QUGKEG_ QSHK U<.37?: ?3?

3
Hgdpirgk Slrgturgk Eirlbsi
SU SHK (Slrslrm) Km. .S/EI_/?3?3
SU SHK (Slrslrm)

SLDO\DIGK SGEG FG_E\ IKE\B

EGK JG_IKFGK U_GKQDIQI

SU SHK (Slrslrm)
Jh. Urukmjmym Ohmb D-7/71< Blogymrgk Ogru
Jgbgrtg Qlhgtgk 7?703

i
QUGKEG_ QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3
Hgdpirgk Slrgturgk Eirlbsi
SU SHK (Slrslrm) SU SHK (Slrslrm) Km. .S/EI_/?3?3

SLDO\DIGK SGEG FG_E\ IKE\B

EGK JG_IKFGK U_GKQDIQI

SU SHK (Slrslrm)
Jh. Urukmjmym Ohmb D-7/71< Blogymrgk Ogru
Jgbgrtg Qlhgtgk 7?703
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Eg`tgr Isi
Eg`tgr Fgdogr ....................................................................................................................... ii
Eg`tgr Ugolh ........................................................................................................................... ii
Srgbgtg.................................................................................................................................. iii
7 _ugkf Hikfbup.................................................................................................................7
? Uujugk..............................................................................................................................7
1 Gaugk Kmrdgti` ................................................................................................................ 7
5 Istihgn egk El`ikisi ............................................................................................................ 7
Sldoudigk ............................................................................................................7
Frmuke pmtlktigh risl (FS_) ................................................................................... ?
Ulfgkfgk hgkfbgn (Lstlp) ........................................................................................ ?
Ulfgkfgk slktun (Ltmuan) ........................................................................................ ?
Grus nuoukf-sikfbgt (syddltriagh frmuke `guht aurrlkt ) (I`) ....................................?
@gbtmr pldogfi grus nuoukf-sikfbgt (`guht aurrlkt eivisimk `gatmr) (Q`)................... 1
Frie pldoudigk (dlsn frmukeikf) ........................................................................1
Lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk (frmuke lhlatrmel/frmuke rme) .............................................1
Bmkeubtmr pldoudigk (emwk/emwkhlge amkeuatmr) ...............................................1
Lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr ....................................................................................... 1
Qistld pldoudigk (frmukeikf systld) .................................................................. 1
Qistld ygkf eitgkgnbgk (frmukele systld) ...........................................................1
Ugngkgk tgkgn (smih rlsistgkal) .............................................................................1
Ugngkgk jlkis tgkgn (smih rlsistivity) ....................................................................... 5
Ugngkgk pldoudigk (frmuke rlsistgkal) ..............................................................5
Bgwgt tgkgn (snilhe wirl) ....................................................................................... 5
Hifntkikf rme........................................................................................................... 5
Lxmtnlrdia wlheikf ................................................................................................5
Lgrtnikf ahgdp ....................................................................................................... 5
Omkeikf pgeg bgolh................................................................................................5
< Sldoudigk pgeg Fgreu Ikeub ........................................................................................ <
Frie pldoudigk ..................................................................................................... <
<.7.7 Slrsygrgtgk elsgik frie pldoudigk............................................................. <
<.7.? Britlrig elsgik bmkstrubsi frie pldoudigk .................................................... 0
Bmklbsi bl frie pldoudigk ................................................................................... 6
<.?.7 Bmklbsi strubtur ogjg bl frie pldoudigk ..................................................... 6
<.?.? Bmklbsi plrghgtgk bl frie pldoudigk .......................................................... 6
<.?.1 Bmklbsi pmkegsi bl frie pldoudigk............................................................. 6
<.?.5 Bmklbsi pldoudigk FIQ bl frie pldoudigk ............................................... 6
<.?.< Bmklbsi ogkfukgk pusgt bmktrmh bl frie pldoudigk .................................... >
<.?.0 Bmklbsi amddmk `gaihitils bl frie pldoudigk.............................................. >
<.?.6 Bmklbsi gktgr frie pldoudigk...................................................................... >
<.?.> Bmklbsi bgwgt tgkgn egk hifntkikf rme bl frie pldoudigk........................... >

i
QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Qplsi`ibgsi dgtlrigh pldoudigk pgeg fgreu ikeub ................................................. 9

<.1.7 Bmkeubtmr pldoudigk .................................................................................. 9
<.1.? Lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk ................................................................................... 9
<.1.1 Lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr .............................................................................9
<.1.5 Qgdoukfgk-sgdoukfgk ............................................................................... 9
0 Sldoudigk pgeg Jgrikfgk Urgksdisi ............................................................................ 73
Sldoudigk pgeg tmwlr ........................................................................................ 73
0.7.7 Dltmel erivlk rme ....................................................................................... 73
0.7.? Dltmel amuktlrpmisl ..................................................................................77
0.7.1 Sldoudigk pmkegsi ................................................................................... 7?
Sldoudigk pgeg sghurgk bgolh ........................................................................... 7?
0.?.7 Sldoudigk pgeg tlrdikgsi egk jmiktikf ..................................................... 7?
0.?.? Omkeikf ...................................................................................................... 71
Hgdpirgk G Slrnitukfgk Ogtgsgk Ulfgkfgk Hgkfbgn egk Ulfgkfgk Qlktun..................... 75

Eg`tgr Fgdogr

Fgdogr 7. Bmkeisi-bmkeisi pmtlksi tlrslkfgt ......................................................................... ?

