Clay roof tile

As the warm and dry season arrives in the Philippines, the country is already

experiencing extreme heat and its impact on the economy and the people’s health.

One of the critical components of housing is roofing. Traditional roofing materials,

such as metal and concrete tiles, have been widely used. However, these materials are

non-biodegradable, and poor insulators of heat.

Massive waste bivalvia had been one of the problems in the Philippines. The

disposed shells frequently dumped at seas or sent to landfill, where they modify soils,

waters and marine ecosystems.

According Samiran et al (2024) to alleviate this, meteorological adjustments

utilizing reflective roofing technologies, such as cool roofs, can effectively mitigate

heatwave-induced excess heat and enhance thermal comfort. Commercial mollusk

farming is an essential component of the global aquaculture industry with a share of

23% of the world's total production and the tendency of continual growth. Small

investments and low energy consumption make this production a globally interesting

source of cheap and healthy food for the growing population of people on the planet.

However, since shells can account for up to 75% of total bivalve body weight,

contamination of the ecosystem by bivalve shells is one of the major problems of this

industry branch. Seashell waste produced in vast quantities around the globe is often

dumped in landfill or the sea. This waste piles up at coastal areas and causes many

environmental problems Mihajlo et al (2019).

The clay roof tile can help regarding waste disposal of bivalvia and can serve

thermal comfort. In addition, users can even improve the device’s features for better

and quality results.

 Objectives of the Study

This primary purpose of this study is to create and develop roof tile.

The study specifically aims to:

1. Design and construct a bivalves clay roof tile,

2. test its performance quality in terms of:

- Compressive strength

- Absorption capacity

- Fire resistance rating

Conceptual Framework of the Study

This section presents the philosophical and methodological model that helped

the researchers conceptualize the stages of research use in this study. A formal theory

provides context for the outcome of the events conducted in the research.

Figure 1 describes the Input-Process-Output-Outcome of the device. The

points that are stated in the Input were conceptualization and brainstorming, primary,

secondary and tertiary sources, materials and supplies. The necessary procedures that

were made and followed in the production of clay roof tile was stated in the Process

and in the Output shows the product for roof tile such as planning and designing,

preparation of the materials to be use in innovate the product, evaluation and testing.

The Output is the clay roof tile. Lastly, the study’s Outcome is the potential use of the

clay roof tile in the production of roof tiles.

Input Process Output Outcome

Conceptualization Planning and Clay roof tile and Potential use of the
and Brainstorming Designing Molding Device clay roof tile in the
Primary, Secondary Preparation of the production of roof
and Tertiary Sources materials to be used
tiles works
Materials and in developing the
Supplies product
Evaluation
Testing

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram illustrating the Conceptual Framework of the

Study

Significance of the Study

The present research emphasizes the value of switching to materials that are

safer, non-toxic, and much more environmentally friendly.

This study will be beneficial to the following:

Homeowners and Building Owners. The findings of the study will

benefit homeowners and building owners by offering them a cost-effective and

sustainable roofing solution. Clay and dry leaves roof tiles can provide

insulation, reducing energy consumption for heating and cooling, and

potentially lowering utility bills. Additionally, the eco-friendly nature of these

tiles can enhance the overall value of the property.

Architects and Engineers. The study will be beneficial to architects and

engineers as it provides them with an innovative approach to sustainable

construction materials. By using clay and dry leaves in roof tiles, they can

create eco-friendly and energy-efficient buildings, reducing the environmental

impact of construction.
 Mason. the study will be beneficial to mason as its provides them an

innovative approach to construction materials on how to apply clay roof tile.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focused on the design and construct of the clay roof tile, test

Compressive strength, Absorption capacity and Fire resistance rating. The setting of

the study is in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental.

Capabilities

Definition of Terms

The following terms are hereby defined conceptual and operational to provide a

common understanding of important concepts that are expected to surface repeatedly

all over the sections of this paper.

Clay - an earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when fired, that is

composed mainly of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicates and other

minerals, and that is used for brick, tile and pottery. (Dictionary.com)

Compressive strength – can be defined as the capacity of concrete to withstand

loads before failure. (New materials in civil engineering 2022)

Clay Roof tiles – is a kind of earth that is soft when it is wet and hard when it

is dry. (Collinsdictionary)

Fire resistance – resistant to fire that for a specified time and under

constructions of a standard heat intensity it will not fail structurally or allow

 transit heat and will not permit the side away from the fire to become hotter

than a specified temperature. (Merriam-webster.com)

Water Absorption – A test to determine the moisture content of soil as a

percentage of its dry weight. (encyclopedia.com)

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes literature review of research conducted which are

relevant to the present study and provided directions to the development of new

knowledge in constructing the Clay Roof Tile.

