FIS M03T01 ComputerHardwareConsolidated

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY
SOUTH CAMPUS
Module 03: Computer Hardware

T01: Computer Systems: End User and
Enterprise Computing
Course Code: ISP 101

Course Description: Fundamentals of Information Systems
Faculty: Engr. Marcelo E. Varona, MBA
Learning Objectives
At the end of the learning session the students

should be able to:
1. Illustrate the history and evolution of computer

hardware.
2. Identify the major types and uses of

microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe
computer systems.
Learning Objectives
3. Outline the major technologies and uses of

computer peripherals for input, output, and
storage.
4. Identify and give examples of the components

and functions of a computer system.
Learning Objectives
5. Identify the computer systems and peripherals

you would acquire or recommend for a business of
your choice, and explain the reasons for your
selections.
Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise
Computing
Topic 01, we discuss the history, trends,

applications, and some basic concepts of
the many types of computer systems in
use today.
Topic 02, we will cover the changing
technologies for input, output, and storage
that are provided by the peripheral
devices that are part of modern computer
systems.
L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing
Introduction
All computers are systems of input,

processing, output, storage, and control
components

Fig 3.01 illustrates that a computer is a
system of hardware devices

History of Computer Hardware
Pre-20th Century:
Mechanical Calculators: Devices like the
abacus and slide rule were used for
arithmetic calculations.
Analytical Engine: Designed by Charles

Babbage in the 1830s, it's considered the
first mechanical general-purpose
computer, though it was never completed.

20th Century:
First Generation (1940s-1950s): The era
of vacuum tubes. Computers like the
ENIAC and UNIVAC were huge and
consumed a lot of power.
Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes,
reducing size and power consumption.
Mainframe computers emerged.

Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

Integrated circuits allowed for further
miniaturization and improved performance.
IBM System/360 series exemplifies this era.
Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
Microprocessors were invented, leading to
the development of personal computers
(PCs). Companies like Apple and IBM
played significant roles.

Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): The era

of personal computing, networking, and the
internet. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
became standard. Laptops and
smartphones later became ubiquitous.

21st Century:
Ubiquitous Computing: Computers are
integrated into everyday objects (Internet of
Things - IoT).
Cloud Computing: The rise of cloud
services revolutionized data storage and
processing.
Artificial Intelligence: AI and machine
learning technologies have seen rapid
advancement, impacting various fields from
healthcare to finance.

Current Trends:
Quantum Computing: Promises
unprecedented computational power but is
still in its early stages.
Edge Computing: Processing data closer
to the source (e.g., IoT devices) for reduced
latency and improved efficiency.
Ethical and Privacy Concerns: With the
increasing integration of technology into
daily life, issues of privacy, data security,
and algorithmic bias have gained
prominence.
The evolution of computers is a continuous

process, driven by technological
advancements and societal needs.
From room-sized machines to devices that fit

in our pockets, the journey of computing has
transformed the world in profound ways.

Types of Computer Systems
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Ramos, Jhulyhana Trish
I.]

Types of Computer Systems
• Supercomputer
• Mainframe Computer
• Personal Computer
• Microcontroller
• Smartphone

Supercomputer
• are the fastest and the most expensive computers.
• These huge computers are used to solve very complex
science and engineering problems.
• Supercomputers use lots of CPUs & GPUs at the same
time on one problem.
• Electricity consumption supercomputer = 8000 household

Summit Supercomputer (June 2018)
– 340 tons
– 5,600 sq ft. (2 tennis
court)
– 30 years = 1 hour
(computation)
– Researchers
– Astrophysics
– 9,216 CPU & 27,648 GPU

Frontier Supercomputer (May 2022)
– 7,300 sq ft.
– Materials science, drug
discovery, climate
modeling, and AI-driven
advancements
– Scientific research and
development
– 9,400 CPUs and 37,000
GPUs

Mainframe Computer
• also known as ―Big Iron‖
• is a computer used primarily by large organizations for
critical applications, bulk data processing.

Mainframe Computer
• Bank
• GSIS
• Insurance Company
• Telecom (PLDT)
• Philippine Airline
• Meralco

Mainframe
Supercomputer
Computer

Computer Server
• A server is a central computer that contains collections of
data and programs.
• Also called a network server, this system allows all
connected users to share and store electronic data and
applications.
• Google Data Center

Mainframe vs. Server
Organization - Need Access Internet user - Almost Anyone

Personal Computer
• is an all-around device that can be used as a productivity
tool, a media server and a gaming machine.

