Indonesia: A Country of Preference for Residing and Developing

Competency as an Architect
An Analysis for Country Of Preference - Individual Selection
Author/s: Daniela Krisha M. Toledo
Rizal Technological University, Boni, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
CEA-01-801P

Abstract: Indonesia is an archipelago nation in Southeast Asia. With its rich cultural heritage, vibrant economy, and
growing infrastructure sector, Indonesia offers a compelling value proposition for architects of all skill levels.
This paper will explore the factors that make Indonesia a country of preference for architects, highlighting the
opportunities and resources available to support their professional growth.
Keywords: Indonesia, architects, cultural heritage, professional growth, architecture, qualifications, sustainability, urban
planning, professional development, compensation.

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia, an archipelago nation in Southeast Asia, has emerged as an attractive destination for architects
seeking to reside and develop their professional competencies. With its rich cultural heritage, vibrant
economy, and growing infrastructure sector, Indonesia offers a compelling value proposition for architects
of all skill levels. This paper will explore the factors that make Indonesia a country of preference for
architects, highlighting the opportunities and resources available to support their professional growth. Also
requires careful consideration of various factors, including cultural significance, qualifications for practice,
competitiveness on compensation, lifestyle, and nature of the profession.
Indonesia is a captivating country for residing and honing one's architectural skills. The diverse cultural
heritage and rich natural landscapes offer a wealth of inspiration for architectural design. Indonesia’s
architecture is deeply rooted in its diverse culture, including Javanese, Balinese, and other regional
influences. Ancient temples and modern structures coexist. Moreover, the Indonesian Institute of Architects
(IAI) oversees the profession. While the process can be rigorous, it ensures competence. In addition, the
compensation varies, but Jakarta offers opportunities for well-paying projects. Jakarta’s bustling lifestyle
appeals to professionals seeking an active urban environment. Indonesia’s architectural scene is evolving,
with a focus on sustainability and urban planning.
The warm hospitality of the Indonesian people, coupled with the vibrant arts and crafts scene, creates an
enriching environment for architects to immerse themselves in. Additionally, the country's commitment to
sustainable development aligns with the global architectural trend towards eco-friendly and resilient design
practices. Overall, Indonesia offers a dynamic and culturally rich setting for architects to thrive, making it
an appealing choice for those seeking to develop their competency in this field

1.1 Culture
1.1.1 Cultural Heritage and Architectural Inspiration

Indonesia, an archipelago of over 17,000 islands, boasts a rich and diverse cultural heritage that has
profoundly influenced its architectural landscape. With its blend of indigenous traditions, colonial
influences, and modern innovations, Indonesia presents a unique and captivating destination for architects
seeking inspiration and professional growth.

1.1.1.1 Influences

● Unity in Diversity
1) Indonesia’s national motto, “Bhinneka Tunggall Ika” (Unity in Diversity), reflects the harmonious
coexistence of diverse ethnic groups, languages, and religions.
 2) The fusion of indigenous customs with foreign influences (including Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam,
and Christianity) has shaped Indonesia’s unique cultural landscape.1
● Traditional Performing Arts
1) Gamelan: A traditional music ensemble found in Java, Bali, and Sumatra. It includes instruments
like gambang, bonang, saron, and gong.
2) Kendang: A traditional Indonesian drum often used during music performances.
3) Balinese Dances: These dances tell stories from ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms,
showcasing cultural continuity.
● Visual Arts and Architecture
1) Hindu Epics Influence: Visual and performing arts in Java and Bali draw inspiration from the
Hindu epics Mahabharata and Ramayana.
2) Islamic Art: Sumatra (especially Minangkabau and Aceh) features Islamic art forms and
architecture.
● Community and Social Harmony
1) Indonesian culture emphasizes community, social bonds, and mutual respect.
2) Ritualized Speech: Remote regions (Sumatra, Kalimantan, and western New Guinea) maintain
ritualized speech and local epic narrative traditions.
3) Indigenous Ethnic Groups: Batak, Nias, Mentawai, Dayak, Toraja, and others preserve their rituals,
customs, and traditional clothing.2
● Modern Influences
1) The Western world has impacted Indonesia in science, technology, entertainment (TV shows, film,
music), and political systems.
2) Indian Influence: Indonesian songs and movies often reflect Indian rhythms and melodies.

