges

Elements of Civil Engineering
(CE23105)
Bridges
Dr. Shiv Shankar Kumar

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Patna, Bihar – 800005
Course outcomes
CO1 Understand the scopes of different field of Civil engineering
CO2 Know the role of Civil Engineer in the infrastructural development and its role in socio-economic development of country
CO3 Understand the technical approach of various building component
CO4 Understand the function of various Civil engineering structures such as roads, bridges and dams
Detailed Syllabus
1. Introduction to Different Fields of Civil Engineering: Surveying, Building Materials, Construction Technology, Geotechnical Engineering,
Structural Engineering, Hydraulics, Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Environmental Engineering.
2. Infrastructure: Types of Infrastructure, Role of Civil Engineer in the Infrastructural Development, Infrastructural and on Socio-economic
Development.
3. Building Construction: Component Parts of Building, Mortar, Masonry Works, Concrete Works, Building Services and Building
Maintenance.
4. Mode of Transportation: Classification and Elements of Roads, Types of Pavements (Advantages and Limitations), Road Machineries and
Materials, Different types
5. Bridges: Types of Bridges and their Components.
6. Different types of Hydraulic Structures and Irrigation Systems, Structural Behaviour and Functionality with Simple Sketches.
7. Environment Issues and Challenges, Drinking Water Quality and Treatment Process, Water Supply Systems, Options of Waste Water
Treatment.
Recommended Books:
1. Basic Civil Engineering by Satheesh Gopi
2. Elements of Civil Engineering by Das Bhargab Mohan
3. Basic Civil Engineering by S S Bhavikatty, New Age International Publisher.
4. Environmental Engineering, Vol-1, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
5. Environmental Engineering, Vol-II, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
6. Basic Civil Engineering by S Ramamrutham, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company.
7. Hand Book of Civil Engineering, P Divedi and P Bajpayee., G K Publisher
Elements of Civil Engg (Dr. Shiv) 1
Bridge
 Bridge is a structure which covers a gap.
 Generally bridges carry a road or railway across a natural or artificial obstacle
such as, a river, canal or another railway or another road.
Classification of Bridges
Material Steel Concrete Wood Hybrid
Stone/Brick
Usage Pedestrian Highway Railroad
Span length Short Medium Long
Structural Form Slab Girder Truss Arch

Suspension Cable-Stayed
Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 2

Bridges
 Bridges based on their Structures
Bridges
 Classification of bridge according to STRUCTURAL FORM
 Girder Bridge
 Arch Bridge
 Truss Bridge
 Suspension Bridge
 Cable-Stayed Bridge
Beam Bridge
 Beam Bridge
 also known as Girder Bridge

Beam Bridge
 One of the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment
or pier at each end.
 It is most commonly and widely used basic types of Bridge also known as
the Girder Bridge or Stringer Bridges.
» No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type
is known as simply supported.
 Material: Timber, Iron, Steel, Reinforced Cement Concrete, Prestressed Concrete
 Types of Beam Bridges
 Based on the materials used in the girder/ beams, it can be classified in terms of:
» Box Girder Bridges  Metallic box girders are used instead of a beam.
» Plate Girder Bridges  Plate girders are simply made up of iron/steel plates.
» Truss-beam Bridges  truss structure is place instead of concrete beam or girder.
» I-shaped Girder Bridges.
Beam Bridge
 Structural Elements of Beam Bridges
 Foundation
 Piers
 Abutments
 Beams
 Deck of the Bridges
 Parapet of the bridge
 Seismic isolation
or Rubber bearing
Bridge Components
 Bridge Bearings: These are supports on a bridge pier, which carry the weight of the bridge and
control the movements at the bridge supports, including the temperature expansion and contraction.
They may be metal rockers, rollers or slides or merely rubber or laminated rubber ( Rubber with
steel plates glued into it).
 Bridge Dampers & Isolators: Bridge dampers are devices that absorb energy generated by
earthquake waves and lateral load.
 Bridge Pier: A wide column or short wall of masonry or plain or reinforced concrete for carrying
loads as a support for a bridge, but in any case it is founded on firm ground below the river mud.
 Bridge Pier Cap: The highest part of a bridge pier on which the bridge bearings or rollers are
seated. It may be of stone, brick or plain or reinforced concrete.
 Bridge Deck: The load bearing floor of a bridge which carries and spreads the loads to the main
beams. It is either of reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, welded steel etc.
 Abutment: A support of an arch or bridge, which may carry a horizontal force as well as weight.
 Expansion Joints: These are provided to accommodate the translations due to possible shrinkage
and expansions due to temperature changes.
Bridge Components
 Foundation:
 Foundation is used to transfer the load of the whole bridge span and the traffic to the ground.
 foundation protects the piers/abutments from shoving down into the earth.
» Abutments and pillars are constructed on a wide span of concrete foundation.
 Piers/ Abutments:
 Piers/abutments are the pillars which are installed at both ends of the bridge and deep inside the
water.
 These pillars may be single-stranded or in the form of pairs. These pillars bear the burden of
the whole bridges and the traffic passes through it. Beams are placed on these pillars.
Bridge Components
 Beams:
 Beams of the bridge can be made of truss, RCC, metallic girder or concrete-filled steel tube.
» whatever material is used while constructing the beams, the function remains the same.
» The function of the beam is to join the abutments and to bear the load of a deck of the bridges.
Bridge Components
 Deck of the Bridges
 Function of the deck of the bridge is to accommodate the traffic to pass.
» It is generally made up of concrete, reinforced concrete, metal, concrete-filled steel tube (CFST).
» Top of the deck i.e., or flooring/ surface is covered by bitumen.
• which provided friction and road grip to the vehicles, thus protecting the vehicles from slippage.
 Parapet of the bridge
 Parapets are the side walls extended above the deck of the bridges.
» Function of the parapets is to provide safety to the traffic.
• different types of parapets are used above the deck of the bridges.
Main function of the