Gaming Console
• A video game console is computer device that outputs a
video signal or visual image to display a video game that
one or more people can play through some type of game
controller.

Microcontrollers
• are mini-computers that enable the user to store data and
execute simple commands and tasks.
• Many such systems are known as embedded systems

Smartphone
• a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a
computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, internet
access, and and operating system capable of running
downloaded applications.

Microcomputer Systems
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Pica, Sydney ]

Microcomputer Systems [Pica, Sydney ]
• Microcomputer is a small, self-contained

computer system that includes a
microprocessor, memory, and
input/output.
• Microcomputer was introduced in 1970
• microcomputer systems are also called

―microcontrollers‖.

THREE MAJOR PART OF
MICROCOMPUTER
• CPU – execute instructions of a program
and perform arithmetic and logical operation
on data. It is also called ―Microprocessor.‖
• MEMORY – to store both data and
instructions on ROM and RAM.
• INPUT/OUTPUT – transfer information
between the microcomputer and external
devices via I/O ports.

USES OF MICROCOMPUTER
• Word processing and Office task
• Internet Browsing
• Multimedia and Entertainment
• Educational Purposes

EXAMPLES OF MICROCOMPUTER :
Laptop
Desktop

Midrange Systems
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Pascual, Izhi Ni D.]

Midrange Systems [Pascual, Izhi Ni D.]
• First became popular as minicomputers

• Popular as network servers or high-end
network servers
• Not powerful as mainframes
• Used as front-end servers to assist mainframes
with telecommunications processing and network
management
• This system are often used in businesses and
scientific research. They are also especially well
suited for specialized tasks.

Midrange Systems [Pascual, Izhi Ni D.]

Mainframe Computer Systems
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Dela Cruz, Angel P.]

Operating system
Z/OS, OS/390
Programming Languages
COBOL,PL/I,ASSEMBLER,REXX,JCL
Database
DB2,IMS,VSAM
Online
CICS

Advantages
• Concurrent users
• High Processing Speed
• Storage
• TSO
• Multiprogramming
• Multiprocessing
• Security
• Reliable
• Batch Processing

Domains
• Banking
• Finance
• Insurance
• Market Research (Retail)
• Telecom

So far
• Mainframes is a very stable environment

• It has been there in the Software Industry
for
more than 40 years
• No new technology can totally replace
Mainframes
because of its architecture and efficiency

Current Trend
• Around 80 of Mainframes projects are
maintenance
projects
• Only 20 or less are development projects
• The reason being the cost factor. The
hardware
maintenance cost and the initial
investment
required is too high.

Current trend
• Migration projects are the current trend in

the
market
• Reasons:
User friendly screens
Maintenance cost

Future
• A survey to determine the current demand

for
mainframes found that more than half of
the
respondents still have major applications
running
on mainframes

In DBA
• We are working on mainframes right from
the day
company started.
We are experts in PL/I, IMS but we have also

worked on COBOL, DB2 Projects.
Our clients:
ACNielsen, Blue Cross Blue Shield

Moore’s Law:
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Cunanan, Precious Irish
B.]

Short Biography
GORDON E. MOORE
(3 Jan, 1929 – 24 March, 2023)
•He was born on January 3, 1929 in San Francisco,

California and died on March 24, 2023 at the age of
94.
• Co-founder of Intel Corporation, one of the world's
largest semiconductor chip manufacturers. He
cofounded Intel in 1968 and served as CEO from 1975
to 1987 and as chairman from 1979 to 1997.
• Known for formulating "Moore's Law," which
predicts the doubling of the number of transistors on
a integrated circuit every two years.
• Philanthropist, having established the Gordon and
Betty Moore Foundation in 2000 with his wife, which
focuses on environmental conservation, science, and
patient care in the San Francisco Bay Area.

What is Moore’s Law?
Moore's Law is a prediction formulated by Gordon E. Moore,
the co-founder of Intel Corporation, which states that the
number of transistors on a semiconductor chip will double
approximately every two years.
This prediction has held true for several decades and has
been a driving force behind the rapid advancement of
technology and the miniaturization of electronic devices.
Moore's Law has had a profound impact on the growth and
development of the semiconductor industry, leading to more
powerful and efficient computer processors and other
electronic components.