Fgdogr ?. Bmklbsi gktgr frie pldoudigk ............................................................................. >
Fgdogr 1. Eidlksi lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr ........................................................................9
Fgdogr 5. Amktmn dltmel erivlk rme ..................................................................................77
Fgdogr <. Amktmn dltmel amuktlrpmisl ..............................................................................77
Fgdogr 0. Amktmn pmhg amuktlrpmisl ...................................................................................77
Fgdogr 6. Amktmn pldgsgkfgk phgt pgeg oiegkf strubtur ogjg pmkegsi.............................. 7?

Eg`tgr Ugolh

Ugolh 7. Slrsygrgtgk Elsgik Frie Sldoudigk ....................................................................... <

Ugolh ?. Britlrig Bmkstrubsi Frie Sldoudigk ......................................................................... 0
Ugolh 1. Jlkis egk dltmel sgdoukfgk .................................................................................. 9

ii
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Srgbgtg

Qtgkegr QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3 eiougt slogfgi plemdgk eghgd plrlkagkggk egk pldogkfukgk
pldoudigk pgeg fgreu ikeub egk jgrikfgk trgksdisi uktub dlkegpgtbgk blgkeghgk sistld
ygkf ogib egk dlkjgdik blgdgkgk plrghgtgk egk blslhgdgtgk plrsmkih.

Ei eghgd stgkegr iki dlkagbup plrsygrgtgk pldoudigk pgeg fgreu ikeub ygkf slagrg udud
dlkfgtur bmkstrubsi egk plrsygrgtgk elsgik frie pldoudigk, bltlktugk bmklbsi-bmklbsi
pldoudigk, egk splsi`ibgsi dgtlrigh pgeg pldoudigk ygkf eifukgbgk2 slrtg pldoudigk
pgeg jgrikfgk trgksdisi ygkf slagrg udud dlkfgtur plrsygrgtgk pldoudigk pgeg tmwlr egk
sghurgk bgolh.

Elkfgk eitltgpbgkkyg stgkegr iki, dgbg slfghg bltlktugk tlrbgit pldoudigk pgeg fgreu
ikeub egk jgrikfgk trgksdisi tiegb omhln olrtlktgkfgk elkfgk stgkegr iki.

iii
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Sldoudigk pgeg Fgreu Ikeub egk Jgrikfgk Urgksdisi

7 _ugkf Hikfbup

Qtgkegr iki dldolribgk plemdgk uktub dlklktubgk britlrig elsgik pldoudigk pgeg
fgreu ikeub egk jgrikfgk trgksdisi.

Sldoudigk ygkf eidgbsue eghgd stgkegr iki dlkfgau pgeg istihgn Frmukeikf.

? Uujugk

Uujugk stgkegrisgsi pldoudigk pgeg sistld tlkgfg histrib iki geghgn uktub dldolribgk
plemdgk ygkf tlrgrgn eghgd plrlkagkggk egk pldogkfukgk pldoudigk pgeg fgreu
ikeub egk jgrikfgk trgksdisi uktub dlkegpgtbgk blgkeghgk sistld ygkf ogib egk dlkjgdik
blgdgkgk plrghgtgk egk blslhgdgtgk plrsmkih.

1 Gaugk Kmrdgti`

Embudlk-embudlk olribut tlrbgit elkfgk stgkegr iki. Eghgd ngh tlrjgei plruogngk pgeg
embudlk tlrslout, dgbg bltlktugk egpgt dlkfibuti leisi tlrgbnir.

g. ILLL Qte >3-?371 Fuiel `mr Qg`lty ik GA Quostgtimk Frmukeikf2

o. ILLL Qte >7-79>1 Fuiel `mr Dlgsurikf Lgrtn _lsistivity, Frmuke Idplegkal, gke
Lgrtn Qur`gal Smtlktigh m` g Frmuke Qystld2
a. ILA 0?13<-7:?373 Srmtlatimk gfgikst hifntkikf - Sgrt 7: Flklrgh prikaiphls2
e. ILA 0?13<-1:?373 Srmtlatimk gfgikst hifntkikf - Sgrt 1: Snysiagh egdgfl tm struaturls
gke hi`l ngzgre2
l. ILA 0?13<-5:?373 Srmtlatimk gfgikst hifntkikf - Sgrt 5: Lhlatriagh gke lhlatrmkia
systlds witnik struaturls2
`. ILLL <6<-?375 - ILLL Fuiel `mr Omkeikf Qnilhes gke Qnlgtns m` Qikfhl-Amkeuatmr
Smwlr Agohls _gtle < bP tnrmufn <33 bP.
f. QSHK U1.337-1: ?33>, Slemdgk pldihingk jlkis bmkeubtmr, Ogfigk 1: Bgwgt tgkgn
uktub sghurgk uegrg tlfgkfgk tikffi egk lbstrg tikffi

5 Istihgn egk El`ikisi

Sldoudigk

Sldoudigk (frmukeikf ) geghgn dlkfnuoukfbgk slougn mojlb gtgu jgrikfgk blhistribgk bl

tgkgn gtgu oudi dlhghui bmkeubtmr.

7
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QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

F rmuke pmtlktigh ris l (FS_)

Ulfgkfgk histrib dgbsidud ygkf dukfbik tidouh pgeg sugtu sistld frie pldoudigk, rlhgti`
tlrngegp sugtu titib pldoudigk ygkf eigsudsibgk slogfgi tlfgkfgk kmh oudi.

Slkflrtigk FS_ dlkfgau blpgeg Fgdogr 7.

Fgdogr 7. Bmkeisi-bmkeisi pmtlksi tlrslkfgt (ILLL Qte >3-?371, @ifurl 7?)

