Tension Test

1 - (a) Discuss the effect of both heat treatment and cold work on the
mechanical properties of steel in tension test.
(b) A tension test was performed on an alloy and the results were as
follows:

Load (lb) 0 1000 3200 5200 7200 8000 8300 8600 8700 8800
Elongation
0 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.012 0.018
(in.)

A sample of 0.505 inch diameter and 2 inch standard length was

used in the test. Appoint: the stress-strain curve - proportional
limit stress - proof stress of 0.2% – modulus of elasticity -
modulus of resilience – ultimate tensile strength - elongation
percent - modulus of toughness.

2 - (a) Explain the test study of the distribution of elongation along the
gauge length of a sample of mild steel?

(b) Draw the shape of fracture for the following materials with an
explanation of the cause of fracture:
mild steel - brass - cast iron

(c) A tension test is performed on a sample of steel 8 mm in

diameter and gauge length of 8 cm and the following table
shows the load and elongation counterparts:

Load (kg) 0 700 1150 1600 1360 1390 1665 1920 2150 1660
Elongation
0 0.04 0.066 0.091 0.59 1.21 2. 53 3.52 14.25 24.12
(mm)

Draw a curve graph of load and elongation was then appointed

as follows:
 Yield stress - tensile strength - modulus of elasticity - modulus
of resilience - the maximum stress - the percentage of
elongation - modulus of toughness.

3 - (a) Mention the effect of each of the following factors on the curve of
the relationship between the stress and strain of steel.
The proportion of carbon - impurities - temperature
(b) A tension test is done on a sample of mild steel with cross
sectional area of 125 mm2 and gauge length of 8 cm and the
results of the experiment were as follows:

Load (kg) 0 1820 3640 4750 4650 4950 6500 6900 7050 5850 4800
Elongation
0 0.139 0.278 0.36 1.8 5 15 25 35 48 48.5
(mm)

Draw the force - elongation curve and hence determine the

following:
yield stress - tensile strength - modulus of elasticity - modulus
of resilience - the maximum stress - the percentage of
elongation - modulus of toughness. - The true stress and true
strain when carrying a load of 6500 kg – the expected shape of
fracture for this sample.

4 - (a) Explain how can Unwin constants being determined?

(b) Two wires are hinged vertically and anchored securely from their
upper ends and the distance between them is 50 cm. They are
carrying a rigid rod in the horizontal position. The right wire is
made of copper with cross sectional area of 2 mm2 and the left
wire is made of steel and its cross sectional area is 0.8 mm2. The
original length for both wires is 450 cm.
-Determine the position on the rod at which a hanged weight W
keeps the rod horizontal.
-Determine the stress and elongation for both wires if W = 20 kg
(modulus of elasticity of steel is 2100 tons\cm2 and
1200 tons\cm2 of copper).
5 - (a) Define the proof stress - What is the purpose of its determination?
Can it be determined for all the materials? Why?
(b) A tension test is made on a sample of steel and the diameter of the
sample was d = 1.2 cm. An elongation percent of 34% and 30%
for lengths of 5 d and 10 d respectively were measured. In a
tension test on a sample of another type of steel with the same
diameter and a gauge length of 4 d the elongation percent was
39%. Determine which type of steel is more ductile?

6 - (a) Why do the specifications take the tension test as an acceptance

test for the metals?

(b) A tension test is done on a sample of mild steel of 12.62 mm in

diameter and a gauge length of 50 mm
The following table shows the load and elongation counterparts.

Load (kg) 0 1600 2800 3600 3300 3400 3900 4500 5000 3000
Elongation
0 0.03 0.056 0.08 0.42 0.96 2 3.81 11.4 17.4
(mm)

Draw the stress-strain of the tested steel and identify:

yield stress - tensile strength - modulus of elasticity - modulus of
resilience - the maximum stress - the percentage of elongation -
modulus of toughness.- the true stress and true strain at fracture.

7- A rod of steel with rectangular cross-section 2.8 cm × 0.6 cm, was

subjected to a tensile load of 3.5 tons producing an elongation of
0.0188 cm for a length of 20 cm. The rod is placed between two
aluminum rods each of rectangular cross-section 2.8 cm × 0.8 cm and
20 cm length to construct a composite rod with rectangular cross-
section of 2.8 cm × 2.2 cm. The composite rod was subjected to 7 ton
axial load resulting in an elongation of 0.0204 cm. Get the following:
- modulus of elasticity “E” of steel
- modulus of elasticity “E” of aluminum, as well as stresses in
steel and aluminum.
 8- A tension test is made on a sample of steel with diameter 16 mm and
gauge length of 8 cm. The following table shows the load and
elongation counterparts.

Load
0 2.16 3.375 4.86 4.46 5.4 6.35 7.16 7.43 6.75 5.4
(tons)
Elongation
0 0.0456 0.076 0.1216 0.684 3.04 6.69 12.16 18.24 22.8 25.84
(mm)

Draw load-elongation curve and hence get:

tensile strength - yield stress – elongation percent - the percentage
decrease of cross-sectional area if the sample diameter was 7.2
mm at fracture - modulus of toughness - modulus of elasticity -
modulus of resilience

9 - What is the ratio between the modulus of elasticity of two materials

building of two rods with the same volume, if the ratio between the
strains in the rods 1: 1.25 under the influence of equal tensile stress?
Determine the amount of strain in each of the rods if the first is made
of steel and the second is from copper and the tensile stress was 10
kg/cm2 and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2100 ton/cm2.

10 – A tension tests of 3 standard samples of different metals a, b, c are

performed. The tensile properties of the tested metals are as follows:

Proportional Ultimate percentage

Metal modulus of
limit strength of
number elasticity
(kg/mm2) (kg/mm2) elongation
A 100 160 0.05 21000
B 20 40 0.03 20000
C 15 36 0.025 7000

- Determine the modulus of toughness for metal B.

- Which of the three metals, A, B or C you are going to choose
for a helical spring? Why?
- Which material is the hardest in machining? Why?
 - Which of these metals resists deformation within the elastic
region? Why?

11- A tension test has been conducted on a sample of steel with diameter
20 mm and a length of 100 mm till fracture. The load in ton and the
corresponding measured minimum area in mm2 were as follows:

Load (kg) 0 7 10 13 15 16 14.5 13

Area
0 312 312 300 280 265 250 220
(mm2)

Plot the curve between load and minimum area of the sample and
hence get:
Tensile strength - Percentage of area reduction - true strain at 15
tons loading - modulus of elasticity - true stress at fracture - form
of fracture expected for this sample - elongation caused when
carrying 7 tons, it is known that Poisson's ratio of steel 0.25, with
a sample diameter at this load = 199.995 mm.

12 - A homogeneous bar as described is subjected to an axial load P at a

distance one third of the bar length from its upper end. Determine the
maximum stress in the bar.

L/3

2L/3
P
13 – The beam shown in figure is loaded axially as described.

P1= 5 t P2= 1.5 t P3 = 7 t P4 = 3.5 t

A1= 5.2 cm2 A2= 6.5 cm2 A3= 3 cm2

E1= 800 t/cm2 E2= 2100 t/cm2 E3= 700 t/cm2
L1= 100 cm L2= 200cm L3= 150 cm

Required is to specify the following:

- Stress in every part of the bar.
- Overall change of length in the bar.