MOORE’S STUDIES
Transistors

MOORE’S PREDICTION
A diagram was created to show the rate of increased processor speed

and efficiency in computing overtime. Some people argue that
Moore's Law no longer applies to computer processors because they
cannot continue to get better at this fast rate forever. However,
researchers keep finding a way to maintain this two-year development
of new computer chips.

THE TICK-TOCK MODEL THROUGH THE YEARS
Intel created their own technique to try to maintain Moore's

predictions on chip improvements. Their "Tick-Tock" model shows
how they will move to a new chip manufacturing technology every
two years. In the years between, Intel will only update the chip
architecture seaving the manufacturing untouched.

Intel developed a technology called
"tri-gate transistors" in order to shrink
its microprocessor circuit elements
and to keep up with Moore's Law. They
went from 32nm process to 22nm
process. The sample picture shows
it’s updated design where the gates
are the taller ridges going up and to
the right, and the fins are the
somewhat lower ridges going up and
to the left. So this shows what an
actual processor looks like inside a
computer and how they’ve shrunk this
down to keep up with Moore’s Law and
make computers smaller than before.

CONCERNS
“Many people have doubted Moore’s Law”
Over the years, many people have raised concerns about Moore's Law and
whether or not it will continue to be accurate. Some believe that his
predictions will eventually run out of steam, because how can things get
better forever? Or what have we reach a plateau on making advancements
after all Transistor size must continuosly shrink to keep up with moore's
law.
IMPACT
• Moore's Law has helped to reduce cost-per-element, increase storage capacity,
and promote reliability.
• "Moore's Law states that we can expect the speed and capability of our
computers to increase every couple of years, and we will pay less for them."
(Investopedia)

CONCLUSION
Throughout the years Moore's Law and his predictions on computer chip
improvements remain accurate. Intel continues to follow Moure's Law as they
update their chip manufacturing technology every two years and continue to
make computers and transistors shrink in size.
"In order to survive and win in the ever-changing world, keep updating
yourself. Consume knowledge."
- Gordon Moore

Examples of computer system categories.

Moore’s law suggests that computer power will double every 18 to 24
months. So far, it has

SOUTH CAMPUS
Module 03: Computer Hardware

T02: Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and
Storage Technologies

Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and
 The right peripherals can make all the

difference in your computing experience.
 A top- quality monitor will be easier on
your eyes—and may change the way you
work.
 A scanner can edge you closer to that
ever-elusive goal: the paperless office.
L03T02: Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies

Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and
 Backup-storage systems can offer bank-vault

security against losing your work.
 CD and DVD drives have become essential for
many applications.
 Thus, the right choice of peripherals can make
a big difference.

Introduction
Peripherals is the generic name given to all

input, output, and secondary storage
devices that are part of a computer system
but are not part of the CPU

Peripherals:
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Vivas, Genises S. ]

Peripherals - are commonly divided
into three kinds: input devices,
output devices, and storage
devices (which partake of the
characteristics of the first two). An
input device converts incoming data
and instructions into a pattern of
electrical signals in binary code that
are comprehensible to a digital
computer.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

EARLY DAYS OF COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
During the early days of computer peripherals, which

spanned from the mid-20th century to the 1970s, essential
external devices played pivotal roles in the input, output, and
storage functions of early computers. Computers of this era were
often massive and had limited processing power compared to
modern standards. Notable peripherals included punched cards
for data input and programming, printers for producing hard
copies of computer-generated documents, punched tape for data
storage and transfer, and magnetic drum storage for early forms
of random-access memory. These peripherals laid the foundation
for computing technology, providing the necessary tools for data
manipulation and processing during the initial stages of computer
development.

EXAMPLES OF EARLY DAYS OF COMPUTER
PERIPHERALS
TELETYPES MAGNETIC DRUM

(TELEPRINTER) STORAGE

MAINFRAME ERA OF COMPUTER
PERIPHERALS
The mainframe era, spanning roughly from the 1950s to

the 1970s, was characterized by the prominence of large,
centralized mainframe computers. During this period, a variety of
computer peripherals played vital roles in supporting mainframe
functions. These peripherals included devices for data input,
such as card readers and punches, as well as line printers for
high-speed document output. Magnetic tape drives and disk
storage units were employed for data storage, while card sorters
and collators assisted in organizing punched cards. Console
terminals allowed operators to monitor and control mainframe
operations directly. The mainframe era laid the groundwork for
modern computing, shaping the use of peripherals in large-scale
data processing environments.