Ulfgkfgk hgkfbgn (L s tlp)

Ulfgkfgk ygkf tidouh eigktgrg eug bgbi slslmrgkf ygkf dlhgkfbgn elkfgk jgrgb 7 dltlr
tgkpg dlkylktun mojlb ygkf eitgkgnbgk. Slkflrtigk tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn slsugi Fgdogr 7
(stlp vmhtgfl).

Ulfgkfgk slktun (L tmuan)

Oleg tlfgkfgk gktgrg FS_ elkfgk tlfgkfgk plrdubggk pgeg sugtu titib eidgkg
slslmrgkf olreiri egk dlkylktun mojlb ygkf eitgkgnbgk.

Grus nuoukf-sikfbgt (s yddltriagh f rmuke `guht aurrlkt) (I `)

Kihgi dgbsidud rds grus nuoukf-sikfbgt slsggt sltlhgn fgkffugk tgkgn tlrjgei.

?
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

@gbtmr pldogfi grus nuoukf-sikfbgt (`guht aur rlkt eivis imk `gatmr) (Q `)

@gbtmr ygkf dlkukjubbgk plrogkeikfgk tlroghib gktgrg olsgrgk grus nuoukf-sikfbgt ygkf
tlrjgei elkfgk grus nuoukf-sikfbgt ygkf dlkfghir bl oudi dlhghui frie pldoudigk.

Frie pldoudigk (dls n f rmukeikf )

Qistld pldoudigk ygkf eisusuk egri ololrgpg lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk ygkf sghikf
tlrnuoukf elkfgk pmhg tlrtlktu egk eitgkgd ei ogwgn tgkgn sugtu grlg ygkf eigdgkbgk.

Lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk (f rmuke lhlatrmel/f rmuke rme)

Bmkeubtmr ygkf eitgkgd ei eghgd tgkgn ygkf olr`ukfsi slogfgi tlrdikgh pldoudigk
(dlkfudpuhbgk grus pldoudigk egri oudi, gtgu dlkfnihgkfbgk grus pldoudigk bl
oudi).

Bmkeubtmr pldoudigk (emwk/emwkhlge amkeuatmr)

Bmkeubtmr ygkf eifukgbgk uktub dlkfnuoukfbgk plrghgtgk bl frie/lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk.

L quipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr

Shgt olrupg ousogr ygkf olr`ukfsi slogfgi tlrdikgh nuoukf ololrgpg bmkeubtmr
pldoudigk slolhud einuoukfbgk bl frie pldoudigk.

Qistld pldoudigk (f rmukeikf s ys tld)

Fgoukfgk slhurun `gsihitgs pldoudigk ygkf sghikf tlrnuoukf eghgd sugtu grlg tlrtlktu.

Qistld ygkf eitgkgnbgk (frmukele systld)

Qlougn sistld eidgkg sltiegbkyg tlregpgt sgtu bmkeubtmr gtgu titib (kmel) ygkf
eitgkgnbgk ogib slagrg smhie gtgupuk dlkffukgbgk rlsistgks.

Ugngkgk tgkgn (s mih rlsis tgkal)

Kihgi rlsistgksi tgkgn eghgd mnd (℠) ygkf eiegpgt dlhghui plkfuburgk dlkffukgbgk lgrtn
tlstlr.

1
QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Ugngkgk jlkis tgkgn (s mih rlsis tivity)

Kihgi ygkf dlkukjubgk rlsistgksi splsi`ib tgkgn, eikygtgbgk eghgd sgtugk mnd.dltlr
(℠.d). Ugngkgk jlkis tgkgn eiplkfgruni mhln ololrgpg `gbtmr, gktgrg hgik: tipl tgkgn,
blhldogogk tgkgn, bmdpmsisi bidig egk bmkslktrgsi fgrgd tlrbgkeukf eghgd gir pgeg
tgkgn, egk jufg eiplkfgruni mhln tldplrgtur, uburgk outirgk, egk blpgegtgk tgkgn.

Ugngkgk pldoudigk (f rmuke rls is tgkal)

Kihgi rlsistgksi eghgd mnd (℠) gktgrg lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk elkfgk „rldmtl’ lhlbtrmeg
pldoudigk. _ldmtl eigrtibgk sugtu jgrgb eidgkg rlsistgksi dutugh gktgrg eug lhlbtrmeg
elkfgk jgrgb tlrslout sgdg elkfgk kmh.

Bgwgt tgkgn (s nilhe wirl)

Bmkeubtmr gtgu bgwgt ygkf eipgsgkf dlhiktgkf pgeg fgreu ikeub pgeg titib tlrtikffi
slrgkegkf uktub dlhikeukfi fgreu ikeub egri sgdogrgk pltir hgkfsukf.

Hif ntkikf rme

Ogtgkf bmkeubtmr ygkf eipgsgkf pgeg slrgkegkf fgreu ikeub ygkf dgdpu dlhikeukfi
plrghgtgk ei eghgd sueut hikeukfkyg egri sgdogrgk pltir hgkfsukf.

L xmtnlrdia wlheikf

Srmsls plkflhgsgk eug bmkeubtmr histrib gtgu hloin elkfgk dlkffukgbgk ogngk agdpurgk
tldogfg ygkf eiagirbgk elkfgk pgkgs tikffi uktub dlkffgoukfbgk bmkeubtmr slagrg
plrdgklk.

L grtnikf ahgdp

Bhld ygkf eifukgbgk uktub dlkfnuoukfbgk tlrdikgh/lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk bl ujukf

bmkeubtmr pldoudigk.