bearing to allow free
movement or vibration of
the top superstructure and
reduce effect stress to reach
the bridge foundation. Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 11
Salient feature of Beam Bridge
 Distinctive Features of Beam Bridges
 Widely constructed
 Usually used for Short and Medium spans
 Carry load in Shear and Flexural bending
 Efficient distribution of material is not possible
 Stability concerns limits the stresses and associated economy
 Economical and long lasting solution for vast majority of bridges
 Decks and girder usually act together to support the entire load in highway bridges
Arch Bridge
 A bridge whose main structure is composed of arches or reinforced arches.
 Arch bridges are very economical and advantageous, if the horizontal reaction
force cause by the loading of vertical loads is effectively applied.
 Arch bridges have been widely used and are used for long-span bridges after
suspension and cable-stayed bridges.
» Structural properties of arches vary depending on the shape of the arches and
the number of hangers.
Arch Bridge
 Main Components of Arch Bridge
hanger
 Deck arch bridge
 Arch rib
 Abutments/ Supports
 Hangers and Spandrels
Deck arch bridge Deck arch bridge

Arch Bridge
 Arch rib
 Arch rib is the main structural member of the arch and is responsible of carrying
the different loads generated in the structure
 It is commonly built using
reinforced concrete or steel.
 Nowadays new innovative
materials are also being used
for the arch ribs, including
concrete-filled steel tubular,
high-performance concrete,
steel concrete composites, etc
 It can be built as a truss, a box
girder, a plate girder, or as a hollow
section, depending on its usage.
Arch Bridge
 Abutments/Supports
 It is one of the most important components of arch bridges because most of the
loads carried by the arch rib are transmitted into the abutments.
 therefore, the abutments must be heavy and large enough to carry the
horizontal thrust from the arch.
Arch Bridge
 Abutments/Supports
 Materials used: Reinforced concrete and steel are common used
» but new materials like cellular reinforced concrete and mass concrete
are used in order to reduce costs.

Arch Bridge
 Hangers (through arch bridges) and Spandrel (deck arch bridges)
 Depending on the type of arch bridge, the deck can be supported by spandrels on
top of the arch rib or suspended by vertical hangers.
 For deck arch bridges, solid spandrel walls can be placed
on top of the arch rib to support the bridge deck.
» masonry or concrete fill walls are mostly used
Arch Bridge
 For through arch bridges, the deck of the bridge is suspended by hangers, which
are loaded in tension.
 Hangers can be designed as I-

sections, circular hollow sections, or
cables depending on the conditions
to which the arch bridge is situated.
» Based on the recent studies on
hanger arrangement
optimization, sparse hanger
systems provide advantages
such as better mechanical
performance.
Arch Bridge
 Types of Arch Bridge
 Depending on the type of road and arch type, it is divided in to:
 Deck Arch Bridge
 Through Arch Bridge

 Moment Tied Arch Bridge
 Bowstring Arch Bridge
 Corbel arch Bridge
 Pinned‐Pinned Concrete Arch Bridge
» Other types of arch bridges are: Langer bridge, Lohse bridge, Nielsen Bridge,
and Tied arch bridge
Arch Bridge
 Distinctive Features of Arch Bridge
 Arch action reduces bending moments ( that is Tensile Stresses )
 Economical as compared to equivalent straight simply supported Girder or