Figure 1 Culture Comparisons (Source: Arago, Goshio 2016)

Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines are Austronesians-dominant countries. Indonesia is predominantly
Muslim and always considered "culturally" affiliated with Malaysia, though it appears that Filipinos
generally share more in common with Malaysia. Both Malaysia and the Philippines have great
hierarchy-influenced social circles, while Indonesians tend to be more relaxed.
Indonesia was controlled by the Dutch and the Philippines by Spain/USA. All the nation's ethnic groups
were united and formed by colonization, Indonesia is by far the largest and most diverse.

1
“Multiculturalism: Some Lessons From Indonesia,” Cultural Survival, March 19, 2010,
https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/multiculturalism-some-lessons-indonesia.
2
“Indonesia | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Language, Religion, & Facts,” Encyclopedia Britannica, April 28, 2024,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Cultural-life.
 Indonesia: A Country of Preference for Residing and Developing Competency as an Architect

1.1.1.2 A Fusion of Styles

The architectural heritage of Indonesia reflects a fusion of styles. Dutch colonial architecture, with its
symmetrical facades and classical motifs, stands side-by-side with traditional Javanese palaces, adorned
with pointed roofs and ornate gateways. Modern Indonesian architects have embraced this eclecticism,
creating buildings that seamlessly blend traditional elements with contemporary aesthetics.

1.2 Qualifications of Practice

In Indonesia, aspirants for the renowned profession of architecture must pass a challenging
examination. These are common progressions to becoming a qualified architect in Indonesia, from
academic studies to training, apprenticeship, and licensure examinations. It truly requires people
to have perseverance and patience, since architecture is both challenging and rewarding. There are
three layers of architects in the architecture profession in Indonesia: Archarchitectssitek Muda),
Intermediate Architect (Arsitek Madya), and Senior Architect (Arsitek Utama).3

1.2.1 Requirements for Aspirant Architect

- Junior Architect: Newly graduated architects, under mentorship from experienced professionals, are
responsible for drafting, design creation, and project coordination.

Junior architects must:

● Have a minimum of 4 years of education Bachelor's in Architecture degree

● 1 year of Professional Education Diploma or 2 years of Master in Architecture degree.
● Must have attended a 2-year minimum internship
● Completed 3 projects and must have complied with the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
● Attend 2 different classes of the professional workshops.

Intermediate Architect: Possess advanced knowledge and skills, potentially handling more responsibilities
in architectural projects, including design concept development, client interaction, and project management
under supervision.

Intermediate architects must:

● Applicants must have completed 6 projects

● Minimum of 5 years of experience
● Attend 4 different classes of the professional workshops.
● Senior Architect: Architectural experts with extensive experience lead ventures, supervise teams,
negotiate with clients, and provide mentorship to less experienced team members.

Senior Architects must:

● Candidates must have worked on 10 projects

● Minimum of 12 years of experience
● Attend different classes of professional workshops

One of their workshop firm is the Renowned Indonesian architectural firm Realrich Architecture Workshop
is well-known for its cutting-edge designs and dedication to sustainability. Under the direction of architect
Realrich Sjarief, the firm promotes architectural discourse through workshops, lectures, and exhibitions.

To renew their registration, architects must have completed a certain number of Professional Development
Units (PDUs) as part of the Continuing Professional Development Program. Based on the study, 60 units
are needed every year 35 PDUs in the education category and 25 units for the giving back category,
CSDB/LPJK determines the overall PDU need, which is accrued over three years.4

3
Webmaster. 2017. “Architecture Education in Indonesia.” January 14, 2017. https://architecture.uii.ac.id/descriptions/architecture3/.
4
Tjhin, Silvialy. 2013. “Licensing for Architecture Major.” Indonesia Mengglobal (blog). April 7, 2013.
https://www.indonesiamengglobal.com/2012/07/licensing-for-architecture-major/.