Clay Roof Tile

Clay roof tile have been an essential component of building for generations

because they combined tradition, beauty, and toughness. Due to their timeless

attractiveness and environmentally friendly qualities, these tiles continue to maintain

significance in modern building. To provide a thorough overview of the performance,

advantages, difficulties, and creative applications of clay roof tiles in building, this

research sentences strive to gather and analyze the extensive collection of prior

research and information on the subject. The extraordinary properties of clay roof tiles

support their lasting appeal. (Boyces roofing .com blog 2019)

Eggwhite

The Holy Rosary Parish Church in Pampanga, the Philippines.

The egg whites were needed to form a sort of mortar, known as argamasa, which

binded and protected the building materials used to construct the churches. Egg
whites were meant to make the mixture “more durable,” and historical records attest

to this widespread practice.

Seashells

This review discusses how waste shells can be used in various applications

such as catalysts, cement, concrete, ceramics, plastics, biofilters, and biomedical uses.

By utilizing waste shells, we can address environmental concerns and reduce reliance

on traditional materials, which often come with ecological damage and high energy

consumption. Waste shells offer a renewable and cost-effective alternative,

resembling limestone in properties, making them suitable for various applications

including cement production and biomedical uses. The aim of this paper is to provide

insights for future research on waste shell-derived biomaterials and highlight areas

where scaling up is needed.

Tiled pitched roofs.

A ventilated layer reduces the heat transfer between tiles and roof structure by

means of natural and forced convection, thereby also reducing the cooling energy

requirement. This effect could be enhanced by increasing the air permeability between

the tiles by means of novel tile shapes, as proposed by the HEROTILE European

project (LIFE14 CCA/IT/000939), of which this work presents the preliminary

analysis supporting the new tile designs.

Using an experimental rig, the air pressure difference and the volumetric flow

rate between tiles have been measured for an existing Portoghese tile design over a

range of pressures. Then, to understand the air flows under different conditions, a

three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been implemented

to recreate the full geometry of the rig. The model was calibrated against the

experimental results and run with boundary conditions simulating different wind

directions. Even in the low velocities typical of average local wind patterns, the fluid

dynamic problem remains complex because of the geometry of the gaps between the

tiles. However, it has been possible to assess the coefficient of local head loss and

then apply it in an analytical relationship between pressure drop and flow rate, taking

into account the open area. The results have shown how the wind direction affects the

air permeability and, therefore, important insights have been gathered for the design

of novel tiles.

Typical sand and clay specifically composed of non-calcareous clay and low

refractory fluxes. The brick’s firing temperature was determined to be between 600°C

to 800°C in an oxidizing environment. The attached lime mortar sample is probably

manufactured using crushed seashells and classified as a hydraulic lime where clayey

and sand particles serving as pozzolans. The lime mortar’s microstructure shows that

it is well carbonated. Possible organic compounds specifically egg whites (albumen)

which may have been added to the lime mortar yielded negative results. Both

qualitative tests (Xanthoproteic Test, Ninhydrin Test and Biuret Test) and quantitative

assays (Biuret Assay and Bradford Assay) were not able to detect the presence of any

proteinaceous compounds in the sample. It has been established based on this material

sample that eighteenth century Asian builders working in Manila kept local traditions

and rejected European preferences.

Compressive strength and Flexural Strength for Clay tile

When testing with ASTM C67, choose specimens that are representative of the

entire unit and free of dirt, mud, mortar, or other foreign materials unassociated with
the manufacturing process. Next, prepare your specimens according to the standard.

For measuring the modulus of rupture, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and

absorption determination for bricks, at least ten individual bricks shall be selected for

lots of 1,000,000 or less. For the weight determination and for compressive strength

and absorption tests of structural clay tiles, at least five tiles should be tested from

each lot of 250 tons (226.8 Mg) or fraction thereof.

For the flexural test or modulus of rupture, apply a load in the direction of the

depth of the unit using a testing machine. The rate of loading should not exceed 2,000

lbf (8,896 N)/min. For the compressive strength test, test your brick specimens

flatwise. Apply the load up to one half of the expected maximum load, at any

convenient rate, after which, adjust the controls of the machine so that the remaining

load is applied at a uniform rate.

An electromechanical universal testing machine can be used for testing for

flexural and compressive strength. Give one of our application engineers a call today

for help with creating the best budget and testing plan according to ASTM C67.

