Earthquake Resistant Architecture

Unit-IV

SEISMIC DESIGN.
• INDIAN STANDARDS ON EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
• IS 13828:1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry
Buildings Guidelines
• This standard covers the special features of design and construction for
improving earthquake resistance of buildings of low strength masonry.
• The provisions of this standard are applicable in all seismic zones.
• No special provisions are considered necessary for buildings in seismic
zone II if cement sand mortar not leaner than 1:6 is used in masonry and
through stones or bonding elements are used in stone walls.
The various provisions of IS 4326:1993 regarding general principles, special
construction features, types of construction, categories of buildings and
masonry construction with rectangular masonry buildings of low strength dealt
with in this standard. There are however certain restrictions, exceptions and
additional details which are specifically included .
IS 13935:2009 Seismic Evaluation, Repair and Strengthening of Masonry
Buildings –Guidelines.
• This standard covers the selection of materials and techniques to be used
for repair and seismic strengthening of damaged buildings during
earthquakes.
• It also covers the damageability assessment and retrofitting for upgrading
of seismic resistance of existing masonry buildings covered under IS 4326
and IS 13828.
• The provisions of this standard are applicable for buildings in seismic Zones
III to V of IS 1893.
Concepts for earthquake resistant masonry.
 • The basic principles of design and detailing, as outlined in the codes of
practice, of earthquakes resistant structures are intentionally simple and
generally easy to adopt. Essentially the principles are focused on,
• (i) Achieving strength and ductile behaviour
• (ii) Maintaining structural integrity
The failure pattern of such masonry structures during earthquake can be
classified as under:
• a) Out-of-plane & IN plane flexural and/or out& IN plane -of-plane shear
failure
• Separation of walls at junction
• Failure of masonry piers between openings
• Buckling of wythes
• Separation of roof from walls.
Design of masonry structures
• Point of Masonry Structures
• Bearing and non-bearing walls resist
axial loads (concentric and eccentric) as
vertical strips.
Design of Lintels
• Lintels are beams that define openings in a wall.
• Design of lintels is actually easier than the design of beams in general
• because the cross-sectional dimensions of lintels are defined by the size of
the openings in the wall.
• Moments and shears due to factored gravity loads are calculated.
 BASIC TERMS IN MASONRY.
• Mortar.
• Grouting
• Bonding
• Materials.
• Masonry is made up of units, mortar, grout, and accessory materials. The
mortar holds the units together as well as apart, compensating for their
dimensional tolerances.
• The grout is a fluid concrete mixture used to fill voids in the masonry and
to anchor deformed reinforcement.

Grouting.
Cementitious systems
– Portland cement – lime mortar
– Masonry cement mortar / Mortar cement
mortar.
• If grout is specified by proportion,
compliance is verified only by verifying
proportions. For example:
• – Fine grout has volume proportions of 1-part
cement to about 3 parts mason’s sand.
 • – Coarse grout has volume proportions of 1-part cement to about 3 parts
mason’s sand and about 2 parts pea gravel.

