BLOOD

By: Allison Y. Panganiban

COMPOSITION OF PLASMA

Water (91%) It allows the movement of blood cells in the body.

Proteins There are three kinds of proteins present in the plasma;

(7%) ALBUMIN (58%) GLOBULIN (38%) FIBRINOGEN (4%)
It is used to Transport protein It is the precursor
regulate water in for some hormones. to the protein,
the blood. They are also Fibrin.
clotting factors.

Others Ions, wastes, gases and other dissolved

(2%) substances from different organs.
 Fluid of the circulatory system
BLOOD Carries nutrients & gases supplied throughout the body

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) [95.1%]

PLASMA Platelets (Thrombocytes) [4.8%]
(55%)
White blood cells (Leukocytes) [0.1%]

FORMED
ELEMENTS
(45%)
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Carbon dioxide Oxygen

To the lungs To the different
cells of the body

Biconcave shape

• It can bend or fold to decrease its size.

• A substance called hemoglobin makes it appear as red.
WHAT’S INSIDE A RED BLOOD CELL?

Globin

Fe

HEMOGLOBIN An Iron atom

Heme
A protein found in
red blood cells
 Fe
The RBC will now
O2
LUNGS collect oxygen
Gas exchange station The iron in the heme will
bind to an oxygen molecule.
 CO2

CO2
The RBC will now deliver
the CO2 to the lungs.
The carbon dioxide bind to
the globin part of the RBC.
PAANO BA NABUBUO ANG RED BLOOD CELLS?
(Erythropoeisis) NUCLEUS REMOVED

STEM CELL Early Intermediate Late

(Hemocytoblast) Proerthyroblast Erthyroblast Erthyroblast Erthyroblast

RED BLOOD CELL Reticulocyte

(Erythrocyte)
 UB

Iron Bone Marrow

Heme
via Transferrin

Globin
broken down into Amino Acids
Spleen

Erythrocyte
via Albumin

Large intestine
Liver CB Gallbladder

Conjugation Process

Kidneys Small intestine

Bile duct (5%) With the help of
intestinal bacteria
Urobilinogen UB
Urobilin (5%)

Stercobilin (90%)
THE HEART

By: Allison Y. Panganiban

TWO TYPES OF CIRCULATION

Movement of blood from

Pulmonary circulation the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart

Movement of blood from

the heart to the
Systemic circulation different capillaries
in the tissues of the
body
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle
 COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle

Atria or Auricles
(upper chamber)

Ventricles
(lower chamber)
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

VENA CAVA Carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Superior
Vena Cava

Inferior
Vena Cava
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle

SEPTUM
A muscle that divides the heart
into two sides
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle

PULMONARY VALVE
TRICUSPID VALVE
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle

PULMONARY ARTERY

PULMONARY VEIN
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle

AORTIC VALVE MITRAL VALVE

COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
An organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body
HEART Made up of cardiac muscle

AORTA
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Helps transport blood into different regions of the body
VESSELS Delivers oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the heart

Arteries Delivers oxygenated blood

Veins Delivers deoxygenated blood

Capillaries Supplies substances to the different cells of the body

HUMAN RESPIRATION

By: Allison Panganiban

 Ventilation

RESPIRATION
The process of acquiring oxygen and External
other gases and expulsion of carbon
dioxide. Respiration

Internal
Respiration
Ventilation The physical movement of
gas in and out of the
lungs.

External
Respiration

Internal
Respiration
 The movement of gas
INSPIRATION INTO the lungs.
tion The physical movement of
gas in and out of the
lungs. The movement of gas
EXPIRATION OUT OF the lungs.

directly influenced by
nal
ation

nal THORACIC VOLUME

(The amount of gas inside
ation the lungs)
DURING INSPIRATION
Can you remember the
concept of Boyle’s law?

AS PRESSURE
VOLUME OFDECREASES
INCREASES
INCREASEAS

GAS DECREASES
OF GAS
PRESSURE
AS VOLUME
DURING INSPIRATION

The ribs and

sternum goes up
The ribs and
sternum goes up INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
are muscles attached to
the ribs to allow the
expansion of the lungs
during inspiration.

During inspiration, the

EXTERNAL intercostal
muscle expands.
DURING INSPIRATION
This movement of the diaphragm
reduces pressure in the lungs,
allowing more air to go in

The diaphragm, a muscle

that pushes or pulls the
DIAPHRAGM lungs to accommodate gas,
moves down to allow lungs
to be filled.
DURING EXPIRATION

The ribs and sternum goes down

External intercostal muscles relax

The diaphragm compresses the

lungs to draw out inhaled
gases
AIR PATHWAY

NASAL CAVITY (Space in the nose)

CONCHAE (Ridges in the nose)
NOSE (The starting point of respiration)
NASAL SEPTUM (Divides the nostrils)

ORAL CAVITY (Space in the mouth)

AIR PATHWAY

SOFT PALATE (Closes nasal passage during eating)

HARD PALATE (Separates the oral and nasal cavity)

UVULA (Locks the nasal cavity during eating)

AIR PATHWAY

NASOPHARYNX
P H A R Y N X

(Links the nasal cavity to the pharynx)

OROPHARYNX
(Links the oral cavity to the pharynx)

LARYNGOPHARYNX
(Links the larynx to the pharynx)
AIR PATHWAY

VESTIBULAR FOLDS
(Prevents air from leaving the lungs)
VOCAL FOLDS
(Passes air causing them to vibrate)

EPIGLOTTIS
(Prevents food from entering the larynx)

THYROID CARTILAGE (Supports the vocal folds)

CRICOID CARTILAGE
(Connects the larynx to the trachea)
AIR PATHWAY – RESPIRATORY TREE

TRACHEA (Bridges the air to the lungs)

BRONCHI
(Sorts and filters gases entering the lungs)

BRONCHIOLE
AIR PATHWAY – RESPIRATORY TREE

ALVEOLAR DUCT
(Links the alveolus to the bronchiole)

ALVEOLAR SAC
(Stores the alveolus)

ALVEOLI
(Diffuses the oxygen to the pulmonary
capillaries)
IMMUNE SYSTEM

By: Allison Y. Panganiban

IMMUNITY Ability to resist damage from pathogens

Innate immunity
The body’s response to infection
is always the SAME.