Omkeikf pgeg bgolh

Dlkfnuoukfbgk slhuoukf dltgh (snlgtn) sugtu slfdlk bgolh bl slhuoukf slfdlk bgolh
ygkf hgik2 gbslsmri bgolh, slplrti agsikf sgdoukfgk ( jmikt), tlrdikgtimk olhh, gtgu hikb omx2
gtgu sistld pldoudigk, slplrti ous, lhlbtrmeg, gtgu bmkeubtmr pldoudigk.

5
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

< Sldoudigk pgeg Fgreu Ikeub

Sldoudigk pgeg fgreu ikeub ygkf eigtur ei eghgd QSHK iki dlkfgtur bmkstrubsi egk
plrsygrgtgk elsgik frie pldoudigk, bltlktugk bmklbsi-bmklbsi pldoudigk, egk
splsi`ibgsi dgtlrigh pgeg pldoudigk ygkf eifukgbgk.

Frie pldoudigk

Frie pldoudigk pgeg fgreu ikeub olr`ukfsi uktub dlkfnihgkfbgk oleg pmtlksigh ei
slhurun grlg fgreu ikeub slrtg slogfgi plkfgdgk tlrngegp tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn egk
tlfgkfgk slktun.

Elsgik frie pldoudigk dlkfgau pgeg stgkegr ILLL Qte >3-?371 elkfgk tgdogngk
plrsygrgtgk ygkf geg ei eghgd stgkegr iki.

<.7.7 Slrsygrgtgk elsgik frie pldoudigk

Elsgik frie pldoudigk ngrus eiougt slnikffg dldlkuni ogtgsgk tmhlrgksi Lstlp egk Ltmuan
pgeg tuoun egk dldlkuni pgrgdltlr pgeg Ugolh 7. Ogtgsgk tmhlrgksi pgeg tuoun
dlkffukgbgk gsudsi olrgt ogegk <3 bf elkfgk dgtlrigh plrdubggk (sur`gal dgtlrigh)
egk bltloghgkkyg slsugi elkfgk rlkagkg plhgbsgkggk.

Eiel`ikisibgk slogfgi olribut:


Ulfgkfgk hgkfbgn (Ls) geghgn tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn dgbsidud ygkf tidouh pgeg frie
pldoudigk.

Ulfgkfgk dlsn (Ld) geghgn tlfgkfgk slktun dgbsidud ygkf tidouh pgeg jljgrikf
(dlsn) frie pldoudigk.

Ugngkgk pldoudigk frie (_f) geghgn kihgi blslhurungk tgngkgk pldoudigk pgeg frie
pldoudigk.

Ugolh 7. Slrsygrgtgk Elsgik Frie Sldoudigk

Km Sgrgdltlr Ogtgsgk

7 Ulfgkfgk hgkfbgn (Ls)* ≥ ?>33 P

? Ulfgkfgk dlsn (Ld)* ≥ 6>6 P

1 Ugngkgk pldoudigk frie (_f)** ≥ 3,< ℠

AGUGUGK

*) Egsgr ogtgsgk dlkfibuti Hgdpirgk G.

**) Slkfgdoihgk titib plkfuburgk eihgbubgk ei hugr grlg fgreu ikeub elkfgk dikidgh ? sgdplh
plkfuburgk.

<
QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3
<.7.? Britlrig elsgik bmkstrubsi frie pldoudigk
Bmkstrubsi frie pldoudigk ngrus dldlkuni britlrig pgeg Ugolh ?.
Ugolh ?. Britlrig Bmkstrubsi Frie Sldoudigk
Km Sgrgdltlr
7 Grus nuoukf-sikfbgt (I`)
? @gbtmr pldogfi grus nuoukf-sikfbgt (Q`)
1 Eurgsi nuoukf sikfbgt (t`)
5 Ugngkgk jlkis tgkgn (χ)
< Ugngkgk jlkis dgtlrigh plrdubggk (χs)
0 Bltloghgk dgtlrigh plrdubggk (ns)
6 Bmkeubtmr plkyusuk frie pldoudigk
> Hugs plkgdpgkf bmkeubtmr frie
pldoudigk (G)
9 \burgk frie (E7, E?)
73 Bleghgdgk plkgkgdgk frie pldoudigk (n)
77 Judhgn lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk (K)
7? Hugs grlg frie pldoudigk (H7 x H?)
0
Britlrig
Gsudsi dikidgh <3 bG.
Sgeg bmkeisi sistld elkfgk snmrt-airauit hlvlh
;<3 bG, dgbg kihgi dlkylsugibgk bloutungk
sistld.
Gsudsi dikidgh 03%.
Gsudsi dikidgh 7 s.
Kihgi iki eiubur slolhud plblrjggk bmkstrubsi
eiduhgi, ududkyg eiagri pgeg sggt plblrjggk
plkylhieibgk tgkgn. Kihgi tgngkgk jlkis tgkgn
eiplrhubgk eghgd plrnitukfgk elsgik
pldoudigk.
\ktub fgreu ikeub hugr rugkfgk ngrus
dlkffukgbgk ngdpgrgk blribih elkfgk dgtlrigh
frgkit ygkf dlhghui prmsls plkauaigk (wgsnle
frgkitl) elkfgk χs ≬ <333 ℠.d.
Dikidgh 7< ad.
Ogrl Ampplr Amkeuatmr (OAA) egri tldogfg
durki.
\burgk frie eitlktubgk elkfgk dlhgbubgk
plrnitukfgk tlrbgit elkfgk grus nuoukf sikfbgt
ygkf egpgt eighirbgk.
Dikidgh 7<3 dd?
\burgk frie eitlktubgk elkfgk dlhgbubgk
plrnitukfgk uktub dlkegpgtbgk elsgik frie
pldoudigk ygkf l`isilk slrtg gdgk tlrngegp
tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn egk tlfgkfgk slktun ygkf
tlrjgei.
Dgbsidgh < d x < d
Dikidgh 3,< d
Bloutungk judhgn lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk egk
pgkjgkfkyg eilstidgsi pgeg sggt dlkelsgik
frie pldoudigk. Kihgi iki eislsugibgk uktub
dlkegpgtbgk elsgik frie pldoudigk ygkf
mptidgh.
Lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk eipgsgkf sltigp jgrgb
dgbsidgh 7< d pgeg frie pldoudigk gtgu
dlkfibuti jgrgb gktgr ogy.
Eihloinbgk 7,< ‑ ? d egri pgfgr blhihikf.
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Bmklbsi bl frie pldoudigk

