NUTRITION

GRADE 10
MS. V MILLER
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Objectives
• Distinguish among heterotrophic, autotrophic and
saprophytic nutrition
• Explain the process of photosynthesis
• Investigate the effect of chlorophyll and light on the
production of photosynthesis
• Demonstrate the evolution of oxygen by a plant
• Identify the outcome of photosynthetic products
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Nutrition
Organisms need food to provide them with energy.
Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain
food.
There are two types of nutrition:
• Autotrophic nutrition
• Heterotrophic nutrition

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Autotrophic nutrition
The organisms that carry out this form of nutrition are
called autotrophs. Autotrophs use simple inorganic
substances such as water and carbon dioxide to
make organic substance such as carbohydrate and
protein.

State an example of an autotroph

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Heterotrophic nutrition
The organisms, heterotrophs obtain ready made
organic food from the environment. There are three
types of heterotrophic nutrition:
• Holozoic nutrition
• Saprophytic nutrition
• Parasitic nutrition

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Heterotrophic nutrition
Holozoic nutrition-These organisms obtain organic food by
consuming other organisms

• Saprophytic nutrition-These organisms obtain organic food

from dead remains of other organisms

• Parasitic nutrition-These organisms obtain organic food from

the body of another organism known as a host (living)

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What is the mode of nutrition below?

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Photosynthesis
This is the process by which plants make
their own food.
Organisms that make their own food are
known as autotrophs.

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Worded Equation for photosynthesis

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Substances needed for photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• Light energy from the sun or an
artificial light source.
• Water from the soil.
• Chlorophyll found in the chloroplast

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Stages of photosynthesis
There are two stages of photosynthesis:

• Light Dependent Stage

• Light Independent Stage (Dark Stage)

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Light Dependent stage
The chlorophyll traps light energy. This
energy splits the water molecules into
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O2). Some of
the oxygen leaves the plant and we inhale
it.

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Light Independent stage
The hydrogen from the light dependent
combines with the carbon dioxide to
create glucose. This stage does not need
light to take place.
H +CO2 C6H12O6

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Adaptation of a leaf for photosynthesis
• The leaf is broad to absorb a lot of sunlight
and carbon dioxide.
• The leaf is thin to allow sunlight and
carbon dioxide to reach the cells.
• Stomata (holes) in the lower section of the
leaf for gaseous exchange.
• Chloroplast in the palisade mesophyll to
trap sunlight efficiently.
• Waxy cuticle prevents excess water loss
from leaves.
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Adaptation of the external parts of a
leaf for photosynthesis
• The leaf is broad to absorb a lot of
sunlight and carbon dioxide.
• The leaf is thin to allow sunlight and
carbon dioxide to reach the cells.
• The lamina usually lies at 90֯. This
maximizes the leaf exposure to light.

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Adaptation of the internal parts of a
leaf for photosynthesis
• Stomata (holes) in the lower section of
the leaf for gaseous exchange.
• Chloroplast in the palisade mesophyll
to trap sunlight efficiently.
• Waxy cuticle prevents excess water
loss from leaves.

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Adaptation of the internal parts of a
leaf for photosynthesis
• Palisade mesophyll cells have
chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
• Spongy mesophyll has air spaces for
gaseous exchange to take place
• Xylem in the veins to transport water
which is needed for photosynthesis
• Phloem in the veins needed to
transport the food from photosynthesis
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Fate of photosynthetic products
• Glucose provides energy for the plant
by respiration
• Glucose is converted to starch and
stored.
• Converted to carbohydrates such as
cellulose.
• Combines with some minerals to make
protein
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Photosynthesis Experiments
• To test for the presence of starch in a
leaf.
• To test if a leaf needs chlorophyll to
photosynthesize.
• To test if light is needed for
photosynthesis.
• To test if carbon dioxide needed for
photosynthesis
• To demonstrate the evolution of
oxygen by photosynthesis.
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To test leaf for starch

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To test if carbon dioxide is
needed for photosynthesis

What is the function of soda

lime in this experiment?

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To demonstrate the evolution of oxygen

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De-starch leaves to remove any starch
that may be present in the leaf

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Questions
1. Identify the site of photosynthesis.
2. State 2 outcomes of oxygen after
photosynthesis
3. How do you test a leaf for starch
4. What is the function of sodium
hydrogen carbonate in the third video?

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Factors that affect the rate of
photosynthesis
1. Light- limits the rate between dusk and
dawn and also winter period.
2. Temperature-limits the rate during winter
and temperate climates.
3. Water- limits the rate during dry season in
tropical climates and in winter periods
4. Carbon dioxide- limits the rate during the
day in most climates since CO2 in the air is
low
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