Truss bridge
 Suitable site is a Valley with arch foundations on a DRY ROCK SLOPES
 Conventional curved arch rib has high Fabrication and Erection costs
 Erection easiest for Cantilever Arch and most difficult for Tied Arch
 Arch is predominantly a Compression member. Buckling must be worked to

the detail so as to avoid reductions in allowable stresses.
Arch Bridge
 Distinctive Features of Arch Bridge
 Classic arch form tends to favor Concrete as a construction material
 Conventional arch has two moment resistant components : The deck and the
Arch Rib.
 Near the crown of the arch and the region where Spandrel Columns are
short, undesirable Bending Moment can occur. By using pin ended columns
it can be avoided
 Space beneath the arch is less and hence danger for collision with the Rib,
specially on a highway
 Curved shaped is always very pleasing and arch is the most successful and
beautiful structure
Arch Bridge
 Advantages of Arch Bridge
 Better resistance to impose load
 High pressure resistance due to unique arch
style of the bridge
 Many choices of the constructional materials
 Sound structure
 No distortion
 Strong enough and capable to withstand the
imposed load efficiently
 Relatively economic and affordable
Arch Bridge
 Disadvantages of Arch Bridge
 Limitation on bridge location
 Limitation on span
 Need for additional maintenance
 Need for additional support
 Longer constructional time
Truss Bridge
 Truss Bridge
Truss Bridge
 Components of Truss Bridge
 Truss: Truss is a systematically interconnected group of steel or iron bars and
rods, which are interdependent on one another in order to create strength and
turgidity in the skeleton of the truss
 Stringer: Stingers, in a truss bridge, are used instead of beams in beam-bridges.
 Floor Beam: Short length beams which connect the main stringers at different
points.
 Deck of the Bridge
 Piers/ Abutments

Truss Bridge
 Components of Truss Bridge
Common Bridge Trusses

 The Pratt, Howe, and Warren trusses are
normally used for spans up to 61m in
length.
 Most common form is the Warren truss

with verticals.
 Warren truss with verticals can also be

fabricated in this manner for spans up
to 91 m.
 For larger spans, a truss with a polygonal

upper cord, such as the Parker truss, is
used for some savings in material. 28
Common Bridge Trusses

 The economy of material is obtained if the diagonals
have a slope between 45° and 60° with the
horizontal. If this rule is maintained, then for spans
greater than 91 m, the depth of the truss must
increase and consequently the panels will get longer.
 This results in a heavy deck system and, to keep the
weight of the deck within tolerable limits,
subdivided truss is developed.
 Typical examples include the Baltimore and
subdivided Warren trusses.
 The K-truss shown can also be used in place of a
subdivided truss, since it accomplishes the same
purpose.
29
Truss Bridge
 Advantages of Truss Bridge
 One of the lightest bridge options available to the builders
 Place traffic on top of the structure instead of within it
 Easy to mantle the elements of the truss
 Built from multiple materials
 Extremely adaptable to changing conditions In Canada
 Offer a superior level of strength

 Disadvantages of Truss Bridge
 Sometimes become structurally unsound quickly
 require perfect construction
 require architectural and engineering specialists
Mahatma Gandhi Setu
 require a higher level of ongoing maintenance.
Truss Bridge
 Distinctive Features of Truss Bridge
 The primary member forces are axial loads
 The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth than for an
equivalent solid web girder, hence reduced deflections and rigid structure
 Both these factors lead to Economy in material and a reduced dead weight
 These advantages are achieved at the expense of increased fabrication and
maintenance costs
 Other bridge types have rendered the truss bridge types less likely to be used
due to its high maintenance and fabrication costs.
 The truss is instead being used widely as the stiffening structure for the
suspension bridges due to its acceptable aerodynamic behavior since the wind
gusts can pass through the truss as is not with the case in girder, arch bridges.
Truss Bridge
 Distinctive Features of Truss Bridge
 It’s a light weight structure it can be assembled member by member using

lifting equipment of small capacity.
 Rarely aesthetically pleasing complexity of member intersections if viewed

from oblique direction
 In large span structures poor aesthetic appearance of the truss bridge is

compensated with the large scale of the structure. For moderate spans its best
to provide a simple and regular structure

Suspension Bridges
 It is a type bridge in which the load bearing part of the bridge (Deck) is hung
below the suspension cables on the vertical suspenders.
 It is one of the most beautiful special bridges, which is a dream of structural
engineers to design.
Suspension Bridge
 Components of Suspension bridge
 Girder
 Main cable
 Pylon/ Tower
 Suspender
 Anchorage
 Saddle
Components of a Suspension Bridge