<.?.7 Bmklbsi strubtur ogjg bl frie pldoudigk

Qltigp strubtur ogjg slrgkegkf pgeg fgreu ikeub ngrus tlrbmklbsi bl frie pldoudigk
dlhghui jgrgb tlrelbgt slogfgi plkfgdgk tlrngegp tlfgkfgk slktun. Bmklbsi
dlkffukgbgk bmkeubtmr pldoudigk elkfgk uburgk eislsugibgk elkfgk uburgk snilhe
wirl ygkf tlrpgsgkf pgeg slrgkegkf.

<.?.? Bmklbsi plrghgtgk bl frie pldoudigk

Qlhurun slhukfbup plrghgtgk ygkf tlrougt egri dltgh einuoukfbgk bl frie pldoudigk
dlhghui jgrgb tlrelbgt slogfgi plkfgdgk tlrngegp tlfgkfgk slktun. Bmklbsi
dlkffukgbgk bmkeubtmr pldoudigk.

Hifntkikf grrlstlr eipgsgkf slelbgt dukfbik elkfgk plrghgtgk ygkf eihikeukfi egk
tlrdikgh pldoudigkkyg tlrnuoukf hgkfsukf bl frie pldoudigk ygkf geg ei ogwgnkyg.
Slkldpgtgk hifntkikf grrlstlr dlkfibuti plrsygrgtgk pgeg QSHK bmkstrubsi fgreu ikeub.

Bnusus uktub pldoudigk hifntkikf grrlstlr egk kltrgh trgks`mrdgtmr tlkgfg, slhgik
tlrnuoukf bl frie pldoudigk dlhghui jgrgb tlrelbgt, eitgdognbgk sgtu lhlbtrmeg
pldoudigk ygkf eitgkgd elbgt plrghgtgk tlrslout.

<.?.1 Bmklbsi pmkegsi bl frie pldoudigk

_gkfbg olsi pmkegsi egri strubtur ogjg gtgu plkmpgkf plrghgtgk ygkf tlrnuoukf slagrg
lhlbtris egpgt olr`ukfsi slogfgi tgdogngk lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk. Qlnikffg rgkfbg olsi
pmkegsi egpgt einuoukfbgk bl frie pldoudigk.

<.?.5 Bmklbsi pldoudigk FIQ bl frie pldoudigk

Qltigp bmdpgrtldlk fgs-iksuhgtle switanflgr (FIQ) ngrus tlrbmklbsi bl sistld

pldoudigk. Bmklbsi pldoudigk pgeg bmdpgrtldlk eihgbubgk elkfgk dldplrngtibgk
gfgr tiegb tlrolktub hmmp tlrtutup elkfgk oudi ygkf egpgt dlkylogobgk tlrjgeikyg
sirbuhgsi grus.

Qltigp buoiblh hmagh amktrmh agoiklt (HAA) einuoukfbgk bl sistld pldoudigk. Bmklbsi
egpgt eihgbubgk elkfgk dlkffukgbgk bmkeubtmr pldoudigk dlhghui lquipmtlktigh
omkeikf ogr. Lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr einuoukfbgk bl frie pldoudigk pgeg jgrgb
tlrelbgt.

Elsgik bmkstrubsi egk pldgsgkfgk FIQ eigtur eghgd QSHK tlrpisgn.

6
QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

<.?.< Bmklbsi ogkfukgk pusgt bmktrmh bl frie pldoudigk

Sldoudigk pgeg ogkfukgk pusgt bmktrmh ngrus tlrnuoukf bl frie pldoudigk egk
eihlkfbgpi elkfgk rikf frmukeikf ygkf eitgkgd dlkflhihikfi ogkfukgk.

<.?.0 Bmklbsi amddmk `gaihitils bl frie pldoudigk

Slrghgtgk amddmk `gaihitils ei fgreu ikeub slplrti pgfgr, rgb ogtlrgi, trgks`mrdgtmr
pldgbgigk slkeiri, flkslt, pgklh nuoukf ogfi, egk plrghgtgk dltgh hgikkyg ngrus
tlrnuoukf bl sistld pldoudigk. Bmklbsi eihgbubgk elkfgk dlkffukgbgk bmkeubtmr
pldoudigk dlhghui lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr . Lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr einuoukfbgk bl
frie pldoudigk pgeg jgrgb tlrelbgt.

<.?.6 Bmklbsi gktgr frie pldoudigk

Sgeg bmkeisi eghgd sgtu sistld tlregpgt eug gtgu hloin frie pldoudigk, ngrus eihgbubgk
plkfnuoukfgk gktgr frie pldoudigk. Slkfnuoukf gktgr frie eihgbubgk pgeg sisi-sisi ygkf
olrngegpgk pgeg ogkygb titib sltigp dgbsidgh 7< d (Fgdogr ?). Bmkeubtmr plkfnuoukf
dlkffukgbgk tldogfg elkfgk hugs plkgdpgkf dikidgh 7<3 dd ?.