Design requirements related to the confined masonry buildings are :-

1) Building plan should be regular.
2) The building should not be excessively long relative to its width; ideally,
the length-to-width ratio should not exceed 4.0.
3) The walls should be built in a symmetrical manner.
4) The walls should be continuous up the building height.
5) Openings (doors and windows) should be placed in the same position up
the building height.
6) Tie-beams should be placed at every
floor level at a vertical spacing not to
exceed 3 m.
7) Tie-columns should be placed at a
maximum spacing of 4 m.
Seismic Design of Wooden Structures.
• Wood is a proven choice for Seismic-
Resistive construction.
• Earthquakes cannot be prevented
but sound design and construction
based on research and compliance
with building code requirements
can reduce their effects.
• Basic wood properties
• Varies with moisture content
• Main strength axis is longitudinal
• Unique, independent, mechanical properties in 3 different directions.
Frame Foundation.
• Wood-frame wood structural panel shear walls.
• All framing members and
blocking are 2-in. nominal or
greater except that 3-in. nominal
or greater framing is used at
adjoining panel edges for closely
spaced nails, larger-diameter
nails or higher-strength shear
walls.
• Nails are located at least 3/8 in.
from panel edges and fastener
spacing at panel edges is not less
than 2 in.
Foundation anchor bolts have a steel plate washer under each nut not less
than 0.229 in. x 3 in. x 3 in. in size except where standard cut washers are
explicitly permitted.
Design for shear and overturning provides for properly sized tension and
compression chords and shear and overturning anchorage. Maximum shear
wall aspect ratio (e.g., height-to-length ratio) is 3.5:1.
 • This system includes shear panels of particleboard, structural fiberboard,
gypsum wallboard, gypsum base for veneer plaster, water-resistant gypsum
backing board, gypsum sheathing board, gypsum lath and plaster, and
Portland cement plaster, or lumber sheathing with fastening and shear wall
aspect ratio
• All framing members and blocking used for shear wall construction are 2-
in. nominal or greater.
Foundation anchor bolts have a steel plate washer under each nut not less
than 0.229 in. x 3 in. x 3 in. in size except in some cases where standard cut
washers are explicitly permitted.
• Design for shear and overturning provides for properly sized tension and
compression chords and shear and overturning anchorage.
• Allowable unit shear strengths span a wide range across different sheathing
materials.
The relative good performance of wood buildings is often attributed to the
following characteristics:
• Lightweight: Wood-frame buildings tend to be lightweight, reducing seismic
forces, which are proportional to weight.
• Ductile connections: Multiple nailed connections in framing members,
shear walls and diaphragms of wood-frame construction exhibit ductile
behavior (the ability to yield and displace without sudden brittle fracture)
Redundant load paths: Wood-frame buildings tend to be comprised of
repetitive framing attached with numerous fasteners and connectors, which
provide multiple and often redundant load paths for resistance to seismic
forces. Further, when structural panels such as plywood or oriented strand
board (OSB) are properly attached to lumber floor, roof and wall framing, they
form diaphragms and shear walls that are exceptional at resisting these forces.
Seismic Design of Earthen Structures.
• Earth has been used in construction since ancient times due to cultural,
climatic and economic reasons.
• In fact, this kind of materials presents qualities such as
• low cost,
• Thermal and Acoustic insulation, local availability and recyclability, which
allow a more sustainable construction practice, with the preservation of
our natural resources.
• This type of material presents low tensile strength and fragile behavior, and
can thus cause a deficient response to horizontal actions.
• Particularly when subjected to earthquake ground motions, earth
constructions can suffer severe structural damage and eventually total
collapse, with significant.

Seismic Reinforcement solution of earthen Structures .

• Walls are the fundamental structural elements in earthen buildings.
Earthquakes cause the sudden formation of cracks in the earthen walls at
the beginning of any ground motion.
• Adequate seismic reinforcement solutions are needed to assure the safety
of earthen construction by controlling the displacements of fissured walls.
• Some of the procedures to be followed in Seismic earthen buildings .
• Cane or timber internal reinforcements .
• Cane external reinforcement .
• Reinforced concrete as internal reinforcements.
 • Synthetic mesh strengthening systems .
Cane or Timber Internal Reinforcements.
• This type of reinforcement consists of placing an internal grid, with vertical
and horizontal elements, able to bond efficiently with the structure,
improving its seismic performance.
• The vertical elements should be conveniently anchored to the foundation
and to a collar beam on top of the walls.
• The spacing of the vertical or horizontal elements should be such to provide
an efficient connection to the structure.
• Bamboo canes or eucalypt dry timber is recommended for these
reinforcements.
Cane external reinforcement.
•
Canes are

placed vertically and externally to the wall, on both sides, inside and
outside.
• Ropes are then positioned horizontally tying the vertical canes along the
walls and involving the structure. Different rows of horizontal ropes are
placed along the height of the wall with a spacing of 30~40cm.
 • In order to connect the two grids, outside and inside grids, and thus confine
the earthen structure, small extension lines are placed connecting the two
grids, crossing the wall from one side to another through holes, made at
each 30~40cm.
• This reinforcement grid can then be covered with plaster for adequate
finishing, providing at the same time more confinement to the earth
structure.
• The main limitation of this type of reinforcement is the fact a great quantity
of cane is required.
Reinforced concrete as internal reinforcements.
• This technique consists of building first the adobe walls with gaps in the
corners, or connections with other walls to be filled by concrete. Steel bars
are then placed and the concrete is poured in order to form a confined
system with columns and collar beam. This solution is rather expensive,
conducting to a high stiffness system with low ductility
Synthetic mesh strengthening systems.
• Synthetic mesh strengthening systems Reinforcement solutions with
synthetic meshes (geogrids) involving the walls have been studied and
tested, proving its applicability, simplicity and efficiency.
The solution for filling the wall cracks (injection of hydraulic lime grout)
combined with the strengthening solution (synthetic mesh incorporated in
the plaster) proved to be very effective.
Seismic design of RC Structures.
• Reinforced Concrete Structures.
 • The main structural will lies on the

• Foundation
• Roof slab.
• Beam
• Column
• Lintel slab.
• Sill slab
For Seismic design the reinforcement is done with different bars patterns &
Design codes is followed .