 Anchor Block: Just looking at the figure we can compare it as a dead man having
no function of its own other than its weight.
 Suspension girder: It is a girder built into a suspension bridge to distribute the
loads uniformly among the suspenders and thus to reduce the local deflections
under concentrated loads.
 Suspenders: a vertical hanger in a suspension bridge by which the road is carried
on the cables.
 Pylon/ Tower: Towers transfers compression forces to the foundation through
piers.
 Saddles: A steel block over the towers of a suspension bridge which acts as a
bearing surface for the cable passing over it.
 Cables: Members that take tensile forces and transmit it through saddles to towers
and rest of the forces to anchorage block.
Suspension Bridges
 Types of Suspension Bridges
 Suspension bridges can be classified by the following criteria:
 Girder Type:
» 2 hinged stiffening
» Continuous
 Cable anchor method
» Externally-anchored type
» Self-anchored type
 Cable and hanger method
» Vertical suspenders
» Diagonal suspenders
» Combined suspension
» Cable-stayed system
Suspension Bridges
 Girder Type:
• statically determinate structure
• statically indeterminate structures
» Continuous
• used when external loads are large, such as in road rail bridges,
because they increase the stiffness of suspension bridges and
reduce the amount of deflection.
Suspension Bridges
 Cable anchor method
» Externally-anchored type
» Self-anchored type
Externally-anchored type Self-anchored type

Suspension Bridges
 Cable and hanger/Suspender method
» Vertical suspenders
» Diagonal suspenders
» Combined suspension
» Cable-stayed system
Hybrid cable-stayed and suspension bridge
Vertical suspenders
Diagonal suspenders
Suspension Bridges
 Advantages of Suspension Bridges
 Suspension bridges are relatively affordable to construct
 Bridges using this technique can cover long spans
 Easy to maintain suspension bridges when compared to other styles
 Suspension bridges provide a landmark for many communities
 more flexibility with the configuration of the suspension bridge
 less time to build suspension bridges when compared to other designs
 Underspanned suspension bridges are a possibility
 Disadvantages of Suspension Bridges

 Suspension bridges can struggle to support focused heavy weights
 High winds can cause a suspension bridge to start vibrating
 Less flexibility with a suspension bridge
 Suspension bridges have a lower deck stiffness compared to other designs
 Some suspension bridges require extensive foundation work
 failure of one cable can be enough to cause the entire bridge to collapse
Suspension Bridges
 Distinctive Features of Suspension Bridge
 Major element is a flexible cable, shaped and supported in such a way that it
transfers the loads to the towers and anchorage
 This cable is commonly constructed from High Strength wires, either spun in
situ or formed from component, spirally formed wire ropes. In either case
allowable stresses are high of the order of 600 MPA
 The deck is hung from the cable by Hangers constructed of high strength ropes
in tension
 As in the long spans the Self-weight of the structures becomes significant, so
the use of high strength steel in tension, primarily in cables and secondarily in
hangers leads to an economical structure.
 The economy of the cable must be balanced against the cost of the associated
anchorage and towers. The anchorage cost may be high where foundation
material is poor
Suspension Bridges
 Distinctive Features of Suspension Bridge
 The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening trusses or by a system of
girders at deck level.
 This stiffening system serves to (a) control aerodynamic movements and (b)
limit local angle changes in the deck. It may be unnecessary in cases where the
dead load is great.
 The complete structure can be erected without intermediate staging from the
ground.
 The main structure is elegant and neatly expresses its function.
 It is the only alternative for spans over 600m, and it is generally regarded as
competitive for spans down to 300m. However, shorter spans have also been
built, including some very attractive pedestrian bridges.
 The height of the main towers can be a disadvantage in some areas; for example,
within the approach road for an AIRPORT.
Cable-stayed Bridges
 Cable-stayed bridge is a cable supported bridge.
 in which one or multiple pylons are installed in the middle of the bridge and
girder segments are connected to the pylons by a cable.
 In this type of bridges, the shape of pylons, the shape of girders, and the
cable arrangement can be freely designed
» by adjusting the tension of the cable forces, the bending moment of the girder
can also be reduced.
Rion-Antirion bridge, Greece
Bandra-Borli sea link