Eghgd ngh eglrgn ei gktgrg bleug grlg frie pldoudigk dlrupgbgk hgngk ygkf eifukgbgk
uktub gbtivitgs dgkusig, dgbg bltlktugk pldoudigk dlkfibuti plrsygrgtgk frie
pldoudigk.

Bmkeubtmr
Slkfnuoukf

≥ 7< d

Frie Sldoudigk 7 Frie Sldoudigk ?

Fgdogr ?. Bmklbsi gktgr frie pldoudigk

<.?.> Bmklbsi bgwgt tgkgn egk hifntkikf rme bl frie pldoudigk

Bgwgt tgkgn gtgu hifntkikf rme eipgsgkf uktub dlkfgdgkbgk slrgkegkf fgreu ikeub
tlrngegp sgdogrgk pltir hgkfsukf pgeg ogtgsgk kihgi grus pltir ygkf eitlktubgk. Bgwgt
tgkgn gtgu hifntkikf rme tlrnuoukf bl frie pldoudigk ygkf geg ei ogwgnkyg dlhghui
strubtur ogjg.

>
 Baju Fashion Berkualitas
Shopee

QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Qplsi`ibgsi dgtlrigh pldoudigk pgeg fgreu ikeub

<.1.7 Bmkeubtmr pldoudigk

Bmkeubtmr pldoudigk olrupg ogrl amkeuatmr (OA) ygkf egpgt tlrougt egri ogjg fghvgkis
gtgu tldogfg. \burgk eislsugibgk slnikffg dgdpu dlkfghirbgk grus nuoukf sikfbgt
sistld.

<.1.? Lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk

Lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk tlrougt egri tldogfg elkfgk pgkjgkf dikidgh ? d egk dldlkuni
britlrig elsgik frie pldoudigk.

<.1.1 L quipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr

Lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr tlrougt egri tldogfg elkfgk eidlksi hlogr egk bltloghgk
dikidgh 733 dd Ö 73 dd (Fgdogr 1).

≬ 733

AGUGUGK:

Sgkjgkf ogtgkf, uburgk huogkf,

egk jgrgb gktgr huogkf slsugi
≬ 73 dd bloutungk

Fgdogr 1. Eidlksi lquipmtlktigh omkeikf ogr

<.1.5 Qgdoukfgk-sgdoukfgk

Qgdoukfgk-sgdoukfgk pldoudigk ngrus dldlkuni plrsygrgtgk pgeg Ugolh 1.

Ugolh 1. Jlkis egk dltmel sgdoukfgk

Km Jlkis sgdoukfgk Dltmel sgdoukfgk

7 Gktgr bmkeubtmr uktub dldolktub frie lxmtnlrdia wlheikf

pldoudigk

? Bmkeubtmr bl frie pldoudigk lxmtnlrdia wlheikf

1 Bmkeubtmr bl lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk lgrtnikf ahgdp

5 Slrghgtgk bl bmkeubtmr pldoudigk lgrtnikf ahgdp

9
 Fashion Pria Terbaik
Shopee

QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

0 Sldoudigk pgeg tmwlr

Sldoudigk pgeg jgrikfgk trgksdisi ygkf eigtur ei eghgd QSHK iki dlkagbup plrsygrgtgk
pldoudigk pgeg tmwlr egk sghurgk bgolh.

Sldoudigk pgeg tmwlr

Sldoudigk pgeg tmwlr trgksdisi pgeg Qghurgk \egrg Ulfgkfgk Uikffi egk Lbstrg Uikffi
(Q\UU/Q\ULU) olrtujugk uktub dlkjgdik blgdgkgk plrsmkih egri tlfgkfgk slktun egk
tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn pgeg tmwlr, dlkfghirbgk idpuhs pltir, egk dlkfghirbgk grus fgkffugk
bl oudi.

Dltmel pldoudigk pgeg tmwlr eihgbubgk elkfgk bmdoikgsi dltmel erivlk rme egk
dltmel amuktlrpmisl, egk egpgt eitgdognbgk elkfgk pldoudigk pmkegsi slnikffg kihgi
tgngkgk pldoudigk pgeg tmwlr tlragpgi dgbsidgh 73 mnd, eiubur tgkpg einuoukfbgk
elkfgk bgbi tmwlr.

Bgbi tmwlr einuoukfbgk bl sistld pldoudigk ygkf eifukgbgk dlhghui bmkeubtmr

pldoudigk.

Jibg dgtlrigh ygkf eifukgbgk olroleg, titib sgdoukf bgbi tmwlr bl bmkeubtmr pldoudigk
dlkffukgbgk lgrtnikf ahgdp jlkis oidltgh.

Sgeg bmkeisi slrikf tlrjgeikyg fgkffugk ogab-`hgsnmvlr, egpgt eihgbubgk plkfismhgsigk

tmwlr egri grus pltir slnikffg grus pltir gbgk hgkfsukf dgsub bl eghgd tgkgn tgkpg
dlkfgbiogtbgk kgibkyg tlfgkfgk pgeg tmwlr.

Sgeg bmkeisi plrdubidgk gtgu pltlrkgbgk, plrhu eiplrtidogkfbgk sistld pldoudigk

tmwlr bnusus ygkf egpgt dlkfnikegri ogngyg tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn. \ktub ngh iki egpgt
eitgdognbgk pldoudigk elkfgk dltmel rikf frmukeikf, plkfismhgsigk bgwgt bmkeubtmr
ygkf eitgkgd, gtgu dltmel hgikkyg.

