Original Article

An in vitro evaluation of dentinal microcrack formation during

root canal preparations by three different nickel–titanium
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systems: ProTaper Gold, HyFlex CM, and Silk

L. Krishna Prasada, K. Suhas, U. Akshay Kumar Pai
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC1y0abggQZXdtwnfKZBYtws= on 04/21/2024

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
Aim: This study aimed to compare the frequency of dentinal microcracks after root canal shaping with three different nickel–titanium (NiTi)
systems, namely, ProTaper Gold (PG), HyFlex CM (HCM), and Silk.
Methods: One hundred mandibular premolars with a single canal were chosen for this study. All specimens were decoronated and divided
into four groups of 25 each. Teeth were mounted in the acrylic block with simulated periodontal ligaments. Group I served as a negative control
Group, in which no treatment was performed. Biomechanical preparation was done in the Group II, using the Protaper gold file system. Group
III, using the Hyflex CM file system and Group IV, using the Silk file system. Specimens were horizontally sectioned at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the
apex using the low‑speed diamond disc under water cooling. The slices were then viewed under a stereomicroscope at ×25 to determine the
presence of cracks. The absence or presence of cracks was recorded, and the data were analyzed with a Chi‑square test. The significance
level was set at P < 0.05.
Results: Coronal section showed lesser crack formation in all three groups after biomechanical preparation.More number of dentinal
microcracks were seen in the apical sections, followed by the middle and the coronal sections in Group II (PG), followed by Group IV (Silk), and
Group III (HCM), respectively. Group II showed more microcracks at all three levels of the root canals when compared with Groups III and IV.
Intergroup analysis showed no statistically significant difference in microcrack formation.
Conclusion: Within the limitation of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that NiTi instruments may cause cracks on the root surface. HCM
and Silk files tend to produce a less number of cracks as compared to PG instruments.

Keywords: Dentinal microcrack, root canal preparations, vertical root fracture

INTRODUCTION of vertical root fracture (VRF).[3] The amount of dentin structure

The thorough cleaning and shape of root canals are essential
for the success of endodontic treatment. When paired with
complete irrigation, mechanical instrumentation aids in the
elimination of germs and contaminated dentin. Biomechanical
preparation aids in the creation of enough space for irrigation
and three‑dimensional obturation.[1,2] However, dentinal flaws
and microcracks or craze lines can result from localized stress
concentrations in some parts of the canal, increasing the risk
Submitted: 05-Jun-2023 Revised: 14-Aug-2023
Accepted: 22-Aug-2023 Available Online: 25-Mar-2024
that remains determines how strong a root‑filled tooth will be,
and larger taper files remove more dentin from root canals,
making them more vulnerable to VRF.[4]
Endodontics has made the use of nickel–titanium (Ni‑Ti) alloys
because of their improved flexibility and cutting power. Ni‑Ti
Address for correspondence: Dr. U. Akshay Kumar Pai,
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KVG
Dental College and Hospital, Kurunjibagh, Sullia ‑ 574 327,
Karnataka, India.
E‑mail: akshaykumarumesh@gmail.com

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How to cite this article: Prasada LK, Suhas K, Pai UA. An in vitro
DOI:
evaluation of dentinal microcrack formation during root canal preparations
10.4103/endo.endo_100_23 by three different nickel–titanium systems: ProTaper Gold, HyFlex CM,
and Silk. Endodontology 2024;36:30-4.