Adaptive immunity
The body’s response to infection
is IMPROVED per encounter.
Innate immunity
In times of distress, the slipper becomes our default
weapon against any pest (cockroach, flies, mites etc.)

Our body also has its default mechanism of

eliminating infection;

EXAMPLE:

Nasal cavity Sneeze Reflex

Foreign substance
gets inside the …
Trachea Cough Reflex
 Tears, Mucus and Saliva

Cilia

Stomach acid
INNATE IMMUNITY SYSTEMS
Urine flow

‘Good’ bacteria

Phagocytes
 It destroys the cell wall and other
Stomach acid organelles of the bacteria because of its
low pH

Peristaltic
movement of the
esophagus pushes
everything
downward.

Acid disintegrates
the foreign
substance
 The urine flushes the foreign substance in the bladder
Urine flow area. Also, its pH kills bacteria and other
microorganisms.

Urine serves as
a basic wash for
the bladder and
the urethra.
 The body serves as a host for microorganisms
‘Good’ bacteria
that feed on pathogens.

negates the
Probiotics activity of Pathogens
 They are specialized cells which track down
Phagocytes microbial infection in the body and
‘swallows’ them.

Immature defense cells who are the

MONOCYTES primary stage of other phagocytes.
Larger than a monocyte, they are
MACROPHAGE capable of clearing multiple infection
but needs activation from other cells.

A defense cell which has dendrites

DENDRITIC capable of capturing pathogens and
CELL informing other defense cells.

Can also ‘eat’ pathogens but spends

MAST CELL most time alerting other defense cells
regarding an attack.
 The most common defense cell in out body.
It ‘chases’ pathogens that are swarming the
NEUTROPHIL bloodstream.
 A bodily function which manifests to
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE eliminate the cause of cell injury.

REDNESS
SWELLING
HEAT
PAIN
Chain of INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Hyperemia Increase blood flow

Migration of the
Chemotaxis leukocytes

Blood vessels become

Diapedesis permeable

Live cells gather all dead

Exudate cells and pathogen remains
 STEP #1: Hyperemia

EPIDERMIS
DERMIS

The blood flow

increases on the
affected area to
BLOOD VESSEL allow the leukocytes
to come close.
 STEP #2: Chemotaxis

The mast cells will

release a substance The phagocytes will
called Cytokine storm in like it’s
which attract lots Area 51.
of phagocytes in the
area
STEP #3: Diapedesis

They will release a

substance called as
Histamine to make
the blood vessel
thinner.
 STEP #3: Diapedesis

They will release a

substance called as
‘Neutrophils – ASSEMBLE!’ Histamine to make
the blood vessel
thinner.
STEP #4: Exudation
After the pathogen
has been eliminated,
They use a special Platelets come to
protein; Fibrin, in the scene and patch
binding all of the up the wound with
dead cells together. the remain of dead
phagocytes.
 A bodily response to infection. It heightens
FEVER the body temperature to kill the pathogen

ENDOTOXIN CYTOKINE Increases neutrophil

PATHOGEN MACROPHAGE
activity.

Alerts the
Hypothalamus

Increases Increases
body temp sleepiness
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
It is the scheme of the body’s specialized cells which
aggressively targets a strong, resistant pathogen.

It is often activated when the innate immune

system failed to eliminate infection.
WHAT SEPARATES ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY FROM INNATE?

The ability to
SPECIFICITY recognize a
particular pathogen

The ability to
respond with
MEMORY improving
effectiveness to
successive infection
WHAT IS IN THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM?

Specialized white blood cells

(leukocytes)that has
Lymphocytes differentiated mechanisms in
killing and eliminating
pathogens.
 They form inside the Thymus gland. They
eliminate the pathogen in an organized
manner with the help of the phagocytes.

T-CELLS

They release proteins called Antibodies to

destroy or deny the pathogen’s activity.

B-CELLS

They reinforce the elimination of pathogen

during T-cell operations.

NK CELLS
 HOW DOES THIS ‘ORGANIZED’ WORK TAKE PLACE?
It is the first cell
to respond to the site
of the pathogen.
It leads phagocytes,
HELPER T-CELL NK cells and T-cells. KILLER T-CELL
It releases enzymes that
destroy the membrane of the
infected cell or pathogen.

MEMORY T-CELL It releases a toxin

which is harmful to the
Stores data regarding pathogen, leading to
the defeated pathogen. Apoptosis. CYTOTOXIC T-CELL
 WHAT IF THE T-CELLS FAILED TO DO THE JOB?

No worries. The antibody-mediated response will be activated.

ANTIBODY

Our B-cells will now release antibodies in the body.

HOW DOES THIS ANTIBODY WORK?

It is a substance used by cells

ANTIGEN to identify themselves for the
immune system.

If the antibody recognizes the antigen as

“endogenous”, they will not attack it.

But if an antigen gets recognized as

“exogenous”, an attack will ensue.