0.7.7 Dltmel erivlk rme

Dltmel erivlk rme eihgbubgk elkfgk dlkgkgd bgwgt bmkeubtmr egk lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk
tlfgb hurus plrdubggk tgkgn.

Bgwgt ygkf eifukgbgk tlrougt egri tldogfg elkfgk hugs plkgdpgkf dikidgh 1> dd ? gtgu
ogjg fghvgkis elkfgk hugs plkgdpgkf dikidgh << dd ?. Sgeg ujukfkyg eipgsgkf lhlbtrmeg
pldoudigk ygkf tlrougt egri tldogfg elkfgk pgkjgkf dikidgh ? d (Fgdogr 5).

Judhgn erivlk rme eislsugibgk slnikffg eiegpgt kihgi pldoudigk ygkf eioutunbgk.

Dgsikf-dgsikf bgbi tmwlr ngrus einuoukfbgk pgeg dikidgh sghgn sgtu lhlbtrmeg
pldoudigk.

73
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Bgbi Umwlr
Bgwgt
bmkeubtmr

Lhlbtrmeg
pldoudigk

Fgdogr 5. Amktmn dltmel erivlk rme

0.7.? Dltmel amuktlrpmisl

Dltmel amuktlrpmisl eihgbubgk elkfgk dlkgkgd bgwgt bmkeubtmr nmrizmktgh ei eghgd

tgkgn elkfgk bleghgdgk dikidgh 3,> d. (Fgdogr <)

Bgwgt ygkf eifukgbgk tlrougt egri tldogfg elkfgk hugs plkgdpgkf dikidgh 1> dd ? gtgu
ogjg fghvgkis elkfgk hugs plkgdpgkf dikidgh << dd ?.

Bgbi Umwlr

Bgwgt
bmkeubtmr

Fgdogr <. Amktmn dltmel amuktlrpmisl

Slkfflhgrgk bgwgt ei eghgd tgkgn eihgbubgk dlkjguni bgbi tmwlr elkfgk grgn sljgjgr
bmkeubtmr (Fgdogr 0).

Umwlr Grgn bmkeubtmr

Fgdogr 0. Amktmn pmhg amuktlrpmisl

Smhg plkfflhgrgk amuktlrpmisl egk pgkjgkf bmkeubtmr eislsugibgk slnikffg eiegpgt kihgi
pldoudigk ygkf eioutunbgk.

77
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QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

0.7.1 Sldoudigk pmkegsi

Sldoudigk pmkegsi eihgbubgk elkfgk dldgk`ggtbgk strubtur ogjg pmkegsi slogfgi

lhlbtrmeg pldoudigk. Qtrubtur ogjg pmkegsi einuoukfbgk slagrg lhlbtris elkfgk
dlkgdognbgk phgt nmt eip fghvgkis hghu einuoukfbgk bl bgbi gtgu strubtur tmwlr (Fgdogr
6).

Dlkuju tlrdikgh
pldoudigk pmkegsi egk
Qtrubtur ogjg einuoukfbgk bl bgbi/
pmkegsi strubtur tmwlr

Nmt eip fghvgkis

Fgdogr 6. Amktmn pldgsgkfgk phgt pgeg oiegkf strubtur ogjg pmkegsi

Sldoudigk pgeg sghurgk bgolh

Sldoudigk plrghgtgk pgeg Qghurgk Bgolh Ulfgkfgk Uikffi (QBUU) olrtujugk uktub
dlkfgdgkbgk plrghgtgk egk plrsmkih sggt tlrjgei grus pltir gtgu fgkffugk nuoukf sikfbgt.

Sldoudigk pgeg QBUU tlreiri egri pldoudigk pgeg tlrdikgsi egk jmiktikf, slrtg omkeikf
bgolh.

0.?.7 Sldoudigk pgeg tlrdikgsi egk jmiktikf

Eghgd ngh ujukf bgolh olrgeg ei fgreu ikeub, dgbg pldoudigk pgeg tlrdikgsi ngrus
einuoukfbgk bl sistld pldoudigk ygkf geg pgeg fgreu ikeub.

Eghgd ngh ujukf bgolh olrgeg ei tmwlr, dgbg pldoudigk pgeg tlrdikgsi ngrus
einuoukfbgk bl sistld pldoudigk ygkf geg pgeg tmwlr.

Sldoudigk pgeg jmiktikf ngrus einuoukfbgk pgeg sistld pldoudigk pgeg jmikt nmhl.

Bmkeubtmr ujukf pgeg tlrdikgsi bgolh QBUU ngrus tlrnuoukf bl hifntkikf grrlstlr uktub
dlrleubsi idpuhs pltir gbiogt gegkyg plruogngk idplegksi. Sldoudigk grrlstlr
einuoukfbgk pgeg jgrgb tlrelbgt bl slhuoukf (snlgtn) bgolh egk einuoukfbgk bl sistld
pldoudigk.

7?
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

0.?.? Omkeikf

Omkeikf pgeg bgolh QBUU ikti tukffgh (sikfhl-amkeuatmr pmwlr agohls) dlkfgau pgeg
dltmel omkeikf bnusus (splaigh omkeikf tlankiquls) pgeg stgkegr ILLL <6<-?375 elkfgk
ogtgsgk tlfgkfgk stgkeikf-snlgt vmhtgfl pgeg slhuoukf ujukf tiegb dlhloini egri 7<3 P.

71
QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Hgdpirgk G
Slrnitukfgk Ogtgsgk Ulfgkfgk Hgkfbgn egk Ulfgkfgk Qlktun

Hgdpirgk iki dldolribgk egsgr plrnitukfgk tlrbgit ogtgsgk tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn egk
tlfgkfgk slktun dgbsidud ygkf eiizikbgk tidouh pgeg frie pldoudigk.