30 © 2024 Endodontology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow

 Prasada, et al.: Dentinal crack evaluation with three file systems
files provide many benefits, including the ability to preserve
the natural root canal geometry and stop abnormalities from
developing.[5] ProTaper universal offers more than double the
resistance to cycle fatigue, whereas ProTaper Gold (PG) offers
simplicity, cleanly tapered designs, predictable performance,
and trust.[6] HyFlex CM (HCM) files are created using a novel
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NiTi wire that has undergone specialized thermomechanical
processing.[7]
Silk uses the fewest number of tools possible while providing
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC1y0abggQZXdtwnfKZBYtws= on 04/21/2024
effective and secure canal shaping. The “screwing‑in” effect
is eliminated by its distinctive cross‑sectional teardrop
shape, which cuts exceedingly well and resists fracture.
Excellent flexibility is provided by ground‑breaking unique
heat treatment without compromising effectiveness or
safety.[8] Endoscopy, infrared thermography, microcomputed
tomography, optical coherence tomography, stereomicroscopy,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), staining, synchrotron,
transillumination, and transmission microscopy are a few
different techniques for analyzing dentinal cracks that have
occurred. The effect of root canal therapy operations on root
dentin was assessed using sectioning and stereomicroscopic
methods.[9]
The present study aims to evaluate the dentinal microcrack
formation during root canal preparation using three latest
NiTi rotary file systems, namely, PG, HCM, and Mani Silk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample selection
One hundred single‑rooted mandibular premolars that had
been extracted for reasons unrelated to this study were
collected and kept in distilled water.
The teeth were divided under water cooling with a diamond
disc (Car abrasives, Bangalore, India) at 16 mm from the apex
to maintain uniformity. Aluminum foil was applied in a single
layer over the roots. The root was put into an acrylic tube
and resin. The aluminum foil was then hanging from the root
surface after the roots had been withdrawn from the acrylic
tube. The root was returned to the impression, and the area
left by the foil was filled with a light‑body silicon‑based
substance that mimicked the periodontal ligament (PDL). By
inserting a size 10 K‑type file (Mani Inc., Japan) into the root
canal terminus and deducting 1 mm from this measurement,
the working lengths of the canals were calculated. A size
15 K file (Mani Inc, Japan) was used to create a glide path.
A size 20 K file (Mani Inc., Japan) was used to finish the
apical preparation. After every instrument changed, the
root canal was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite solution.
Endodontology / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / January‑March 2024
The specimens from the prepared groups were washed with
distilled water after processing. In three groups, the root
canal shaping treatments were completed to the full working
length with:
Negative control [Group 1]
Twenty‑five teeth were left unprepared as the negative
control group.
ProTaper gold (Dentsply, Maillefer) [Group 2]
The root preparation of the specimens in this group
was carried out using the torque‑controlled endodontic
motor (X‑Smart; Dentsply Maillefer) using the PG NiTi rotary
file system’s SX (19/.04), S1 (18/.02), S2 (20/.04), F1 (20/.07),
and F2 (25/.08) files in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
HyFlex CM (Coltene, Switzerland) [Group 3]
The root preparation of the specimens in this group was
carried out using the 25/0.08, 20/0.04, 25/0.04, 20/0.06, and
25/0.06 NiTi file system in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions at 500 rpm and 2.5 Ncm torque utilizing the
torque‑controlled endodontic motor (X‑Smart; Dentsply
Maillefer).
Silk (Mani Inc., Japan) [Group 4]
The canals were prepared with Silk files sequentially
according to the manufacturer’s recommendations using
the torque‑controlled endodontic motor (X‑Smart; Dentsply
Maillefer). The Silk files were used in the sequence of Orifice
opener file 25/0.08, followed by 20/0.06 and 25/0.06 up to
the working length.
Sectioning and microscopic examination
All of the roots were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis
at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex using a low‑speed diamond
disc (Car abrasives, Bangalore, India) under water cooling.
Criteria for detection of cracks
The terms “no defect” and “defect” have been separated
into two groups to prevent confusion while describing root
fractures. The term “no defect” was used to describe root
dentin free of any craze lines or microcracks on either the
internal or external surface of the root canal wall. Any lines,
microscopic fractures, or fractures in the root dentin were
considered defects.
RESULTS
For this investigation, 100 single‑rooted mandibular premolars
were chosen. Four groups, namely, Group I (Negative
control), Group II (PG), Group III (HCM), and Group IV (Silk),
31
 Prasada, et al.: Dentinal crack evaluation with three file systems

were formed from all the samples. In the negative control
group (unprepared), no cracks were seen. In none of the
groups, VRFs were seen. For all groups, the most cracks were
seen near the apical part. According to Table 1, PG has the
most cracks, followed by Silk and HCM.
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When under stress, the martensite structure can untwin,
but the strain must be practically constant or just slightly
rising. Unlike many other alloys, which can only withstand
0.1% to 0.2% of the strain, this atom‑shifting phenomenon
can withstand up to 8% of the strain.[17]