3
1.2.2 Educational Institutions and Professional Development

Indonesia has a well-established network of architectural education institutions, offering bachelor's,

master's, and doctoral programs. These institutions provide students with a solid foundation in architectural
design, theory, and practice. In addition, numerous professional organizations and associations support
architects in their ongoing professional development, such as the Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI).

1.3 Competitiveness on Compensation

In Indonesia, the average monthly salary for an architect is approximately 11,900,000 IDR, equivalent to
around 142,000,000 IDR annually before tax deductions. However, salary ranges can vary significantly,
with the lowest average at 5,420,000 IDR and the highest at 21,700,000 IDR per month. These figures
include benefits such as housing, transportation, and other perks. Specific job titles within architecture also
exhibit varying salaries.5 For instance, an Architect earns around 15,700,000 IDR per month, an
Architectural Designer approximately 15,000,000 IDR per month, and a Landscape Architect about
18,500,000 IDR per month. Additional factors such as bonuses, experience, and expertise also impact
overall compensation. Senior architects with specialized skills or extensive experience may command
higher salaries. Moreover, compensation may differ based on whether one works in urban centers like
Jakarta or more remote areas.6

1.3.1 Economic Growth and Infrastructure Development

Indonesia is one of the fastest-growing economies in Southeast Asia, with a rapidly expanding
infrastructure sector. The government's ambitious infrastructure development plans, including the
construction of new airports, highways, and urban development projects, present significant opportunities
for architects to contribute to the country's economic growth. The increasing demand for skilled architects
has created a thriving job market, offering competitive salaries and career advancement opportunities.

1.3.2 International Collaboration and Recognition

Indonesia has a growing reputation as a center for architectural excellence. International architecture firms
have established offices in the country, collaborating with local architects on major projects. This
collaboration fosters knowledge exchange and exposes Indonesian architects to global trends and best
practices. The country has also hosted several prestigious architectural competitions and exhibitions,
showcasing the talents of Indonesian architects on the international stage.

1.3.3 Government Support and Incentives

The Indonesian government recognizes the importance of architecture in nation-building. It provides

various incentives to attract and retain skilled architects, including tax breaks, research and development
grants, and support for architectural competitions. These measures demonstrate the government's
commitment to fostering a vibrant architectural industry and supporting the professional development of
architects.

5
“Architecture Average Salaries in Indonesia 2024 - the Complete Guide.” n.d.
https://www.salaryexplorer.com/average-salary-wage-comparison-indonesia-architecture-c101f9.
6
Iyer‐Raniga, Usha, and Tony Dalton. 2021. “Bridging the Gap Between Industry and Academia: The Case of Indonesia.” In
Environmental Science and Engineering, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61891-9_1.
 Indonesia: A Country of Preference for Residing and Developing Competency as an Architect

1.4 Lifestyle
Life in Indonesia is vibrant and diverse, offering a unique blend of friendly people, a tropical climate, and
beautiful beaches. The country boasts a rich cultural tapestry, with a blend of traditions, festivals, and local
customs to explore. Indonesia also provides ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as surfing,
hiking, diving, and exploring lush rainforests. In terms of cost of living, Indonesia is quite affordable, with
the average cost ranging from $1,000 to $2,000 per month for ex-pats, although this can vary based on
lifestyle and location.

The low cost of living allows residents to enjoy quality meals, transportation, and entertainment without
breaking the bank. Accommodation, especially outside major cities, is generally affordable, and local street
food is delicious and budget-friendly. Additionally, medical expenses are relatively low compared to
Western countries. However, while Indonesia offers incredible experiences, be prepared for cultural
differences. Embrace the adventure and learn from the local way of life to make the most of your time in
this diverse and vibrant country.7

1.4.1 Quality of Life and Cultural Immersion

Beyond its professional opportunities, Indonesia offers a high quality of life for architects. The country is
known for its friendly and welcoming people, affordable cost of living, and diverse culinary scene.
Architects can immerse themselves in the rich cultural traditions and art forms of Indonesia, which can
inspire their creative vision and broaden their perspectives.