 Components of a Cable-Stayed Bridge
 Pylon/Tower
 Girder/Deck
 Cable stay
 Cable Anchorage
 Support system
 Pylons/ Towers: it support the cables and transfer the loads to the ground
through the cables.
 Shape of pylons/towers depends on the shape of the cable stays.
 Girders/ Decks: main purpose is to accommodate the traffic to pass.
 Made up of steel girders, steel composite girders, concrete girders
 Cable stay: cables used on cable-stayed bridges are tension members that cannot
resist bending or compression, such as ropes, wires, chains, etc. can only support
axial tension.
 Tensile strength of the cables is usually around 1,600 to 1,860 Mpa.
 Cable Anchorages:
 at Girders: the tensile forces on the cables are divided into horizontal and
vertical components, which are then transmitted to the girders.
 At pylon/ tower: transfer the locally concentrated cable tensile forces
directly to the pylons/towers.

 Support system: boundary conditions between the crossbeams of a pylon and the
stiffened girders affect the behavior of the entire bridge structure.
 Boundary conditions are classified into three categories:
» Floating system without a support
» Support system
» Frame system with stiffened girders and pylons
Frame system
Floating system Shoe Support (bearing) System
 Advantages of Cable Stayed Bridges
 Cable-stayed bridges take less time to complete than other options
 strength of a cable-stayed bridge is unquestionable
 can be significantly cheaper to build a cable-stayed bridge
 Cable-stayed bridges can be constructed to almost any length
 multiple design options from which to choose with a cable-stayed bridge
 design of the cable-stayed bridge supports itself
 Cable-stayed bridges offer the possibility of a symmetrical design
 Disadvantages of Cable Stayed Bridges
 Cable-stayed bridges do have a maximum length to consider
 design option can become unstable in specific environments
 Cable-stayed bridges can be challenging to inspect and repair
 design that can sometimes be susceptible to rust or corrosion
 Distinctive Features of Cable-stayed Bridge
 The use of high strength cables in tension leads to economy in material, weight, and cost..
 As compared with the stiffened suspension bridge, the cables are straight rather than
curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater
 The cables are anchored to the deck and cause compressive forces in the deck. For
economical design, the deck must participate in carrying these forces
 All individual cables are shorter than full length of the superstructure. They are normally
constructed of individual wire ropes, supplied complete with end fittings, prestretched and
not spun.
 There is a great freedom of choice in selecting the structural arrangement
 Less efficient under Dead Load but more efficient in support Live Load. It is economical
over 100-350m, some designer would extend the upper bound as high as 800m
 Aerodynamic stability has not been found to be a problem in structures erected to date
 When the cables are arranged in the single plane, at the longitudinal center line of the
deck, the appearance of the structure is simplified and avoids cable intersections when the
bridge is viewed obliquely. Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 50
Cantilever Bridges
 Assignment
 What is cantilever bridge?
 What are different components of cantilever bridge? Discuss each components
briefly. Show each components in figure.
 What are the different types of cantilever bridge?
 Write advantages and disadvantages cantilever bridge?
Infrastructure
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Elements of Civil Engineering

Dr. Shiv Shankar Kumar

Usage Pedestrian Highway Railroad

Span length Short Medium Long

Structural Form Slab Girder Truss Arch

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 2

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 3

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 4

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 5

 Deck of the Bridges

 Parapet of the bridge

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 9

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 10

Main function of the

 Usually used for Short and Medium spans

 Carry load in Shear and Flexural bending

 Efficient distribution of material is not possible

 Stability concerns limits the stresses and associated economy

 Economical and long lasting solution for vast majority of bridges

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 12

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 13

Deck arch bridge Deck arch bridge

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 16

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 17

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 18

 Hangers can be designed as I-

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 19

 Through Arch Bridge

 Arch action reduces bending moments ( that is Tensile Stresses )

 Economical as compared to equivalent straight simply supported Girder or

 Suitable site is a Valley with arch foundations on a DRY ROCK SLOPES

 Arch is predominantly a Compression member. Buckling must be worked to

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 21

 Classic arch form tends to favor Concrete as a construction material

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 24

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 25

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 26

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 27

Common Bridge Trusses

 Most common form is the Warren truss

 Warren truss with verticals can also be

 For larger spans, a truss with a polygonal

Common Bridge Trusses

 Offer a superior level of strength

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 31

 It’s a light weight structure it can be assembled member by member using

 Rarely aesthetically pleasing complexity of member intersections if viewed

 In large span structures poor aesthetic appearance of the truss bridge is

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 32

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 33

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 34

Components of a Suspension Bridge

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 37

Externally-anchored type Self-anchored type

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 38

 Disadvantages of Suspension Bridges

Elements of Civil Engg. (Dr. Shiv) 43

Bandra-Borli sea link