Seismic Design for RC Framed Structures and steel structures.

• The Seismic Design for Steel framing is based on the these design
consideration.
• Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)
• Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF)
• Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
• Buckling Restrained Braced Frames.
Moment Resisting Frames (MRF).
• Beams and columns with moment resisting connections; resist lateral
forces by flexure and shear in beams and columns - i.e. by frame action.
• Develop ductility primarily by flexural yielding of the beams:

• Advantages • Architectural Versatility • High Ductility and Safety

• Disadvantages • Low Elastic Stiffness

Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF).

• Beams columns and braces arranged to form a vertical Beams, columns and
braces arranged to form a vertical truss. Resist lateral earthquake forces by
truss action.
• Develop ductility through inelastic action
in braces. - braces yield in tension -
braces buckle in compression
• Advantages - High elastic stiffness
• Disadvantages - less ductile than other
systems (SMFs EBFs BRBFs) less ductile
than other systems (SMFs, EBFs, BRBFs)
- reduced architectural versatility.
 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF).
• Framing system with beam, columns and braces. At least one end of every
brace is connected to isolate a segment of the beam called a link.
• Resist lateral load through a combination of frame action and truss action.
EBFs can be viewed as a hybrid system between moment frames and
concentrically braced frames.
• Develop ductility through inelastic action in the links.
EBFs can supply high levels of ductility (similar to MRFs), but can also
provide high levels of elastic stiffness (similar to CBFs).

Buckling Restrained Braced Frames Buckling Restrained Braced Frames.

• Type of concentrically braced frame.
• Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss. Resist lateral
earthquake forces by truss action.
• Special type of brace members used: Buckling-Restrained Braces BRBs .
BRBS y p yield both in tension and compression - no buckling!!
• Develop ductility through inelastic action (cyclic tension and compression
yielding) in BRBs.
• System combines high stiffness with high ductility.
Design of non-structural elements- Architectural elements, water supply,
drainage, electrical and mechanical components.
• Countries with advanced seismic safety initiatives have managed to reduce
losses due to building
collapses, and have made
significant progress in
protecting contents, services
& utilities and appendages
of buildings, together called
Non-Structural Elements.
• Nonstructural elements are
those members in buildings
which are non-earthquake
resistant. They do not take
part in load resisting system
of earthquake forces.
• Contents of Buildings.
• Appendages to building.
• Services and utilities.
Some lineal Nonstructural elements run between the outside ground and the
building, but are connected to an upper elevation of the building in contrast to
the base of the building.
• Three types of relative displacement need to be accommodated in NSEs,
namely.
• (a) Relative movement between ends of NSEs connected between outside
ground and oscillating building;
• (b) Relative movement between ends of NSEs connected between two
different levels along the height of the same oscillating building; and
• (c) Relative movement between ends of NSEs connected between two
adjoining oscillating portions of a building.
Architectural elements.
The architectural elements used for the buildings
should be not easily breakable. It should have
some flexibility properties.
The exterior should be well paneled for the glass
buildings.

Design of water supply Areas and drainage

 The water supply of the pipelines should be flexible and has the extra
length if building shakes also.
 The elevated water tank should have the
base isolator. so that in seismic time the top
portion of the building will not get damage
with the help of base isolator.
 Anchored flexible base should be provided in
the slab portion for thebetterment of the
water tank load bearing .
 The Drainage pipes should be placed in outer wall with the anchorage
supported connected to the wall.
 
 Separate IC chamber should be provided at each chamber in the house.
So that the long pipe line connection is avoided prevent from the
seismic damage and easy for maintenance also.
Design of Nonstructural elements – Electrical and mechanical components.
The development of analytical techniques for nonstructural components has
mirrored that for the primary structure of buildings. Most of these techniques use
equivalent lateral force methods, where the component is designed for a lateral
seismic force that is expressed as a fraction of the component weight.
 Electrical equipment includes electrical and communication equipment,
electrical panels, motor control centers, switch gear, transformers,
emergency generators, battery racks, light fixtures, and other fixed
components, as well as distribution systems such as conduit and cable
trays.
  The seismic safety of wiring shown in the image with the flexibility of the
wiring
 For the electrical and mechanical equipment in the building should be hold
with the anchorage bolt and isolator in the bottom of the equipment.