EXAMPLES OF MAINFRAME ERA OF
COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
MAGNETIC TAPE INTELLIGENT

DRIVE PERIPHERAL
CONTROLLER (IPC)

NEW GENERATION OF COMPUTER
PERIPHERALS
The latest generation of the PC revolution in

computer peripherals is characterized by cutting-edge
innovations that enhance user experience and
functionality. This includes high-performance mechanical
keyboards, customizable gaming mice, high-refresh-rate
monitors, and advancements in VR and AR peripherals.
Features like biometric authentication, fast data transfer
technologies, and wireless connectivity contribute to a
more efficient and immersive computing environment.

EXAMPLES OF NEW GENERATION OF
COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
HIGH-DPI AND BIOMETRIC

PROGRAMMABLE AUTHENTICATION
GAMING MICE DEVICES
TYPES OF COMPUTER
PERIPHERALS

INPUT COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
Input peripherals are devices or components

of a computer system that enable users to input
data, commands, or information into the computer.
These peripherals play a crucial role in facilitating
communication between the user and the
computer by translating human-readable data into
a format that the computer can process. Input
peripherals are essential for various computing
tasks, from simple data entry to complex
interactions in software applications and games.

OUTPUT COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
Output peripherals are devices or

components of a computer system that present or
display processed data, information, or results to
the user. These peripherals play a crucial role in
conveying the output generated by the computer
in a human-readable form. Output devices
provide feedback, visual representations, or
tangible results based on the processed input,
allowing users to interpret and comprehend the
information produced by the computer system.

STORAGE COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
Storage peripherals, in the context of

computer systems, are devices or components
responsible for storing and retrieving digital data.
These peripherals play a crucial role in
preserving information, files, and applications,
allowing users to access and manage their data
over time. Storage devices come in various forms
and technologies, each offering different
capacities, speeds, and characteristics to meet
diverse user needs.

Input Technologies
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Villar, A-Jay L.]

WHAT IS INPUT TECHNOLOGIES?
• Input device in our technology is

a piece of equipment used to
provide data and control signals
to an information processing
system, such as a computer or
information appliance.

TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
1. KEYBOARD
• Keyboard is most
commonly used
input device.

TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
2. MOUSE
• The mouse have a

different actions to
give instructions to
the computer.

TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
3. JOYSTICK
• Giving intructions
to the device like
when you playing
games.

TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
4. DIGITAL CAMERAS
• pictures can be
dowloaded,
manipulated,
printed or emailed
and transfer to
computer.

TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
5. SCANNERS
• Scan image to a
computer as a
digital version.

TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
6. BARCODE
READERS
• Scanned the
barcode to access
extra information
about the item.
TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
7. TOUCH SCREEN
• Touch screen is also

a input device
because we touch on
them and give a
intructions.
TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES
8. ATM MACHINE
• ATM machine have a
card reader slot when
the user putting the card
in, select your choice,
type your code and it
connects to the bank
and get the money via
touch screen ATM
machine.
Output Technologies
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Vico, Mark Louie P.]

WHAT IS OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES?
• Output Technologies refer to devices or
method used to convey or present
information or data to users in a tangible
or perceivable form. These technologies
take digital information and transform it
into a format that can be easily
understood, interpreted or utilized by
humans.

Example of Output Device
MONITOR
• The monitor is a visual

display device to present
output information in the
form of text, graphics, or
video on the monitor
screen.

PRINTER
• It is a computer device
that produces a
permanent copy on
paper of information
from the computer.

SPEAKER
• It is an output device
for sounds music,
audio from movies and
computer alerts are
heard from this device.

PROJECTOR
• It allows you to display

image, videos, or other
content on a large screen
or surface.

PLOTTER
• Is a printer that interprets

commands from a computer
to make line drawings on
paper with one or more
automated pens.