Slrnitukfgk ogtgsgk gdgk tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn egk slktun ogfi dgkusig eiegsgrbgk pgeg
kihgi grus pgeg eurgsi tlrtlktu ygkf dgsin egpgt eitmhlrgksi mhln dgkusig tgkpg tlrjgei
vlktriauhgr `iorihhgtimk.

Dlkfgau pgeg ILLL Qte >3-?371, pgeg stuei Eghzilh ebb., olsgr grus IO ygkf tiegb
dlkylogobgk `iorihgsi pgeg eurgsi 3,31 s nikffg 1,3 s geghgn slogkeikf elkfgk lklrfi
ygkf eislrgp tuoun slsugi plrsgdggk olribut:

 4  Ö  Slrsgdggk G.7

eidgkg

IO : olsgr grus rds ygkf dlkfghir bl tuoun (G)

ts : eurgsi dlkfghirkyg grus (s)
QO : bmkstgktg ldpiris ygkf slogkeikf elkfgk lklrfi bljut ygkf egpgt eitmhlrgksi tuoun
mhln sljudhgn plrslk pmpuhgsi

Eghzilh dlkyidpuhbgk ognwg lklrfi bljut dgbsidgh ygkf egpgt eitlridg mhln 99,<% mrgkf
elkfgk olrgt <3 bf geghgn QO 4 3.371<. Qlnikffg `mrduhg grus ygkf eiplromhlnbgk
dlkfghir ei tuoun geghgn slogfgi olribut:

 4 √√ 4 √, ,

√ 4 √
Slrsgdggk G.?
  
Dlrujub pgeg ILLL Qte >3: ?371, ogtgsgk dgbsidgh tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn egk tlfgkfgk
slktun eiel`ikisibgk slogfgi plrsgdggk olribut:

 4 ( + )  Slrsgdggk G.1

 4  +  Slrsgdggk G.5

eidgkg

Lstlp : tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn (P)

Ltmuan : tlfgkfgk slktun (P)
_O : tgngkgk tuoun ygkf eigsudsibgk 7333 ℠
_` : rlsistgksi tgkgn pgeg hgpisgk plrdubggk ei ogwgn bgbi (℠)

75
 QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Dlrujub jufg ognwg:

 4  Ö  Slrsgdggk G.<

eidgkg

As : @gbtmr rleubsi kihgi rlsistivitgs plrdubggk tgkgn

χs : Ugngkgk jlkis plrdubggk dgtlrigh (hgpisgk ogtu bmrgh), (Mnd-d)

Elkfgk dldgsubbgk gsudsi tgngkgk tuoun 7333 ℠ pgeg plrsgdggk G.1 egk G.5 egk
suotitusi dlkffukgbgk plrsgdggk G.<, eiegpgt el`ikisi slogfgi olribut:
Cari
 4 + Ö  ,
√
Slrsgdggk G.0

 4 +, Ö  ,
√
Slrsgdggk G.6

Disimpan
eidgkg
Lstlp<3 : Ulfgkfgk hgkfbgn uktub olrgt ogegk dgkusig <3 bf
Ltmuan<3 : Ulfgkfgk slktun uktub olrgt ogegk dgkusig <3 bf
As : @gbtmr rleubsi kihgi rlsistivitgs plrdubggk tgkgn
χs : Ugngkgk jlkis plrdubggk dgtlrigh (hgpisgk ogtu bmrgh), (Mnd-d)
t` : Eurgsi/hgdg fgkffugk (wgbtu pldutusgk), (s)

Dlrujub pgeg plrsgdggk G.0 egk G.6 tlrslout, einitukf tlfgkfgk slktun egk tlfgkfgk
hgkfbgn ygkf dlkjgei ogtgsgk stgkegr QSHK dlkffukgbgk gsudsi slogfgi olribut:

Ugolh G.7 Gsudsi Ogtgsgk Slrnitukfgk Ulfgkfgk Qlktun egk Ulfgkfgk Hgkfbgn

Km Sgrgdltlr Kihgi Egsgr Gsudsi

7 Olrgt ogegk <3 bf

ILLL Qte >3: ?371, Ugohl 9

? Ugngkgk Jlkis Ugkgn χ ?> mnd.d
smih gke ahgy

ILLL Qte >3: ?371, Ugohl 6,

1 Ugngkgk Jlkis Slrdubggk χs <333 mnd.d
Vgsnle Frgkitl

5 Uikffi plrdubggk ns 3,7< d

Eurgsi snmab sgdg elkfgk eurgsi
< Eurgsi snmab ts 7s
nuoukf-sikfbgt (ts 4 ts)

7<
QSHK U<.37?: ?3?3

Elkfgk plrsgdggk bmkstgktg sur`gal hgylrs:

,∟  
 4  ∟  + , Slrsgdggk G.>

egk dldgsubbgk gsudsi pgeg Ugolh G.7 dgbg eiegpgt:

 4 , Slrsgdggk G.9

Qlnikffg dlkffukgbgk Slrsgdggk G.0, G.6, egk G.9 egpgt einitukf ogtgsgk dgbsidud
tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn egk tlfgkfgk slktun slogfgi olribut:

 4 ,  Slrsgdggk G.73

 4 ,  Slrsgdggk G.77

Egri Slrsgdggk G.73 egk G.77, eghgd QSHK iki, eijgeibgk ogtgsgk tlfgkfgk hgkfbgn
(Ls) egk tlfgkfgk dlsn (Ld) sistld frie pldoudigk (Ugolh ?) slogfgi olribut:

 4  
 4  

70