DISCUSSION Because of their great flexibility, NiTi alloys are employed

in root canal‑shaping devices. Over a limited temperature
Endodontic therapy seeks to provide the root canal space range, stress from the austenitic phase can promote
with a continually tapered shape to improve the rheology martensitic transition. Austenitic NiTi activation results in an
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of the area.[10] Stainless steel devices had a propensity to
straighten curved canals until the early 1990s, which caused
mistakes throughout the procedure.[11] NiTi alloys are a useful
addition to the endodontic toolkit because of their improved
flexibility and decreased stiffness. Clinical sequences and file
design are simpler to follow when modified, whereas alloy
modification may be more difficult.[12]
NiTi alloys produce the intermetallic compounds Ni3Ti,
NiTi, and NiTi2. The alloy’s transition temperature and,
consequently, its mechanical properties will change by 10°C
for every 0.1% change in composition. As NiTi is heated,
austenite, a body‑centered cubic structure, is seen. Up to a
certain point, cooling causes the conventional linear thermal
contraction; after that point, the contraction speeds up. At
a certain point, further cooling causes a linear contraction
rate, indicating that the alloy’s martensite phase content has
reached 100%.[13,14]
When martensite is heated again, the metallurgical process will
eventually be reversed, producing an austenite phase with As and
Af; As start (As) and Af finish (Af) points. There is also a third phase,
known as the rhombohedral phase or R‑phase, although it only
manifests during cooling before the martensitic transformation is
finished. The location of the atom in subsequent planes relative
to that in a randomly selected reference plane is reflected by the
face‑centered cubic planar organization. The crystal is referred
to as twinned if the stacking order is reversed. This nondiffusive
process should occur atom by atom, with each atom maintaining
the positions of all the near neighbors.[14‑16]
elastic deformation with a linear stress/strain curve. When a
significant reversible deformation happens when stress seems
constant (at a plateau), superelasticity has occurred.[18] The
martensitic transition that takes place at the crystallographic
level is what causes this superelastic behavior. Both normal
austenitic elasticity and the pseudoelastic deformation
brought on by phase shift will be reversible if the load is
released before reaching the plastic deformation limit.[19‑21]
However, because of the hysteresis phenomena, the loading
and unloading curves would not mach. To achieve the
necessary final transformation temperatures, NiTi alloys
must adhere to rigorous controls on the nickel to titanium
ratios. Die drawing procedures are used to create circular
section wires, and to produce the desired output, numerous
reductions and frequent interpass annealing in the
600°C–800°C range are needed.[22]
Small, evenly spaced gaps caused by the manufacturing
process were visible on the shattered surfaces of NiTi devices
when viewed under SEM at high magnification. These voids,
known as the Kirkendall porosity, are produced by the
difference in diffusion speeds between the two components.
The Kirkendall porosity distribution and size in NiTi are a
result of the alloy’s particular metallurgical processes.[23]
According to a theory put up by Milani et al., hydrogen
embrittlement is caused by hydride phases that are produced
when hydrogen is absorbed into the alloy by oral liquids.[24]
According to Milani et al., these phases mainly occur close to
the alloy surface, and when outside forces cause deformation

Table 1: Dentinal crack formation in different groups at different levels

Groups Sample size Dentinal cracks Apical section Middle section Coronal section
No % No % No %
Control 25 Present 00 00 00 00 00 00
Absent 25 100 25 100 25 100
ProTaper Gold 25 Present 13 52.0 9 36.0 8 32.0
Absent 12 48.0 16 64.0 17 68.0
HyFlex CM 25 Present 10 40.0 7 28.0 6 24.0
Absent 15 60.0 18 72.0 19 76.0
Silk 25 Present 12 48.0 9 36.0 7 28.0
Absent 13 52.0 16 64.0 18 72.0