USB flash drive
• Is a data storage device

that includes flash memory
with an integrated USB
interface. A typical USB
drive is removable,
rewritable, and smaller
than an optical disc.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN
INPUT AND OUTPUT
INPUT OUTPUT
 An Input device  Output device
sends information would reproduce
for processing. or display the
 results of the
An input device processing.
can send data to
another device.  An output device
 can receive data
It cannot receive from another
data from another device.
device.
 It cannot send
data to another
device.

Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Udarbe, James
Theodore H.]

Definitions
• It is a technology consisting of computer components

and recording media that are used to retain digital data. It
is a core function and fundamental component of
computers.
• Data storage is the collective methods and technologies that

capture and retain digital information on electromagnetic,
optical or silicon-based storage media. Storage is used in
offices, data centers, edge environments, remote locations
and people's homes.

EXAMPLES
1. Hard disk drives

* Hard disk drives (HDDs) are a traditional and widely-
used storage medium, allowing you to store large amounts of
data on a single device.
2. Solid state storages

* Solid-state storage uses nonvolatile (or flash) memory that
can retain data when power is off. This technology has no
moving parts. Solid-state storage is more expensive but it is
lighter, faster, quieter, and more efficient than the previous
ones. Here are the most common forms of solid state storage:

EXAMPLES
-USB flash drive is a stick of highly portable storage that

plugs into a USB port. These are mostly used nowadays because
they have small sizes and good speed.
-Flash memory cards are used in digital cameras,

smartphones, and navigation devices. The most common
formats are CompactFlash, Secure Digital (SD), MemoryStick,
and MicroSD.
-Flash Hard drives also called solid-state drives (SSDs) are

mostly used in the laptops, tablets and many portable devices.
These are same in shapes as the mechanical hard drives but in
smaller size than those. These are mostly used today.

PICTURES
Hard disk drive

Semiconductor Memory
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Taoc, Jeenie Isaac L.]

Semi-conductor Memory
Semi-conductor memory refers to a type of

electronic data storage device in which data
is stored using semiconductor technology. It
is a form of non-volatile memory, meaning
that it retains stored data even when the
power is turned off.
History
The history of semiconductor memory begins in the
1960s when early forms of solid-state memory were
developed. The first commercial semiconductor
memory devices were introduced in the early 1970s.
Over the years, advancements in semiconductor
technology have led to significant improvements in
memory capacity, speed, and reliability. This has
enabled the development of various forms of
semiconductor memory used in a wide range of
electronic devices, including computers, smartphones,
and digital cameras.
Examples
1. Dynamic Random-Access Memory
(DRAM): DRAM is a type of volatile
memory used in computers and other
digital devices for temporary data storage.
It is relatively fast but requires constant
power to retain data.
2. Static Random-Access Memory

(SRAM): SRAM is another type of volatile
memory that provides faster access than
DRAM. It is commonly used in cache
memory and other high-speed
applications.
3. Flash Memory: Flash memory is a non-
volatile memory that is commonly used in
electronic devices such as USB drives,
solid-state drives (SSDs), and memory
cards. It retains data even when power is
turned off and is suitable for storing files
and program code.
4. Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM is a

type of non-volatile memory that stores
data permanently and cannot be easily
modified. It is commonly used to store
firmware and essential system software in
electronic devices.
5. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory (EEPROM): EEPROM is a non-volatile
memory that can be both programmed and
erased electrically, allowing for reprogramming of
data. It is often used for small data storage needs
and for storing configuration settings.
Magnetic Disks
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Tabuzo , Jose Mari A.]

Magnetic Disks
A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses

a magnetization process to write, rewrite and
access data. It is covered with a magnetic
coating and stores data in the form of tracks,
spots and sectors.

Examples:
Zip Disks
Hard Disks Drive (HDD)
Floppy Disks

History
The history of magnetic disks goes back to the mid-20th

century. In the 1950s William Goddard and John Lynott,
together with Louis Stevens and a team of engineers,
invented a unique magnetic disk storage device at the IBM
Lab in San Jose. Then IBM introduced the first commercial
magnetic disk storage system, the IBM 305 RAMAC
(Random Access Method of Accounting and Control). It used
magnetic disks coated with iron oxide to store data.
Over the decades the technology advanced rapidly. In the

1980s, the popularity of personal computers led to the
development of smaller, more affordable hard disk drives
(HDDs) for consumer use.
Magnetic Tape
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Socao, Arvin Christian]

