Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02072-1

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Improved data transmission using Li‑Fi technology for home

automation application
P. M. Benson Mansingh1 · M. Yuvaraju2

Received: 9 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 April 2020

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
In recent times, home automation is preferred to be an important addenda in modern homes for several purposes like safety,
security etc. The home automation is a local network management for smaller enterprises and home, which are interconnected
with tons of devices via wireless technologies. The major operation of the home automation application involves acquisition
or rapid collection of data from the input devices. With increasing data transmission from the devices via local wireless
network management, the overhead of data communication increases. Such conditions gets even worse in the low speed
network. In order to ensure increased communication speed with low latency, the proposed method uses Li-Fi communica-
tion technology to transfer the data between the local wireless network management systems in home automation system.
The proposed study develops a local Li-Fi network management framework with Li-Fi technology and its adaptability over
the home automation network. The study hence improves operating speed of the network such that it achieves packet load
balancing, energy efficiency and low latency.

Keywords Home automation · Li-fi communication · Local network management · Home gateway

1 Introduction is financially more demanding to create such a functional

Information Technology is regarded as a major contributor
for economic and social development. The development of
technology creates an increased opportunities that helps in
improving the innovation needs and increases the demands
of users. Although in many regions the smart wiring concept
is too widely spread, more and more systems that comple-
ment this sector emerge on the market over time. Innovative
household and building management technologies replace
conventional wiring with intelligent facilities (Sulaj et al.
2018).
Smart installations is used for combining economic opera-
tion, technological development and integrating the technol-
ogy inside a building, which creates an efficient user-friendly
environment by considering the needs of user and manages
effectively the entire system in an economical manner. It
* P. M. Benson Mansingh
benyuva@gmail.com
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna
University Regional Campus, Coimbatore, India
system, but it offers more flexibility and prospects.
In recent years, the concept of intelligent homes has been
well investigated and developed and has become an ultimate
concept that refers to various characteristics of human lives,
and that has been regarded as an intelligent living (Solaim-
ani et al. 2015). The fact that large proportions of people
spend their lives at home makes Smart Home a major space
among other intelligent spaces. There exist several solutions
through technology and that impacts human lives with quali-
fied living. This helps in raising the concerns regarding wire-
less radio technology, where it impacts the human health.
Recent studies in electromagnetic radiation with epide-
miological experiments shows unwanted biological impli-
cations. Increased probability of memory and cancer prob-
lems, altered activity in brainwaves, neurological disorders,
insomnia, serious headaches, decreased response time, ear
ringing, chronic pain, weakness and difficulties in breathing
(Lin 2016). Due to the concerns raised, wireless non-radio
technologies appear to be one of the other solutions, espe-
cially home automation (Resendes et al. 2014; Poncela et al.
2019; Mekuria et al. 2019; Egarter et al. 2016; Plantevin
et al. 2019; Sivaram et al. 2019a, b; Sivaram et al. 2019a,

