Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

- Computer Networks-

 A computer network is a collection(group) of two or more computers linked to each other that
enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data,
and applications.

Types of computer networks

1. LAN (Local Area Network)

 Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small
area such as building, office (a small geographical location).
 LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
 Examples: School Computer Lab, Network within an office

2. PAN (Personal Area Network)

 Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
 There are 2 types of PANS as,
1. Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.
2. Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.
 Examples: Body Area Network, Offline Network, Small Home Office

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

 A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area
by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
 In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
 Examples: Banks in a city, University, Military Area

4. WAN (Wide Area Network

 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.
 Examples: Internet, Mobile Broadband

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

Network Devices
1. Modem - The modem is used to convert digital signal to analog and analog signal to digital.
2. Router - Connects the LAN to the internet
3. Network Interface Card (NIC) - Provides the hardware interface needed for networking
4. Switch - Central device that coordinates the flow of data by sending messages directly
between sender and receiver
5. Hub - Central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices
6. Wireless Base Station - A fixed communication location
7. Mobile communication - Communication over a wireless network
a. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
b. GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)

Transmission media

1. Guided Media

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

2. Unguided Media

Network Architecture
 Computer Network Architecture is defined as the physical and logical design of the
software, hardware, protocols, and media of the transmission of data. Simply we can say
that how computers are organized and how tasks are allocated to the computer.
 There are 3 types of Network Architectures as follows,
1. Client/Server network
2. Peer-To-Peer network
3. Hybrid network

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

Wired and Wireless Networks

 Wired Network: Uses physical cables to communicate between different devices and computer
systems
 Wireless Network: Uses the air (signals) to communicate between different devices and
computer systems

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

- Internet & Emails -

What is internet?
A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

Basic requirements needed to access the internet

1. Device (Computer etc.)
2. ISP - Internet Service Provider
3. Connecting device (NIC, Modem /Router etc.)
4. Web browser software

Services provided by internet

1. WWW (World Wide Web)
2. Electronic Mail (E-mail)
3. News Groups
4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
5. Voice / Video Communication
6. IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
7. Streaming media

URI - Uniform Resource Identifier

A Uniform Resource Identifier is a unique sequence of characters (strings) that identifies a
logical or physical resource used by web technologies/protocols.

URL - Uniform Resource locator

• Every Website has a unique address. This address is known as Uniform Resource Locator
(URL)
• Parts of an URL,

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

URI vs URL

Web browsers
A web browser is a program (application software) that is used to access, navigate and view
websites.

Search Engines
A search engine is a web based software that is designed to carry out web searches (Internet
searches), which means to search the World Wide Web according to a specified keyword or
phrase given by user.

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

Electronic mails (E-mails)

• E-mail or electronic mail is a method used to exchange messages over the Internet.
• An email ID (Address) is needed to communicate by email.
• You can create free email accounts in websites like google.com, yahoo.com, hotmail.com, etc.

How to create an email account?

Follow these steps to create a Gmail account:

1. Enter your first and last name.

2. Choose a username for your account. If you prefer to use an existing email address,
choose the I prefer to use my current email. Address option located below the
username field. Be aware that the username you choose will be the name that others see
if you choose to use other Google services like YouTube or Google Docs.

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

3. Enter a password. Type the password again to confirm it is accurate. Choose a strong
password to keep your account protected. It is recommended that you use alternate
characters and a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.
4. Enter the month, day, and year of your birthday in the specified fields.
5. Choose a gender option. You must make a choice here. You can choose the Rather not
say option if you do not want to be identified by your gender.

6. Provide your mobile phone number.

7. If your country is not accurate, select the flag in the left corner of this field to choose
the correct country.
8. Type in your current email address in the field provided.
9. Choose your location from the drop-down menu.
10. Select the Next Step button. Google provides its Terms of Service. You must agree to
the terms to continue creating your account.
11. After reviewing, select the I Agree button. You will see the Verify Account page.

12. Provide your phone number and select your preferred method of contact. You will
receive a code via text message or phone call.
13. Enter the code in the box provided. Select the Continue button.

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

You now have a Google account! Google will be automatically directed to the My
Accounts page.
14. From the My Accounts page, choose the Gmail icon from the top of the page or from
the apps menu in the upper right corner.

Google provides a series of instructions for your Gmail account.

15. Choose the Next button until you reach the end of the instructions.
16. On the final screen, select the Go to Gmail button.

You will be taken to your Gmail account. Congratulations! Your Gmail account is ready
for use.

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

Headers in an email

To - Is used to enter the main recipients email addresses.

Cc - Stands for Carbon Copy. The Cc field is for people who want to aware about the
message, but are not directly involved.

Bcc - Stands for Blind Carbon Copy: Which is similar to Cc, but the recipients in the To or
Cc fields cannot see that a copy sent to these addresses in the Bcc field.

Subject - Used to insert the topic for the message.

Attachments - Allows attaching files such as documents or images with emails.

Reply - To reply a someone's email message, without composing a new message, using
“Reply" facility a replay can be sent.

Forward - To forward a someone's email message to another person "Forward" facility can be
used.

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

- Social Networking & Internet of things (IoT) –

Social Networking
Social networking sites focus on connecting people and organizations that share a
common interest or activity. Facebook, Google+, and LinkedIn are some of them.

Text messaging: Also known as texting or SMS (short message service), is the process
of sending a short electronic message.
Instant messaging (IM): Allows two or more people to chat online with each other via
text transmission over the internet.

Blogs and Micro blogs

Helps people to communicate across the web. This communication offers greater
flexibility and security. It allows the users to publish short text and updates.

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is using the Internet remote servers to store, manage and process data
rather than using local servers or personal computers.

Internet of things (IoT)

 The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also
referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which
enable these objects to collect and exchange data
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that
feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs
between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems

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Computer networks GIT | Lesson 06

Characteristics of IOT
 Interconnectivity: Anything can be interconnected with the global information and
 communication infrastructure
 Architecture: Based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with
other devices or service platforms through different networks
 Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically
 Everything-as-a-service: Consuming resources as a service
 Time considerations: Billions of parallel and simultaneous events
 Intelligence: Knowledge extraction from the generated data

Need of IOT
 Automation: Everything in home need to monitor and control
 e.g.:- air condition, security lock, refrigerator, heating, ventilation, telephone etc.
 Infrastructure Management: Infrastructures such as railway, bridge etc., have to monitor and
track for reduce risk of failure and danger.
 Environmental Monitoring: e.g.:- We can prevent damages and losses with the support of
earthquake or tsunami warning systems.

IOT Enabling Technologies

 RFID (radio-frequency identification): To identify and track the data of things
 Sensor: To Collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of things
 Smart technology: To enhance the power of the network by developing processing capabilities
to different part of the network
 Nano Technology: To make the smaller things have the ability to connect and interact

IoT Applications
 Smart Cities
 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid
 Smart Transportation and Mobility
o IoT enabling traffic management and control:
o IoT enabling new transport scenarios (multi-modal transport):
 Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure
 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing
 Smart Health
 Food and Water Tracking and Security

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