Magnetic Tape
In the early days of computing, magnetic tapes were one of the few
methods used to store data. It is considered an analog solution, in
contrast to more recent types of storage media, such as solid-state disk
(SSD) drives. Magnetic tape has been a major vehicle for audio and
binary data storage for several decades, and is still part of data storage
for some systems.
Magnetic tapes consist of a thin plastic strip that has a magnetic coating,
on which data can be stored. It was used in many of the larger and less
complex mainframe computers that predated today’s personal
computers (PC).
One use of magnetic tape that still exists is tape vaulting for the storage
of physical records. In this process, technicians and other professionals
back up digital data to magnetic tape to secure it in physical vaults as a
redundant strategy in the event of disasters or other emergencies.

REFERENCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40MehdiNick%2Fhow-does-a-magnetic-tape-work-
e4abfdd54be&psig=AOvVaw0eswJxaPIREw66AfTAZh1B&ust=1707890312835000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwo
TCJj08PPRp4QDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAs
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMagnetic_tape&psig=AOvVaw1ExzWtSWe0X31hFB9j-
S9v&ust=1707915623593000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCPDKqMyvqIQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

History of Magnetic Tape
The idea of recording and playing back sound by recording a magnetic
signal on a conductive medium was first thought of by American Oberlin
Smith in 1888. The first practical device to achieve this, utilizing wire as
the medium, was the Telegraphone invented by Danish inventor
Valdemar Poulsen and patented in 1898.
For the next few decades, although work was also carried out in the
United States and the United Kingdom, among other places, the
Germans led the efforts to improve magnetic recording. In 1928 Fritz
Pfleumer developed, and in 1929 patented a magnetic recording tape
using oxide bonded to a strip of paper or film. Most developed nations
continued to work on magnetic tape for commercial and, with the
approach of World War II, military applications.

REFERENCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Ftelegraphone&psig=AOvVaw3mOvt
xpRrld20Y6UQxijFm&ust=1707947297957000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCJDY8MulqYQDFQ
AAAAAdAAAAABAE

REFERENCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2Fmagnetic-tape%2F&psig=AOvVaw3N-UCmgRqWnUxPM-
osM3gG&ust=1707890348434000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBMQjRxqFwoTCMCY3bjRp4QDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

Uses and Types of Magnetic Tape
• Audiotape – magnetic tape on which sound can be recorded.
• Videotape – is magnetic tape used for storing video and

usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of
either an analog or digital signal.

Uses and Types of Magnetic Tape
• Magnetic tape data storage – Magnetic-tape data storage is a
system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital
recording.

Optical Disks
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Sermona, Jude Michael
A.]

Optical Disks
Optical disks rely on a red or blue laser to

record and read data. Most of today's optical
disks are flat, circular and 12 centimeters in
diameter. Data is stored on the disk in the
form of microscopic data pits and lands. The
pits are etched into a reflective layer of
recording material.
Optical disks store data by etching pits into
a reflective surface. A laser reads the data
by detecting variations in the reflection
caused by these pits. They come in various
formats, including CD (Compact Disc),
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), and Blu-ray.
History
Compact Disc (CD): Introduced in the 1980s, CDs
were primarily used for audio storage but later evolved
to store data, including software, documents, and
multimedia.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD): Emerged in the late
1990s, DVDs increased storage capacity, making them
suitable for video content, software distribution, and
backups.
Blu-ray Disc: Introduced in the mid-2000s, Blu-ray
offered even greater storage capacity, making it ideal
for high-definition video and large data backups.
Examples
1. CD (Compact Disc): Used for music albums,

software installation, and data backups.
2. DVD (Digital Versatile Disc): Commonly used for
movies, software distribution, and data archiving.
3. Blu-ray Disc: Mainly used for high-definition movies,
video games, and data storage of large files, such as
backups of multimedia projects.
These optical disk formats have played significant roles in

storing and distributing various types of data over the
years.
Radio Frequency Identification
Graded Recitation:
To be discussed by [Semana, Jessie Mhar
E.]

R F I D EXAMPLE

RFID
READER
An RFID reader is
TheThis signal is
received by RFID tags
that respond to
interrogation by the
reader. Responses are
read by the reader, and
through a variety of
protocols the reader
can communicate with
all the RFID tags in its
field.
R F I D ANTENNA
Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) refers
to a wireless system
comprised of two
components: tags and
readers. The reader is a
device that has one or
more antennas that emit
radio waves and receive
signals back from the
RFID tag.