13
Vol.:(0123456789)

b; Yuvaraj et al. 2018, 2019), that are used in smart living
technologies.
Li-Fi (Tsonev et al. 2014; Islim and Haas 2016; Bao et al.
2015; Surampudi and Ganti 2018; Albraheem et al. 2018) is
the term for describing the visible technology for high-speed
wireless connection. Li-Fi is more similar to Wi-Fi, but Li-Fi
uses the light instead of the radio signals in Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is
considered to be ideal in case of buildings with wireless cov-
erage, and the utilization of Li-Fi technology is suitable for
high coverage density in closed spaces and reducing radio
interference problems (Lumoindong et al. 2018).
In this paper, Li-Fi communication technology is used
to reduce the latency by increasing the transmission speed
between the local wireless network management systems in
Home Automation system.
The main contribution of the work includes.
• Designing of an architecture that adopts with Li-Fi com-
munication technology that enables the faster transmis-
sion of data packets between the devices and a common
gateway.
• A flexible architecture is designed specifically for home
automation system to ensure that the communication
latency is low.
• This method integrates the Li-Fi communication with
home automation system i.e., integrated through a gate-
way, where the gateway is responsible for providing sim-
ple user interface, network interoperability and provides
remote access between the systems.
• Finally, the study aims to evaluate the energy efficiency
and communication latency between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi
based home automation system.
The outline of the paper is given below: Sect. 2 pro-
vides the discussion of existing technologies used in home
automation system. Section 3 discusses the details of the
proposed architecture and Sect. 4 evaluates the proposed
method. Finally, the Sect. 5 concludes the entire work.
2 Related works
This section provides the details of existing methods
adopted to improve the communication in smart homes,
which are based on both Wi-Fi communication and Li-Fi
communication.
2.1 Wi‑Fi based smart homes
Introduced Zi-Wi (Froiz-Miguez et al. 2018), a distrib-
uted fog computing system that enables the communica-
tion between ZigBee and Wi-Fi devices to be performed
seamlessly. It is a different approach to traditional home
13
P. M. B. Mansingh, M. Yuvaraju
automation systems, which often depend on costly central
controllers. Further, the system makes use of open-source
software and commercial off-the-shelf hardware, to facili-
tate the process of platform development wherever pos-
sible. The initial results obtained in several representative
home scenarios demonstrate that fog services are devel-
oped several times more quickly than cloud services that
have been evaluated, and cross-interference must be taken
seriously if collisions are to be avoided. Furthermore, the
existing usage of Zi-Wi nodes has been measured, showing
the effect of encryption mechanisms.
An intelligent home system with software and hardware
to be implemented and it was suggested by Wenbo et al.
(2015). People can control or monitor home appliances
locally and remotely with smartphones and tablets. We
develop the Smart Unit and Home Proxy concept. The
Smart Units is used for low-cost Wi-Fi module building.
The combination of remote and home proxy is treated as
a remote control scheme that operates using XMPP. The
remote server here operates as a service provider for vari-
ous homes and offices.
The Arduino Mega 328PU microcontroller uses an inte-
grated Micro-Web server, which offers an internet con-
nectivity (using internet protocol) for remote access and
control between the devices. The efficiency is improved
through the integration of home control system with home
appliances devices (Mitra et al. 2018).
Focusing on building an intelligent wireless house secu-
rity system that provides the owner with warnings through
the Internet in the event of a breach and optionally alerts
the owner (Kodali et al. 2016). Also, the same can be used
with the same sensors for domestic automation. The use of
this system to prefer it over the same types of existing sys-
tems is to allow the user on their phone from any distance
to receive alerts and status from the Wi-Fi-connected,
managed microcontroller system, regardless of whether
their mobiles are connected to the internet.
To monitor home appliances using WiFi protocol and
the server system through smartphones (Pavithra et al.
2015). The user moves directly over the web, whereas
home appliances are controlled remotely through a
website. One additional feature enhancing the aspect of
fireplace protection is the ability to sleep the smoke to
send an alert message and an image to a smartphone in
the event of any fireplace. The server is interfaced with
relays which control the domestic appliances. The server
communication ensures that the users select the required
device and it allows user to select the acceptable device.
The server communicates with the relays. The embedded
system board still manages and operates the equipment
domestically, if the Web affiliation is down or the server
is not up. We offer an efficient home automation system
that is cost-efficient.
Improved data transmission using Li‑Fi technology for home automation application
The very low-cost wireless sensor network and smart
energy protocol for the smart energy application are imple-
mented by (Hlaing et al. 2017), which enable the user to
automatically read the unit and send the data to see its cur-
rent energy meter readings. By using this system, users are
aware that their household uses electricity to reduce power
consumption and consumption costs. The Wi-Fi module
ESP8266 will be incorporated via smart meter and a com-
munication protocol is implemented for meter transmission
into the Web application. Results from the experiment show
that the system proposed works very well with efficiency
and is possible for very cheap automatic measurement in
practical applications.
2.2 Li‑Fi based smart homes
In order to reduce the communication latency, the following
studies uses Li-Fi communicator for network connection.
The use of the VLCs in Li-Fi is considered as a secure
method for wireless data transmission is discussed by
(Sharma et al. 2018) compared to traditional wireless archi-
tecture. Moreover, we investigate the performance of the Bit
Error (BER) in the VLC network based on the modulation
format for high data transmission in the Orthogonal Fre-
quency division (OFDM).
Mathews (2018) offers a visible light-friendly data com-
munication system consisting of LEDs that pass audio and
sensor data to the recipient. A mechanism for connection
protection which works with the wireless network and vis-
ible light communication to achieve stereo audio and image
streaming reliability and performance.
However, the studies related to Li-Fi based Smart Homes
lacks technical difficulties that includes lack of interoper-
ability from remote location, high power consumption. To
overcome all these typical challenges, the proposed method
uses an improved architecture in smart home with Li-Fi
based communication.
3 Proposed method
This section discusses an independent and flexible home
automation system using Li-Fi. The architecture reduces
the complexity and costs of the system. The architecture is
therefore not attempting, if possible, to incorporate com-
plicated and costly components, like a high-end PC. This
is scalable and flexible and makes the home network to
be more reliable and secure with minimal efforts on home
appliances of multiple vendors. The system permits the own-
ers to monitor and control attached devices at home, includ-
ing a remote Li-Fi control device that supports Java, via
a wide variety of control devices. Furthermore, users can
monitor and control their devices remotely with Java support
using any internet-enabled device. In order to facilitate the
interoperability between the heterogeneous networks, a
home gateway is used and this offers a consistent interface
apart from various access device.
A virtual home is used for preprocessing entire commu-
nication on a home automation before it happen. The entire
communication is monitored for safety prior the destination
continues.
Design architecture with flexible and cost-effective home
automation infrastructures is developed (Fig. 1). Home uses
Li-Fi with low data rates, control and surveillance require-
ments. The Li-Fi standard is used in order of meeting high
data rate requirements.
A home gateway has been built so that heterogeneous
Li-Fi network interoperability is provided and it facilitates
a local remote monitoring and control over home devices.
Here, virtual home is used in the present study to simulate
the entire environment in real time.
The proposed system has four steps, as shown in Fig. 1.
Remote users can use the Internet to access the system. Com-
munications from the remote user travel through the internet
for reaching the home network. Li-Fi communication transmits
the collected information to the home gateway, where it is inte-
grated with virtual home. The virtual home and home gateway
are monitored and processed, as discussed later more in detail.
This control process consists of communication with coordi-
nator in home network, which is integrated into the device
Remote
Environment
with remote
users
LAN
Internet
Home Environment
LAN
Home Gateway Virtual Home
Network Coordinator Device
Database
Li-Fi Home automation network
Sensor Light Radiator
Fig. 1  Architecture overview
13