Water Absorption for Clay tile

In ASTM C373, the test specimens are dried to constant mass by heating in an

oven for a minimum of 24 h. They are then cooled in a desiccator. After that, they are

weighed to determine their dry mass. The specimens are placed in distilled boiling

water. The distilled water is unused, and it is sufficient that the test specimens are

fully submerged. The mass ratio of water to test specimens is at least 3:1. The

container is covered to minimize water loss through evaporation. Specimens should

be immersed in boiling water for 5 hours. After that, the specimens are allowed to

soak in the same distilled water for additional 24 hours. After 24 hours of soaking, the
mass of each specimen, while they are suspended in water, is determined. A damp

leather chamois is then used to remove all visible water droplets from the surface.

After that, the specimen is weighed immediately.

Fire Resistance Rating

ASTM E119-20 These test methods are intended to evaluate the duration for

which the types of building elements noted in 1.1 contain a fire, retain their structural

integrity, or exhibit both properties during a predetermined test exposure.

The test exposes a test specimen to a standard fire controlled to achieve

specified temperatures throughout a specified time period. When required, the fire

exposure is followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream

applied in accordance with Practice E2226. The test provides a relative measure of the

fire-test-response of comparable building elements under these fire exposure

conditions. The exposure is not representative of all fire conditions because conditions

vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation,

compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment.

Variation from the test conditions or test specimen construction, such as size,

materials, method of assembly, also affects the fire-test-response. For these reasons,

evaluation of the variation is required for application to construction in the field.

 Synthesis
The related literature provided the researcher useful information which

enriched his knowledge concerning the development of Clay Roof Tile. It gave

valuable data which lead to better understanding of the study.

From the study of Richard collett provided suggestions to researchers the idea

of using egg white to bonded and protected the building materials making the mixture

more durable.

From the study of Abarasi Hart providing suggestions to researchers the idea

of using sea shells as bonding materials

From the study o Saranya and Mythily provided suggestions to researcher the

idea of using solid wasted as the alternative to give a reflected healthy environment

and economic benefits.

The study according to Darsana et al provided suggestions to researchers the

idea of using the green building materials that can be produce in light weight and can

easily be install without causing a lot of money.

The study according to Liu et al, and Atoyebi et al gives the researcher the

idea of incorporating coconut material as recycled aggregate for making clay tiles and

clear understanding of its weakness and advantages.

ASTM C67 also gives the researcher the knowledge on how to test

compressive test and flexural test for clay tiles. While ASTM C373, is the procedure

for water absorption on non-porous tiles. Lastly, ASTM E119-20 gives instructions on

the methods on testing fire resistance for clay roof tile.

 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents and discusses the data, the corresponding analysis and

interpretation.

The first objective of the study was to Create and develop clay rooftile

The final product was found to have the following features:

A. Inter locking feature - One of the features of the clay roof tile is to join or fit in

together firmly to prevent the clay roof tile separated to each other.

B. Arc feature - Curved roofs are aerodynamic. They have less wind resistance which

protects the structure from storm damage.

C. Closure feature - gives more secure grip to each roof tile by putting a closure

features from the bottom and upper side of roof tile.

Test In Terms of performance quality of clay roof tile.

The second objective of the study was to test the performance quality of roof

tiles:

A. Compressive strength

B. Absorption capacity

C. Fire resistance rating

Presented below are the trials done to test the performance quality of clay roof tile in

terms of Compressive strength , Absorption capacity and

Fire resistance rating.

Table trials ;
Specimen Different binding
No. materials Observations Results
1 GINIT Its edges were curved material break into pieces

2 EGG SHELL It has crack on its surface The material has average durability
.
3 SEA SHELL It is very firm and compacted very well. The material has good durability

Table shows that upon testing the three sample to test the performance quality of the

clay roof tile in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and fire resistance.

Its concluded through the result of testing that it vary on the kind of binding materials.

Sample # 1 shows that the more ginit mix with clay weaken the roof tile. Sample # 2

shows in testing result that it passed PSI standard but in water absorption did not

passed the standard percentage. Sample # 3 shows a good result in both PSI and water

absorption.

Acceptability Evaluation

The second objective of the study was to determine the acceptability of the clay roof

tile in terms of compressive strength , water absorption and fire resistance.

Table presents the acceptability of clay roof tile in terms of compressive strength ,

water absorption and fire resistance.

 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings from the data collected. This

chapter also presents the conclusions that were formulated on the basis of the

findings.

Summary of Findings

The following are the summary of findings of the study:

1. The design and construction of the clay roof tile result to a device with

features such as: Inter locking feature, Arc feature and Closure feature.

2. The the acceptability of the clay roof tile in terms of compressive strength ,

water absorption and fire resistance.