7
Wood, Joshua, and Joshua Wood. 2024. “Living in Indonesia.” Expat Exchange. January 2, 2024.
https://www.expatexchange.com/gd/5/55/Indonesia/Living-in-Indonesia.

5
1.5 Nature In Profession
1.5.1 Skills and Competencies

As a Filipino architect considering practicing in Indonesia, there are several advantages and opportunities to
explore. Firstly, the ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) allows you to practice architecture
within the ASEAN region. By obtaining the ASEAN Architect (AA) designation, you can work on specific
projects where your competence has been assessed under the ASEAN MRA on Architectural Services. This
recognition extends to all ASEAN Member States, including Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Being an AA adds value to your
professional career, as your expertise will be recognized within the ASEAN region, enhancing your
standing as an architect. Practicing in Indonesia also offers the opportunity to gain experience and exposure
in a dynamic architectural environment. The chance to collaborate with diverse professionals and work on
projects that contribute to Indonesia’s growth. Furthermore, your assessment as an AA is mutually
recognized across the ASEAN Member States, facilitating the practicing of the architectural profession in
any member state as a registered foreign architect. Participating in the ASEAN MRA not only benefits you
individually but also contributes to raising the standards of Filipino architects. Collaboration with architects
from other ASEAN countries fosters knowledge exchange and professional development, ultimately
improving the quality of architectural practice across the region. Foreign architects wishing to practice in
Indonesia must demonstrate competence through a certificate from their home country, register in
Indonesia, and comply with local laws and regulations.8

1.5.2 Professional Standards

As a foreign architect interested in practicing in Indonesia, understanding professional standards and

competencies is crucial. Key points related to professional standards for architects in Indonesia are outlined
in Law Number 6 of 2017 on Architect (Law 6/2017), which provides the legal basis for the architectural
profession in the country. The objectives of this law include establishing legal certainty for architects,
protecting service users and society, encouraging competitive and quality architectural work, as well as
promoting environmentally sound development and cultural preservation. In Indonesia, architects engage in
planning, design, supervision, and review related to buildings, environments, areas, and cities, ensuring
safety, security, health, comfort, and aesthetics. The scope of architectural practice includes preliminary
studies, design, preservation, technical documentation, and supervision, which may overlap with other
professions like city planning and project management. Foreign architects willing to practice in Indonesia
must fulfill competence requirements, be registered in Indonesia, and comply with prevailing laws and
regulations. The architectural education system in Indonesia is evolving to meet national and international
competence standards, with graduates required to meet specific competence levels (first, second, or third
level) to practice legally. Membership in the Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia (IAI) is essential for architects.
Competence requirements for foreign architects include holding a valid competence certificate from their
home country, being registered in Indonesia through a letter of registration, adhering to licensing
requirements according to Indonesian laws and regulations, undergoing an internship (at least 2 years), or
demonstrating equivalent practical work experience, and passing a competence examination.9 Adherence to
these standards ensures the quality and accountability of architectural practice in Indonesia.

CASE STUDY
Thomas Karsten:
Thomas Karsten was a Dutch architect who had a profound impact on urban planning and architecture in
colonial Indonesia. He is known for his work in Semarang, where he designed the Lawang Sewu building,
which is now a famous landmark. His approach to urban planning was revolutionary at the time, as he
integrated local cultural elements into his designs1.

8
Admin. 2018. “New Law on Architect.” Indonesia Real Estate Law by Leks&Co. July 1, 2018.
https://indonesiarealestatelaw.com/law-number-6-of-2017-on-architect/.
9
———. 2017b. “Architecture Education in Indonesia.” January 14, 2017. https://architecture.uii.ac.id/descriptions/architecture3/.
 Indonesia: A Country of Preference for Residing and Developing Competency as an Architect

Henri Maclaine Pont:

Henri Maclaine Pont was another influential Dutch architect who is credited with being one of the first to
incorporate traditional Indonesian elements into modern architectural designs. His most notable work is the
Gedung Sate in Bandung, which features a mix of Western and Indonesian architectural styles1.