database with connected devices status. Once after controlling
the communications, they are forwarded from the devices to
the home automation system. A local Li-Fi remote control
controls the entire devices connected directly with home auto-
mation system.
3.1 Principle of Li‑Fi communication
LEDs is used for the transmission of wireless data through an
intensity modulation and this uses visible light communica-
tions (VLC) (Burchardt et al. 2014). The principle of direct
detection (DD) is where the signal is detected by the receiver
using a photo diode (PD). VLC acts as a data stream com-
munication in the form of a point-to-point communication
and that uses cable substitution. This leads to IEEE 802.15.7
(Rajagopal et al. 2012) to the VLC normalization and this acts
as a standards for Li-Fi communication.
Li-Fi is a wireless communication, as opposed to the VLC.
This includes multi-user bidirectional communications, multi-
point and multi-point communications. Li-Fi is also made in
very small optical microcells by multiple access points. The
Li-Fi communication allows the entire mobility of the user
and creates a new level in wireless network within an existing
heterogeneity. Since, the LEDs used in Li-Fi communication
uses natural light rays, the signal blockage is only possible in
one room.
Li-Fi is has a white LED light bulbs and this is installed
with a downlink transmitter. Usually, a constant stream applies
over these devices for the purpose of illumination. However,
the output obtained from the optical devices varies at high
speeds, since the optical current tends to be quick and subtle.
In Li-Fi configuration, the high speeds property of the
optical current is considered as a major factor to enlighten
faster communication. If the LED is on, you will send the
digital 1 if it is off, you will transmit the 0. The LEDs can be
quickly on and off, giving good possibilities for data trans-
mission. Therefore, the controller with code data on these
LEDs are all necessary. The entire operation depends on the
encoded data, which varies the LED flickering rate.
Additional updates can be made in this way, such as data
transmission in parallel LED array, or using RGB LED mix-
tures for varying the frequency of light by frequency encod-
ing with various data channel. The data is carried out for
transmission in a speed of 10 Gbps in 30 s. Consider an IR
remote that sends a single bit stream of 10,000–20,000 bps.
Now, IR-LED is substitute with large LED array light box
(Rajagopal et al. 2012).
3.2 Home gateway
The home gateway, as shown in (Fig. 1), provides interoper-
ability across various networks. In the present architecture,
the home gateway offers two different functions.
13
P. M. B. Mansingh, M. Yuvaraju
• Firstly, home gateway offers data translation between
Internet and Li-Fi.
• Secondly, home gateway offers a user interface between
the home appliances that connects with Li-Fi network
remotely via an internet.
A standard interface for local Li-Fi remote control (Fig. 1)
is not provided by the home gateway. An option is provided
with an interface design and that limits the constraints asso-
ciated with designing a Li-Fi remote control interface, which
has a low data rate. However, the cooperation between data-
base and home portal makes it possible to control and moni-
tor all home devices in real-time, irrespective of network
and access device.
The home gateway overcome an inadequate network
interoperability in home automation approaches. Hence the
proposed approach modifies the conventional domestic net-
work structure and integrates networks mainly located in
the existing home environment. The home gateway further
reduces the inflexibility in automation control modes on
conventional home automation system. Also, the controller
interface between control modes is standardized.
3.3 Virtual home
The virtual home, as shown in (Fig. 1), manages safety for
domestic automation system. A virtual home is an environ-
ment in which the users check for actions. For security pur-
poses, the senders are authenticated and checked by all mes-
sages received by the virtual home to ensure the integrity of
the messages have not been altered and by the use of encryp-
tion to protect the confidentiality of messages. Protection of
the system is controlled by capturing the control of received
signals from the home network and the requested changes
lies with its security limits. The purpose of the virtual home
is to limit events in the home networks that can pose a safety
or safety problem. In the proposed architecture the virtual
home is included to address security and security problems.
3.4 Device engine
The system of home automation is flexible and allows for
the connection of various devices developed by various ven-
dors. Each device is designed to have a dedicated engine,
which offers a Li-Fi network connectivity for the required
application. Besides, each engine device can include spe-
cific safety and security measures. All operations requested
should be checked by critical devices so that an undesirable
result does not result. Also, cooperation with virtual home
is provided with the information for facilitating the safer
communication.
Improved data transmission using Li‑Fi technology for home automation application
3.5 Implementation
The study uses Arduino boards to connect the sensors and