32 Endodontology / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / January‑March 2024

 Prasada, et al.: Dentinal crack evaluation with three file systems
or abrasion, microcracks appear on the surface. When NiTi
is exposed to biological medium, hydrogen adsorption is
probably going to play a significant role in deciding how long
it lasts. Although it is doubtful that this would be a problem
during routine clinical usage, it may matter during cleaning
or sterilization procedures.[24]
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However, the enthusiasm for using rotary root canal
instrumentation may also lead to excessive dentin removal,
which increases stress and friction on the walls of the root
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canals and may hasten the development of dentinal fissures
or craze lines. Recent research has demonstrated that canal
instrumentation may also result in dentinal fractures.[25]
Studies that concentrated on the different rotational tools
revealed that these methods increased the incidence of
dentinal fracture.[26,27] Bürklein et al. showed that NiTi
instruments are continuously being created with novel design
characteristics with regard to tip size, taper, helix angle,
cross‑section, and pitch in an effort to correct the canal
preparation faults. VRF is a major clinical issue that frequently
jeopardizes a tooth’s prognosis. Endodontic procedures are
generally blamed as the main cause of VRF.[28]
This study removed samples with cracks or numerous canals
and compared teeth of comparable sizes. All of the teeth were
examined for preexisting fractures or cracks, but the control
group had none.[29‑31] Since the control teeth had no flaws,
the sectioning method had no effect on the development
of cracks. Studies that examine the impact of forces on the
crack development or fracture strength must simulate the
PDL, which plays a significant role in dissipating stress caused
by load application to the teeth. The nonlinear viscoelastic
characteristics of elastomeric impression materials are
comparable to those of PDL, yet there is no uniform and
accepted experimental design for PDL modeling.[32]
In this study, the impact of PG, HCM, and Silk tools on dentinal
crack development was assessed. Coronal sections had fewer
microcracks than middle and apical sections, according to the
results. Group II (PG) had the most microcracks, followed by
Group IV (Silk), and Group III (HCM) had the fewest. Dentinal
microcrack development in coronal sections was compared
across groups, but no statistically significant differences
were found.
According to this study, Group II (PG) had the most microcracks
in the center parts, followed by Group IV (Silk), whereas
Group III (HCM) had the least. Dentinal microcrack development
in the middle portions was compared across groups, but no
statistically significant differences were found. According to
earlier research by Pedrinha et al., the majority of microcracks
were found at the apical portion (3 mm) for all studied samples.
Endodontology / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / January‑March 2024
Group II was observed to have more microcracks in the apical
portions than Group III or Group IV. This could be because
rotary files put the most strain on the apical portion of the
root canals when cleaning and shaping them.[33] According to
earlier research, fracture development may be influenced by
the cross‑sectional geometry, constant or changing pitch, taper,
and flute shape of the rotary instruments.[33]
Controlled memory by HyFlex NiTi files features a special
method for managing the material’s memory, which
enables them to keep the canal’s form even when they
are outside of the canal. Due to their high flexibility and
little taper, they are especially beneficial in instances with
curved canals.[34] A revolutionary and exclusive procedure
is used to heat treat Silk instruments from the tip end
to 10 mm up the cutting flutes, giving them outstanding
strength and flexibility.[35]
When compared to Silk in this investigation, HCM
demonstrated fewer microcrack developments. The number
of files utilized by both systems may help to explain this.
Reduced stress on the dentinal surface caused by individual
files when more files are employed for biomechanical
preparation.[36]
A drawback of this study might be the standardization
of speed and torque parameters for various file systems.
Standardizing the downward force used during each
instrumentation was also challenging. In addition, teeth with
simple anatomical structures and straight root canals were
placed on the resin blocks, which might not always accurately
reflect a clinical appearance. Unfortunately, the study’s in vitro
setting limits its practical applicability due to differences in
the study design and evaluation methodology. The validity
of this in vitro study, however, is well understood by having
more clinical trials; hence, more randomized controlled
clinical studies are advised.
CONCLUSION
This in vitro study indicated that all methods that were
evaluated tend to generate varied degrees of dentinal
injury during root canal preparation. Group I (control group)
revealed no fractures, indicating that the microcracks found
were due to the preparation operations with NiTi rotary
files. Group II (PG) Rotary files caused greater microcracks
at all three levels of the root canals as compared with
Group III (HCM) and Group IV (Silk). In Group IV, a reduced
number of cracks were detected, but a larger number
of cracks compared to Group III. HCM created the least
amount of microcracks. Intergroup comparison indicated
33
 Prasada, et al.: Dentinal crack evaluation with three file systems
no statistically significant difference at coronal, middle, and
apical sections on the dentinal microcrack development, but
the intragroup analysis found a significant difference in the
apical section, middle section, and coronal section.
Financial support and sponsorship
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Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC1y0abggQZXdtwnfKZBYtws= on 04/21/2024
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