L-4

The system Buses of 8 bits Microprocessor

1. 8085 IC Chip

The IC hardware chip of the microprocessor 8085A from

intel is configured in Figures 1 and 2.

The IC configuration pinout includes the 8 data bus pins (𝐴0 −

𝐴7 multiplexed with the first 8 address lines.

These 8 pins bear data or address data depending on the

address modes and the microprocessor operation cycles states

(Fetch-Decode- Execute –Write or store).

- The address bus contains 16 pins (𝐴D0 − AD7, 𝐴8 −𝐴15 ).

The control lines have various functions such as Reset,

Interrupt, Strobe signals, Read/Write (state for chip

selections), Hold, Ready, Clock and ALE (address latch enable) ,

Clock, Trap and serial I/O as depicted in Fig.2

- The data sheets of the 8085A are essential tool for the system

designer and developer at starting programming and

implementing the based Microprocessor.

Fig. 1 The IC chip of the 8085A Microprocessor

Fig.2 The detailed wiring layout of the 8085A Chip

1. 8085 System Bus

Typical system uses several busses, collection of wires, which

transmit binary numbers, one bit per wire.

A typical microprocessor communicates with memory and

other devices (input and output) using three busses:

• Address Bus,

• Data Bus and

• Control Bus.

2 Address Bus

One wire for each bit, therefore 16 bits = 16 wires. Binary

number carried alerts memory to ‘open’ the designated box

(block).

• Data (binary) can then be put in or taken out.

• The Address Bus consists of 16 wires, therefore Its "width"

is 16 bits.

• A 16-bit binary number allows 216 different numbers,

• or 32000 different numbers, ie 0000000000000000 up to

1111111111111111 binary or 0000 to FFFF Hex.

Because memory consists of boxes, each with a unique

address, the size of the address bus determines the size of

memory, which can be used.

To communicate with memory, the microprocessor sends an

address on the address bus, eg 0000000000000011 (3 in

decimal), to the memory.

The memory the selects box number 3 for reading or writing

data. Address

bus is unidirectional, ie numbers only sent from

microprocessor to memory, are no other way.

Question?

If you have a memory chip of size 256 kilobytes (256 x 1024 x

8 bits),

how many wires does the address bus need, in order to be

able?

to specify an address in this memory.

• Note:
The memory is organized in groups of 8 bits per location,

therefore, how many locations must you be able to specify?

Solutions:

Number of cells=28 ∗ 210 = 218

Number of lines=𝑙𝑜𝑔2 218 = 18 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

3 Data Bus

Data Bus: carries ‘data’, in binary form, between µP and other

external units, such as memory.

• Typical size is 8 or 16 bits. The data bus Size is determined

by the size of boxes (blocks) in memory and µP code size helps

to determine performance of µP. The Data Bus typically

consists of 8 wires. Therefore, 256 combinations of binary

digits. Data bus is used to transmit "data", ie information,

results

of arithmetic, etc, between memory and the microprocessor.

Bus is bi-directional. Size of the data bus determines what

arithmetic can be done. If only 8 bits wide then largest number

is 11111111 (255 in decimal). Therefore, larger number must

be broken down into chunks of 255. Data Bus also carries

instructions from memory to the microprocessor.

•Size of the bus therefore limits the number of possible

instructions to 256, each specified by a separate number. This

slows the speed of the microprocessor.

4 Control Bus

Control Bus are various lines which have specific functions for

coordinating and controlling uP operations.

Eg: R/𝑊 − Read/ Write line, single binary digit.

It Controls whether memory is being ‘written to’ (data stored

in mem) or ‘read from’ (data taken out of mem) 1 = Read, 0 =

Write. It May also include clock line(s) for

timing/synchronizing, ‘interrupts’, ‘reset’ etc. Typically, µP has

10 control lines. It cannot function correctly without these

vital control signals.

The Control Bus carries control signals partly unidirectional,

partly bi-directional.
- Control signals are things like "read or write".

This tells memory that we are either reading from a location,

specified on the address bus, or writing to a location specified.

Various other signals to control and coordinate the operation

of the system.

Modern day microprocessors, like 80386, 80486 have much

larger busses. Typically, 16 or 32 bit busses, which allow larger

number of instructions, more memory location, and faster

arithmetic.

The busses may all be internal. In the microprocessor the three

busses are external to the chip (except for the internal data

bus). In case of external busses, the chip connects to the

busses via buffers, which are simply an electronic connection

between the external I/O devices and the internal Data Bus of

the microprocessor.

5 The addressing modes of 8085 µ

The addressing modes are so important to understand the

different instruction set formats. They are illustrated as:

1- Immediate addressing.

2- Register addressing.

3- Direct addressing.

4- Indirect addressing.

1- Immediate addressing:

• Data is present in the instruction. Load the immediate data

to the destination provided. Example: MVI R,data

2- Register addressing

• Data is provided through the registers.

• Example: MOV Rd, Rs

3- Direct addressing

• It is used to accept data from outside devices to store in the

accumulator or send the data stored in the accumulator to the
outside device.

• It accepts the data from the port 00H and store them into
the accumulator or sends the data from the accumulator to
the port 01H.
• Example: IN 00H or OUT 01H

4-Indirect Addressing

This means that the Effective Address is calculated by the

processor. And the contents of the address (and the one
following) is used to form a second address. The second
address is where the data is stored. Note that this requires
several memory accesses; two accesses to retrieve the 16-bit
address and a further access (or accesses) to retrieve the data
which is to be loaded into the register.
 Exercise-4

1- Explain the purpose of the multiplexing configuration

of the address bus and the data bus in 8085A.

2- Compute the maximum block memory size can be accessed

directly from the address bus of 8085A.

3- Explain the addressing modes of 8085A.

4- A 512 Kbytes RAM of 8 bits data, Calculate the required

address lines to access any cell of the memory block.

5- if two memory blocks are connected in parallel (address and

data pins are connected in parallel).