Wolff Schoemaker:
Wolff Schoemaker was a Dutch architect who also played a significant role in shaping the architecture of
Bandung. He designed several iconic buildings, including the Villa Isola and the Sociëteit Concordia (now
the Merdeka Building), which is known for its Art Deco style.10

Other Famous Foreign Architects who Practiced in Indonesia:

Norman Foster, known for his innovative and sustainable designs, has left a significant impact on
Indonesia’s architecture scene. His notable work includes the Elephant Building in Jakarta, distinguished by
its unique form and energy-efficient features. Another prominent figure in Indonesian architecture is Paul
Rudolph, an American architect who worked on several projects in the country during the 1960s. His
masterpiece, the Hotel Indonesia Kempinski in Jakarta, is a modernist icon and landmark. Kengo Kuma, a
Japanese architect renowned for his organic and nature-inspired designs, contributed to Indonesia's
architectural landscape with projects like the Museum MACAN (Modern and Contemporary Art in
Nusantara) in Jakarta, known for its distinctive bamboo façade. Rem Koolhaas, a Dutch architect and
founder of OMA (Office for Metropolitan Architecture), added to Indonesia's architectural diversity with
projects like the Ciputra Artpreneur Theater in Jakarta, a striking cultural venue. Zaha Hadid, the late
Iraqi-British architect known for her avant-garde designs, made her mark in Indonesia with projects like the
Capital Place Tower in Jakarta, featuring her signature fluid forms. These foreign architects brought their
global perspectives to Indonesia, enriching its architectural scene with their innovative and iconic designs.

CONCLUSION
Indonesia offers a captivating and culturally rich environment for architects to reside and develop their
professional competencies. With its diverse cultural heritage, growing economy, and commitment to
sustainable development, Indonesia provides numerous opportunities and resources for architects to thrive.
The country's fusion of architectural styles, rigorous qualification process, competitive compensation, and
vibrant lifestyle make it an attractive choice for architects seeking to enhance their skills and contribute to
the country's architectural landscape.

REFERENCES
Admin. 2018. “New Law on Architect.” Indonesia Real Estate Law by Leks&Co. July 1, 2018.
https://indonesiarealestatelaw.com/law-number-6-of-2017-on-architect/.
“Architecture Average Salaries in Indonesia 2024 - the Complete Guide.” n.d.
https://www.salaryexplorer.com/average-salary-wage-comparison-indonesia-architecture-c101f9.
“Berlage in Indonesia; the Famous Dutch Architect’s Forgotten Buildings in Jakarta and Surabaya -
iDiscover Maps.” n.d. https://i-discoverasia.com/stories/berlage-in-indonesia-jakarta-surabaya/.
“Indonesia | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Language, Religion, & Facts.” 2024. Encyclopedia Britannica.
April 28, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Cultural-life.
Iyer‐Raniga, Usha, and Tony Dalton. 2021. “Bridging the Gap Between Industry and Academia: The Case
of Indonesia.” In Environmental Science and Engineering, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61891-9_1.

10
“Berlage in Indonesia; the Famous Dutch Architect’s Forgotten Buildings in Jakarta and Surabaya - iDiscover Maps.” n.d.
https://i-discoverasia.com/stories/berlage-in-indonesia-jakarta-surabaya/.

7
“Multiculturalism: Some Lessons From Indonesia.” 2010. Cultural Survival. March 19, 2010.
https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/multiculturalism-some-lesso
ns-indonesia.
Tjhin, Silvialy. 2013. “Licensing for Architecture Major.” Indonesia Mengglobal (blog). April 7, 2013.
https://www.indonesiamengglobal.com/2012/07/licensing-for-architecture-major/.
Webmaster. 2017a. “Architecture Education in Indonesia.” January 14, 2017.
https://architecture.uii.ac.id/descriptions/architecture3/. ———. 2017b. “Architecture Education in
Indonesia.” January 14, 2017. https://architecture.uii.ac.id/descriptions/architecture3/.
Wood, Joshua, and Joshua Wood. 2024. “Living in Indonesia.” Expat Exchange. January 2, 2024.
https://www.expatexchange.com/gd/5/55/Indonesia/Living-in-Indonesia.