values and Proteous Software to code the Arduino boards.
For household device monitoring and controlling, Li-Fi-
based home automation systems are implemented in the
present system. A Li-Fi network is implemented to meet
the high data rates requirements of the household and an
interoperability gateway between the networks is required.
The home portal provides a single user interface to access
locally and remotely the home networks. With the devel-
opment of home gateway, the security and privacy of the
home automation network is hence achieved. A safety
sensor, radiator valve, light switch and a Li-Fi remote
controller is integrated with home automation system for
demonstrating its effectiveness. This section discusses the
system execution thoroughly.
A coordinator, routers and various terminal devices are
part of the Li-Fi home automation network. The system
starts the Li-Fi network by the Coordinator. The radio
channel is scanned by the coordinator, which detects
the appropriate signals during the network initialization
phase. This will normally be the least active channel to
reduce interference levels. The scanned channels can be
restricted, for example, except for the frequency ranges in
the architecture used in the Li-Fi network. But the aver-
age amount of time scans available channels as shown by
experiments. The scanning time is small, since the home
coordinator is initialized with an acceptable delay and less
interferences between signals in a channel. The coordina-
tor is preprogrammed with an ID, although the coordinator
is able to dynamically scan and generate an ID that does
not conflict with the existing network IDs.
A fixed 64 bit MAC address is assigned to home device
and that is connected with a Li-Fi based home automa-
tion network. Additionally, a 16-bit dynamic short address
is assigned with devices in a network. The coordinator
assigns a short address 0 × 0000 at the network initiali-
zation stage. Following the initialization phase of the
coordinator, the coordinator enters coordinator mode to
request Li-Fi devices to join the network during this phase.
Light switch, safety sensor, heat sink valve and remote
controller have built-in a Li-Fi node. When the devices
start, the node tends to scan the channels available for
network identification that it wishes to join during its ini-
tialization stage. In this same channel, there may be mul-
tiple networks, these networks are usually characterized
by their identity. The node chooses which network will be
joined on the basis of the ID. The node sends the network
coordinator a request for membership. The request is sent
directly or via a nearby router on desired network with its
coordinator, with whom the node transmits the best signal.
The coordinator decides if the requested device is allowed
to connect to the home automation network after receiving
the request.
The implementation of Li-Fi networks avoids unauthor-
ized devices being joined in the network with lesser period
for which device can be connected. To improve the system
security, the system proposed encrypts all communications
of the device including requests for a private key in the home
network. Devices with proper private key connects success-
fully the home network. These devices join the network,
which is recorded and stored on the network coordinator in
the device database. For the Li-Fi home automation network,
a partially connected mesh topology has been adopted.
4 Results and discussions
The effectiveness of the system is demonstrated by the
development of the three devices radiator valve, light switch
and safety sensor.
4.1 System configuration
This section details the individual elements used to imple-
ment the system architecture proposed to be combined.
A user can log in with one of its three user interfaces to
monitor and control home automation systems terminals. All
messages are sent to the home IP address from the devices,
where the communication takes place through internet. Mes-
sages are sent via an ADSL modem that is activated by Li-Fi
to the IPs of home gateways on the Li-Fi network. Similarly,
communication from devices that are communicated by the
Li-Fi network to the IP address of the home gateway. The
messages are transmitted to the virtual home once the home
gateway gets through. The Li-Fi controller sends messages
directly through the Li-Fi network to the end devices. The
virtual home monitors the safety and security of the mes-
sages received. The validated messages are rejected, trans-
mitted to the destination system on the real home network.
The messages are not validated. All device responses (e.g.,
receipts, device status notifications, and sensor readings)
shall be transmitted to the user interface from the device,
via the Li-Fi Internet into the virtual home, via the home
gateway, via the Li-Fi network and, where appropriate, via
the Internet.
Figures 2 and 3 shows the results of communication delay
exist between the devices and gateway communication in
home automation network. Two different derives are consid-
ered for checking the feasibility of delay occurring between
them. The results are compared between Wi-Fi and Li-Fi
communication technologies. The result shows that there is
reduction in delay for Li-Fi communication than the Wi-Fi
communication.
13
 P. M. B. Mansingh, M. Yuvaraju