Computer DataBase
the data and the DBMS, along with
the applications that are associated
with them, are referred to as a
database system, often shortened to
just database.
Data within the most common types
of databases in operation today is
typically modeled in rows and
columns in a series of tables to make
processing and data querying
efficient. The data can then be easily
accessed, managed, modified,
updated, controlled, and organized.
Most databases use structured query
language (SQL) for writing and
querying data.

R F I D TAG
Although RFID tags have

similar applications to
barcodes, they are far more
advanced. For instance,
reading information from a
RFID tag does not require
line-of-sight and can be
performed over a distance
of a few meters. This also
means that a single tag can
serve multiple readers at a
time.

R F I D HISTORY
Mario Cardullo's device, patented on January 23,

1973, was the first true ancestor of modern RFID, as
it was a passive radio transponder with memory. The
initial device was passive, powered by the
interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971
to the New York Port Authority and other potential
users.

The Future of Computer Hardware
Predicting the exact trajectory of computer

evolution is challenging, but several trends
offer insights into where the field may be
headed:
 Quantum Computing: If successfully

developed, quantum computers could
revolutionize computing power, solving
complex problems exponentially faster
than classical computers.
 AI and Machine Learning: Continued

advancements in AI and machine
learning are likely, enabling computers to
perform more sophisticated tasks, such
as natural language understanding,
autonomous decision-making, and
creative problem-solving.

 Neuromorphic Computing: Inspired by

the human brain, neuromorphic
computing aims to develop computer
systems with cognitive abilities,
potentially leading to more efficient and
adaptable computing architectures.

 Biocomputing: Research into using

biological systems, such as DNA,
proteins, and cells, to perform
computations could lead to novel
computing paradigms with applications in
healthcare, environmental monitoring,
and beyond.

 Edge Computing: With the proliferation

of IoT devices and the need for low-
latency processing, edge computing is
expected to grow, enabling data
processing and analysis closer to the
data source.

 Extended Reality (XR): Augmented

reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and
mixed reality (MR) technologies are likely
to become more immersive and
integrated into daily life, requiring
advancements in computing power,
graphics processing, and sensor
technology.

 Ethical and Regulatory

Considerations: As technology
becomes more integrated into society,
there will be increasing focus on
addressing ethical concerns, ensuring
privacy, mitigating biases in AI systems,
and establishing regulations to govern
the use of emerging technologies.

 Sustainability: With growing concerns

about the environmental impact of
technology, there will be a greater
emphasis on developing energy-efficient
computing solutions and reducing e-
waste through innovations in materials
and recycling processes.

Overall, the future evolution of computers

will be shaped by a combination of
technological breakthroughs, societal
needs, ethical considerations, and
regulatory frameworks.
It's likely to be a dynamic and multifaceted
journey, with innovations that continue to
transform the way we live, work, and
interact with technology.

END OF TOPIC
THANK YOU
SOUTH CAMPUS
[TOPIC FOR NEXT MEETING]

Module 04: Computer Software

Storage media cost, speed, and capacity trade-offs. Note how cost
increases with faster access speeds but decreases with the increased
capacity of storage media.

Examples of the ASCII computer code that computers use to represent
numbers and the letters of the alphabet.

Computers use the binary system to store and compute numbers.

Sequential versus direct access storage. Magnetic tape is a typical sequential
access medium. Magnetic disks are typical direct access storage devices.

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UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

Module 03: Computer Hardware

Course Code: ISP 101

At the end of the learning session the students

1. Illustrate the history and evolution of computer

2. Identify the major types and uses of

3. Outline the major technologies and uses of

4. Identify and give examples of the components

5. Identify the computer systems and peripherals

Topic 01, we discuss the history, trends,

All computers are systems of input,

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

Analytical Engine: Designed by Charles

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): The era

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

The evolution of computers is a continuous

From room-sized machines to devices that fit

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

• Microcomputer is a small, self-contained

• Microcomputer was introduced in 1970

• microcomputer systems are also called

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

• First became popular as minicomputers

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

• Mainframes is a very stable environment

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

L03T01: Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

• Migration projects are the current trend in