1440 92
1420
90

Energy Efficiency (%)

1400
1380 88
Delay (ms)

1360 86
1340
84
1320
1300 82
1280 80
1260
Wi-Fi Li-Fi 78
Wi-Fi Li-Fi
Communication Technology
Communication Technology

Fig. 2  Delay between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi for light switch

Fig. 5  Energy efficiency between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi communication
networks in home automation system for radiator valve

630
625 35

Transmission Rate (kbps)

620 30
615
25
Delay (ms)

610
605 20
600 15
595
10
590
585 5
Wi-Fi Li-Fi 0
Communication Technology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Transmission Distance (m)
Fig. 3  Delay between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi for radiator valve
Fig. 6  Transmission rate between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi communication
networks in home automation system for light switch
68
67
Energy Efficiency (%)

66 40
35
Transmission Rate (kbps)

65
64 30
63 25
62 20
61 15
60 10
Wi-Fi Li-Fi 5
Communication Technology
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fig. 4  Energy efficiency between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi communication Transmission Distance (m)
networks in home automation system for light switch
Fig. 7  Transmission rate between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi communication
networks in home automation system for radiator valve
Similarly, Figs. 4 and 5 shows the energy efficiency Li-Fi
and Wi-Fi communication networks in home automation
system. It is seen that the efficiency of energy is high in between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi communication networks in home
Li-Fi than in Wi-Fi communication. automation system for radiator valve. The results in Fig. 6
Figure 6 shows the transmission rate between Li-Fi and shows that the transmission rates in LiFi communication has
Wi-Fi communication networks in home automation sys- better transmission rates in WiFi communication for light
tem for light switch. Figure 7 shows the transmission rate switch. The results in Fig. 7 shows that the transmission

13
Improved data transmission using Li‑Fi technology for home automation application
rates in LiFi communication has better transmission rates
in WiFi communication for radiator valve.
The home gateway also unites the interface that the sys-
tem has for accessing the system through various networks
and devices. Facility and suitability in the development of a
secure system is evaluated successfully through user testing
and experiments. The testing showed the stability of archi-
tecture including the lowest impact on performance of the
system is by including the virtual home. By using a real
home automation system, Li-Fi has demonstrated its poten-
tial for successful coexistence and interoperability.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, the Li-Fi communication technology is used
to reduce the latency by increasing the transmission speed
between the local gateway networks in Home Automation
system. The existing Wi-Fi communication architecture
for home automation system has increased complexity in
its architecture, invasive system installation and poor inter-
operability. The use of Li-Fi communication technology in
home automation system has reduced the system expense
and intrusive system installation. Further, the adoption of
home gateway has reduced the problems associated with
poor interoperability between the devices. Thus the data
transmitted between the devices and gateway through Li-Fi
communication technology ensures faster delivery of data
with reduced latency and increased energy efficiency. The
comparison with Wi-Fi shows that the proposed Li-Fi archi-
tecture for home automation increases the speed of com-
munication that has reduced the communication latency and
increased the speed of device operation. This further has
enabled the reduction of energy consumption by the devices
in home automation network.
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